Time-Varying Mesh Stiffness Calculation and Dynamic Modeling of Spiral Bevel Gear with Spalling Defects

Time-varying mesh stiffness(TVMS)is a vital internal excitation source for the spiral bevel gear(SBG)transmission system.Spalling defect often causes decrease in gear mesh stiffness and changes the dynamic characteristics of the gear system,which further increases noise and vibration.This paper aims to calculate the TVMS and establish dynamic model of SBG with spalling defect.In this study,a novel analytical model based on slice method is proposed to calculate the TVMS of SBG considering spalling defect.Subsequently,the influence of spalling defect on the TVMS is studied through a numerical simulation,and the proposed analytical model is verified by a finite element model.Besides,an 8-degrees-of-freedom dynamic model is established for SBG transmission system.Incorporating the spalling defect into TVMS,the dynamic responses of spalled SBG are analyzed.The numerical results indicate that spalling defect would cause periodic impact in time domain.Finally,an experiment is designed to verify the proposed dynamic model.The experimental results show that the spalling defect makes the response characterized by periodic impact with the rotating frequency of spalled pinion.

Effect analysis of friction and damping on anti-backlash gear based on dynamics model with time-varying mesh stiffness

A nonlinear model of anti-backlash gear with time-varying friction and mesh stiffness was proposed for the further study on dynamic characteristics of anti-backlash gear. In order to improve the model precision, applied force analysis was completed in detail, and single or double tooth meshing states of two gear pairs at any timing were determined according to the meshing characteristic of anti-backlash gear. The influences of friction and variations of damping ratio on dynamic transmission error were analyzed finally by numerical calculation and the results show that anti-backlash gear can increase the composite mesh stiffness comparing with the mesh stiffness of the normal gear pair. At the pitch points where the frictions change their signs, additional impulsive effects are observed. The width of impulsive in the same value of center frequency is wider than that without friction, and the amplitude is lower. When gear pairs mesh in and out, damping can reduce the vibration and impact.

Dynamic characteristics of the planetary gear train excited by time-varying meshing stiffness in the wind turbine

Wind power has attracted increasing attention as a renewable and clean energy. Gear fault frequently occurs under extreme environment and complex loads. The time-varying meshing stiffness is one of the main excitations. This study proposes a 5 degree-of-freedom torsional vibration model for the planetary gear system. The influence of some parameters(e.g., contact ratio and phase difference) is discussed under different conditions of a single teeth pair and double pairs of teeth. The impact load caused by the teeth face fault, ramped load induced by the complex wind conditions, and the harmonic excitation are investigated. The analysis of the time-varying meshing stiffness and the dynamic meshing force shows that the dynamic design under different loads can be made to avoid resonance, can provide the basis for the gear fault location of a wind turbine, and distinguish the fault characteristics from the vibration signals.

Dynamic Characteristics of Double-Helical Planetary Gear Sets Under Time-Varying Mesh Stiffness

Internal and external meshes are two of primary excitation sources which induce vibration while double-helical planetary gear sets are in transmission. Based on the analysis of tooth movement principle,three cases of mesh stiffness are derived via investigating the length of action lines,and catalogued in terms of β < β0,β = β0and β > β_0. The simulation demonstrates mesh stiffness between gear pairs performs as a trapezoid waveform( TW) and changes along with the line of action simultaneously,total mesh stiffness comes from the superposition of each engaged gear. While governing equations of motion contained 16 DOFs( degree of freedom) are constructed and effectively solved through the combination of numerical approaches. Comparing with sinusoidal waveform mesh stiffness( SW),the results show that dynamical factors and perturbation under the excitation of TW( β < β_0) are greater and remarkable than that from SW,with respect to the mean dynamic factors about 1. 51 and 1. 28,respectively. The fluctuation response between ring- planet( R- P) is stronger than sun-planet( S-P) which is also validated by both approach studies,frequency spectra analyses identifies larger distinct rotational resonance and more frequencies under TW excitation.

Influence Predictions of Contact Effects on Mesh Stiffness of Face Gear Drives with Spur Gear

Mesh stiffness is one of important base parameters of face gear dynamic studies.However,a calculation solution of mesh stiffness of face gear drives is not to be constructed due to complex geometric flakes of face gear teeth.Thus,a calculation solution of mesh stiffness of face gear drives with a spur gear,which is based on the proposed equivalent face gear teeth and Ishikawa model,is constructed,and the influence of contact effects on mesh stiffness of face gear drives is investigated.The results indicate the mesh stiffness of face gear drives is sensitive to contact effects under heavy loaded operating conditions,specially.These contributions will benefit to improve dynamic studies of face gear drives.

Simulation study on dynamics of cylindrical gear meshing with the evolution meshing stiffness

Simulation study on the cylindrical gear meshing with the evolution gear meshing stiffness is being done for better understanding the dynamic characteristics of the kinematics.With consideration of damping,bearing clearance and gear backlash nonlinearity,the dynamic model is set up and computed in MATLAB.The analysis about the relationship between the kinematic responses and the meshing stiffness are carried out.And the results showed that as the gear mesh stiffness is changed from small to large,the performance of the system is changed from the harmonic stable periodic motion to with one times,two times,four times,ending chaos of the stability of the bifurcation.The research results would have theoretical guidance value for the fault diagnosis in engineering.

Analysis of lubrication performance for internal meshing gear pair considering vibration

The thermal elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of the internal meshing gears in a planetary gear train under vibrations were examined considering the influence of the modification coefficient and time-varying meshing stiffness.Based on dynamic theory of the gear system,a dynamic model of the planetary gear train was established.The lubrication performances of modified gear systems under vibrations and static loads were analyzed.Compared with other transmission types,the best lubrication effect could be produced by the positive transmission.A thicker lubricating oil film could be formed,and the friction coefficient and oil film flash temperature are the smallest.Increasing modification coefficient improves the lubrication performance continuously but intensifies the engage-in and tooth-change impact.For the planetary and inner gears,the increase in the modification coefficient also leads a decrease in the oil film stiffness.

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Planetary Gear Train System with Meshing Beyond Pitch Point

Nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed on a planetary gear transmission system with meshing beyond the pitch point.The parameters of the planetary gear system were optimized,and a two-dimensional nonlinear dynamic model was established using the lumped-mass method.Time-varying meshing stiffness was calculated by the energy method.The model consumes the backlash,bearing clearance,time-varying meshing stiffness,time-varying bearing stiffness,and time-varying friction coefficient.The time-varying bearing stiffness was calculated according to the Hertz contact theory.The load distribution among the gears was computed,and the time-varying friction coefficient was calculated according to elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)theory.The dynamical equations were solved via numerical integration.The global bifurcation characteristics caused by the input speed,backlash,bearing clearance,and damping were analyzed.The system was in a chaotic state at natural frequencies or frequency multiplication.The system transitioned from a single-period state to a chaotic state with the increase of the backlash.The bearing clearance of the sun gear had little influence on the bifurcation characteristics.The amplitude was restrained in the chaotic state as the damping ratio increased.

Improved analytical model for mesh stiffness calculation of cracked helical gear considering interactions between neighboring teeth

As one of the most typical fault forms of the helical gear,the crack will change the dynamic excitation and further affect the dynamic behaviors of the transmission systems.Due to the complicated structure of the helical gears,the coupling effect between the neighboring loaded teeth is usually ignored in the mesh stiffness calculation,making it considerably overestimated especially in the case of the crack fault.An improved mesh stiffness calculation method of helical gear with spatial crack is proposed to make up this gap.The interactions between the loaded neighboring teeth induced by the gear body flexibility were considered to improve the calculation accuracy and applicability.Besides,the load distribution law for the engaged cracked tooth along the tooth width and profile can be obtained.The results indicated that the mesh stiffness of the multi-tooth engagement calculation using this model could be further improved compared with the traditional methods.Finally,the effects of the helix angle,crack depth,and crack propagation length on the mesh stiffness and load distribution were investigated using the proposed method.

Nonlinear parametrically excited vibration and active control of gear pair system with time-varying characteristic

In the present work, we investigate the nonlinear parametrically excited vibration and active control of a gear pair system involving backlash, time-varying meshing stiffness and static transmission error. Firstly, a gear pair model is established in a strongly nonlinear form, and its nonlinear vibration characteristics are systematically investigated through different approaches. Several complicated phenomena such as period doubling bifurcation, anti period doubling bifurcation and chaos can be observed under the internal parametric excitation. Then, an active compensation controller is designed to suppress the vibration, including the chaos. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified numerically.

基于动态啮合刚度的直齿圆柱齿轮动态特性研究

齿轮系统转速直接影响齿轮系统的动态特性,然而在啮合刚度的计算中该因素却被许多学者们忽略。为了研究转速对啮合刚度的影响,基于有限元框架使用平均加速度法提出了一种计算与转速相关的动态啮合刚度的算法,同时对不同转速下的动态啮合刚度进行仿真计算与分析,最后进一步探究了受动态啮合刚度影响后的齿轮系统所具有的相关动态特性。分析表明,动态啮合刚度始终围绕着静态啮合刚度上下波动;随着转速的增加,其波动幅度增加,振荡次数减少;随着转速的变化,动态啮合刚度计算的动态传动误差振幅相对于静态啮合刚度而言大小关系不一致,且计算的齿轮系统共振转速区间或超前或滞后于静态啮合刚度模型;动态啮合刚度影响特定转速区间的齿轮系统的振动周期。对与转速相关的动态啮合刚度的研究可为直齿圆柱齿轮传动性能的改善及减振降噪提供参考。

非对称齿轮啮合刚度精确求解及齿廓参数分析

非对称齿轮是一种轮齿两侧采用不同压力角的新型渐开线齿轮,其齿廓参数对齿轮齿廓形状、运动特性、承载能力、传动效率和动力学特性等有至关重要的影响。基于齿轮啮合原理,运用李特文矢量法,根据加工刀具齿廓参数方程推导了非对称齿轮全齿廓方程;应用材料力学理论,建立非对称齿轮时变啮合刚度的数值求解模型,并通过有限元方法验证了该模型的有效性。基于所建立数值分析模型进行算例研究,总结了刀具圆角、压力角和变位系数对齿轮啮合刚度和重合度的影响规律。结果表明,随着轮齿工作侧压力角的增大,齿轮齿根厚度增加,单齿对的啮合刚度加大,齿轮的承载能力得到有效提高。加工工作侧轮齿齿廓刀具圆角的增大,也有利于提高齿轮的啮合刚度;同时,工作侧齿廓压力角的增大会使齿轮的齿顶厚度降低、啮合重合度减小,会导致齿轮的齿顶强度和冲击韧性降低。非对称齿轮齿廓设计时,应根据实际工况合理设置压力角参数。

双曲型法向圆弧齿轮传动的动力学分析

为探究啮合刚度、传动误差及侧隙对双曲型法向圆弧齿轮传动动态响应的影响,建立齿轮副的动力学方程,并在数值计算的基础上进行仿真分析。运用有限元方法,计算接触位置处的载荷及变形,并对时变啮合刚度、静态传动误差和侧隙进行量化分析。仿真结果表明:对振动位移响应影响最大的是侧隙,其次是时变啮合刚度;对动态啮合力影响最大的则是时变啮合刚度和侧隙。

小模数齿轮传动的时变啮合刚度计算方法

小模数齿轮传动中心距较小,其动态性能对中心距误差非常敏感,且中间级齿轮常被设计在固定轴上高速旋转,齿轮中心孔与轴之间存在间隙,考虑这些特征,建立了中心距误差与轴孔配合间隙影响下的齿轮啮合特性参数与时变啮合刚度计算模型,研究了二者对啮合刚度的影响规律。研究结果表明:中心距误差会改变齿轮副的重合度与啮合刚度;轴孔配合间隙使实际中心距围绕理论中心距上下周期性波动,导致整个周期内啮合刚度强化区域与弱化区域共存;中心距误差与轴孔配合间隙的影响在不同的转角范围内存在既有相互叠加又有相互削弱的现象,这一现象使得各轮齿的啮合刚度有差异,存在诱发更大振动与不同噪声的风险。

基于时变啮合刚度的多剥落齿轮振动响应分析

为了探究多剥落齿轮系统中振动响应的演变规律,融合时变啮合刚度构建了多剥落齿轮动力学模型。首先,融合修正的能量法和单/双齿对啮合角位移计算方法,建立多剥落齿轮啮合刚度模型;其次,考虑时变啮合刚度、齿侧间隙和初始压力角等因素,构建6自由度多剥落齿轮动力学模型,并从仿真、理论和实验维度开展模型有效性分析;最后,基于所构建的模型,研究齿根、节线和齿顶位置同时发生剥落时,剥落尺寸变化对啮合刚度影响,获得多剥落齿轮振动响应的演变过程。研究结果表明,所构建模型与理论及实验误差小于0.5%,并得到了齿根、节线和齿顶位置剥落的啮合刚度及振动响应的演变规律,随着剥落宽度的扩展,节线附近振动幅值增大显著;随着剥落深度的增加,齿顶位置受到的振动冲击更为强烈;而随着剥落长度的增加,剥落的波及范围扩大。所得结论为齿轮系统的健康监测和早期故障诊断提供了理论指导。

大重合度直齿轮动载特性分析

针对大重合度直齿轮啮合齿数与普通直齿轮间的差异性变化,以一对大重合度直齿轮和普通直齿轮为研究对象,通过有限元法求解齿轮时变啮合刚度,建立大重合度直齿轮啮合耦合型动力学模型,利用Newmark-β时域积分求解齿轮系统动态响应,对其进行时频域分析并与普通直齿轮进行对比,获得了大重合度直齿轮在不同转速、误差影响下的动载系数变化规律。结果表明,大重合度直齿轮啮合刚度与普通齿轮有较大差异,其动态响应结果波动幅值较普通直齿轮有明显降低,提升了系统稳定性;大重合度直齿轮动载系数与普通直齿轮相比有明显下降,并且随着转速的升高和误差的增大出现不同程度的增加,其中在共振转速区域范围内增幅明显。

基于状态/参数交替优化估计的齿轮时变啮合刚度辨识方法研究

齿轮副啮合刚度是齿轮传动动力学模型中的重要参数,啮合刚度识别对于齿轮传动系统振动与噪声的分析以及状态监测具有重要意义。由于齿轮传动系统的时变啮合刚度很难用直接测量的方法得到,因此有必要发展基于数据驱动的齿轮时变啮合刚度辨识方法。为了解决该难题,本文提出了一种系统状态和模型参数交替优化方法以辨识齿轮传动系统时变啮合刚度。该方法以齿轮啮合频率为基频构造傅里叶基函数库表征齿轮时变啮合刚度,并进一步提出了一种基于再生核希尔伯特空间的降噪方法来估计系统状态和模型参数。系统状态变量与时变啮合刚度在动力学模型与数据双重约束下进行交替迭代优化,实现对齿轮传动系统时变啮合刚度的辨识。齿轮传动动力学仿真和齿轮传动系统实验结果验证了所提齿轮时变啮合刚度辨识方法的有效性。

蜗杆斜齿轮传动副时变啮合刚度计算及非线性动力学特性分析

蜗杆斜齿轮传动副作为一种交错轴点接触传动形式,掌握其时变啮合刚度及啮合侧隙与误差等引起的非线性动力学行为是减振降噪的核心。文中基于势能法修正并求解蜗杆斜齿轮传动副理论时变啮合刚度,建立考虑齿侧间隙-综合误差及时变啮合刚度的动力学模型,采用4~5阶Runge⁃Kutta法对系统动力学方程进行数值求解,得到蜗杆斜齿轮传动副动力学特性曲线。结合时域图、Poincaré图及FFT频谱图,分析齿侧间隙、阻尼比及载荷等因素对传动副振动和冲击状态的影响,结果表明:较小的误差幅值及较大的阻尼比可使系统处于稳定的周期运动状态。研究结果对优化蜗杆斜齿轮传动系统的振动噪声有指导意义。

面向齿廓变位的圆柱直齿轮啮合动态特性研究

为研究齿廓变位的直齿轮传动系统啮合特性,建立了变位直齿圆柱齿轮传动分析模型。该模型考虑了赫兹接触刚度、弯曲刚度、剪切刚度、轴压刚度和圆角基础刚度,给出了两种不同的齿廓变位的几何设计。在此基础上采用数值模拟方法研究了齿廓变位对时变啮合刚度(TVMS)和动态特性的影响。对于单个齿廓变位,正变位虽然增加了齿轮的厚度,但降低了齿轮的轮齿刚度以及齿轮副的接触比,从而加剧齿轮系统的振动。相反,负变位可以提高齿轮的轮齿刚度,增加齿轮的接触比,使得齿轮系统的传动更平稳。对于复合变位,负复合变位的S齿轮传动会导致TVMS升高,并显著降低振动,而s_(0)齿轮变位对时变啮合刚度(TVMS)影响较小,但对动态特性影响较大。

考虑齿圈柔性的内啮合齿轮时变啮合刚度计算分析

当前大多数内齿轮啮合刚度都是基于忽略齿圈基体变形的假设计算的,文中应用Weber能量法基于精确的齿廓曲线方程建立内齿轮悬臂梁等效模型,同时基于铁木辛柯(Timoshenko)曲梁理论计算齿圈基体的变形量,并将齿圈变形耦合到齿轮啮合刚度计算中。通过MATLAB GUI编程进行内啮合齿轮时变啮合刚度数值计算,分析了齿圈柔性对啮合变形的影响,研究了齿圈厚度、支撑数量及啮合力位置对啮合刚度的影响。结果表明:齿圈厚度和支撑数量的增加均有利于齿轮副啮合刚度的增大;啮合齿中线位于固定支撑点时,齿圈啮合刚度最大,在靠近支撑中间位置时,啮合刚度最小,齿圈啮合刚度对应于螺栓支撑呈周期性波动。