Deoxidation Behavior of Alloys Bearing Barium in Molten Steel

The deoxidation behaviors of alloys bearing barium in pipe steel were researched with MgO crucible under argon atmosphere in MoSi2 furnace at 1 873 K.The total oxygen contents of molten steel,the distribution,size and morphology of deoxidation products in the steel were surveyed.The metamorphic mechanism for deoxidation products of alloy bearing barium was also discussed.The results show that applying alloy bearing barium to the pipe steel,very low total oxygen contents can be obtained,and deoxidation products,which easily float up from molten steel,can be changed into globular shape and uniformly distributed in steel.The equilibrium time of total oxygen is about 25 min,and the terminal total oxygen contents range from 0.002 0%to 0.002 2% after treating with SiCa wire.The best deoxidizers are SiAlBaCa and SiAlBaCaSr.

A novel approach for evaluation of load bearing capacity of duplex coatings on aluminum alloy using PLS and SVR models

Duplex NiP/TiN coatings consisting of the electroless intermediate layers and the physical vapor deposition(PVD) top layers were fabricated on the AA6061 aluminum alloy in order to enhance the load bearing capacity. The main objective of this study was to model the load bearing based on the thickness, adhesion and elastic modulus of the coatings. For this purpose, partial least square(PLS) and support vector regression(SVR) approaches were employed.The results showed that both models had an acceptable performance;however, the PLS model outperformed SVR. The correlation coefficients between thickness, adhesion and elastic modulus with load bearing were 0.841, 0.8092 and 0.7657, respectively;so, thickness had the greatest effect on the load bearing capacity. The composition and structure of the samples were evaluated using XRD and SEM. The load capacity of the coated samples was also discussed based on the wear and adhesion evaluations. Dry sliding wear tests, under a load of 2 N and a sliding distance of 100 m,demonstrated the complete destruction of the coated specimens with low load capacity. The samples with high load capacity showed not only a superior tribological performance, but also a remarkable adhesion according to the Rockwell superficial hardness test.

Tribological behavior of three typical bearing alloys under influence of additives

The influences of lubricating additives on the tribological behavior of lead, tin, copper base bearing alloys-0.45%C steel rubbing pairs under the condition of boundary lubrication were researched. The results show that because of the difference of physical chemistry performance at bearing alloys and steel, some conventional lubricating additives which is beneficial to steel-steel rubbing pairs is harmful to these bearing alloys-steel rubbing pairs,and the wear volume can be increase by 7 times under the test condition. The measure results of contact resistance during the test process show that the higher the contact resistance at rubbing surface, the better the tribological behavior of tribo-system. Moreover for the lead base and tin base bearing alloys-0.45%C steel rubbed pairs, the thicker the compact oxide layer of steel surface, the larger the friction coefficient and wear volume, which demonstrates that oxidation wear plays an important part in the wear process.

Microstructural Features of Spray-Deposited Immiscible Bearing Alloys Al-43Sn and Al-7Sn-1.3Cu-1.3Ni

Two commercial grade aluminum based immiscible bearing alloys were spray-deposited using convergent-divergent type of nozzle. The processing parameters for spray-deposition were adjusted in such a way that most of the droplets arrived on the deposition substrate in either liquid or semi-liquid state. The microstructural features of spray-formed and as-cast alloys are compared. In spray-formed alloys equiaxed grains were observed. The cell boundaries and intercellular regions were observed to be decorated with sub-micron sized particles whereas in normal casting the second phase was observed to be segregated along grain boundaries. The morphology and distribution of second phase were observed to have similarity with those in over-spread and atomized powders produced under similar processing conditions. The microstructural features observed with variation in spray conditions are discussed in detail.

Preparation of Scandium Bearing Master Alloys by Aluminum Magnesium Thermoreduction

The new preparation method of scandium bearing master alloys, in which scandium oxide was fluorinated by reaction with NH 4HF 2 and then reduced by aluminum magnesium in fused salt containing alkali and alkaline fluoride under atmosphere, was studied. The effect of sorts of metallic reductive and technique conditions such as reducing temperature and time on the recovery of Sc was discussed. When the liquid aluminum magnesium was used as the reductive agent, the all recovery exceeds 80% and the concentration of Sc in master alloy prepared exceeds 1.9%. The best reducing reaction temperature and time are 1100 K and 40 min respectively. The newly produced Sc from reduction combines with Al to produce the stable compound Al 3Sc, so the reduction progress is sustained and the recovery of Sc is increased.

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Zn-Sn Bearing Alloys for High Performance Applications

The mechanical behavior and indentation creep of Al-20 wt% Zn bearing alloy has been modified with adding 0.2 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 1.5 wt% Sn. These bearing alloys were prepared by melt spinning technique. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology of the melt spun alloys and x-ray diffractometer (XRD) for the identification of the phases pre- sent in these melt-spun bearing alloys. The results show that the structure of Al80-x-Zn20-SnX (X = 0.2%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) bearing alloys is characterized by the presence of α-Al of FCC structure and SnZn intermetallic compound of anorthic structure. The Al-20Zn-1.5Sn has a smaller crystallite size and grain size as indicated from X-ray and SEM analysis respectively, which leading to the enhancement of the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties and indentation creep of these bearing alloys were studied by tensile test machine and vickers indentation testing at room temperature, respectively. The Al-20Zn-1.5Sn has higher hardness value and creep resistance than other alloys. This was attributed to the strengthen effect of Sn as a strong solid solution element in Al-matrix. The stress exponent values in the range 2.4 - 4.2 indicate that the grain boundary sliding is the possible mechanism during room temperature creep deformation of melt-spun Al-Zn-Sn bearing alloys.

Strengthening mechanism of steels treated by barium-bearing alloys

The deoxidation, desulfurization, dephosphorization, microstructure, and mechanical properties of steels treated by barium-bearing alloys were investigated in laboratory and by industrial tests. The results show that barium takes part in the deoxidation reaction at the beginning of the experiments, generating oxide and sulfide compound inclusions, which easily float up from the molten steel, leading to the rapid reduction of total oxygen content to a very low level. The desulfurization and dephosphorization capabilities of calcium-bearing alloys increase with the addition of barium. The results of OM and SEM observations and mechanical property tests show that the structure of the steel treated by barium-bearing alloys is refined remarkably, the lamellar thickness of pearlitic structure decreases, and the pearlitic morphology shows clustering distribution. Less barium exists in steel substrate and the enrichment of barium-bearing precipitated phase mostly occurs in grain boundary and phase boundary, which can prevent the movement of grain boundary and dislocation during the heat treatment and the deformation processes. Therefore, the strength and toughness of barium-treated steels are improved by the effect of grain-boundary strengthening and nail-prick dislocation.

Interface microstructure and properties of submerged arc brazing tin-based babbit

The submerged arc brazing method was used to connect the tin-based babbit alloy with the steel matrix.The microstructure of the submerged arc brazed Babbitt interface layer on the surface of Q235 B steel was analyzed by OM,SEM and EDS and the hardness properties of the joint interface layer were tested by MH-5 microhardness tester.the result of research shows that a layer of canine-shaped intermetallic compound with uneven thickness is formed at the interface,and the thickness is 10-20 μm.The interface layer includes two kinds of compound layers,namely the Fe Sn layer near the side of the steel substrate and FeSn layer near the side of the babbit.During the interfacial reaction process,Fe atoms in the steel matrix dissolve into the liquid babbit alloy and form a certain concentration gradient at the interface.The farther from the interface,the lower the Fe atom concentration.The growth of Gibbs free energy of Fe Sn is lower when the temperature is above 780.15 K,and the temperature during the welding process is much higher than 780.15 K,moreover the precipitation temperature of Fe Sn is higher.Therefore,in the subsequent cooling process,Fe Sn is first precipitated from the interface near the side of steel matrix and then FeSn is precipitated from the interface near the side of babbit alloy.Microhardness test showed that the intermetallic compound at the interface layer significantly improved the hardness properties.

空间滚动轴承MoS_(2)薄膜润滑分子动力学模拟

针对空间滚动轴承往复运动状态下二硫化钼薄膜润滑失效机理不明的难题,提出了采用分子动力学对薄膜润滑过程进行分析的方法。建立了单层二硫化钼薄膜摩擦原子模型,针对载荷和环境温度这2个空间滚动轴承的重要影响因素展开了二硫化钼薄膜的往复摆动模拟,得到了摩擦过程中二硫化钼薄膜的摩擦力、粘附力和磨损情况。模拟结果表明:Fe-Ni-Cr合金探针在单层二硫化钼薄膜上的摩擦为黏滑运动,载荷在20~100 nN范围内探针的摩擦过程不会对薄膜造成磨损,但在往复运动过程中润滑性能有所提高;载荷从200 nN开始探针的摩擦过程会对薄膜造成磨损,往复运动过程中摩擦系数不断提高,润滑性能下降;400 nN为单层薄膜的载荷极限,在该载荷下探针会刺穿薄膜与基底接触此时薄膜迅速磨损失去润滑作用。环境温度在1 773.15 K以下对薄膜的润滑作用影响不明显,但达到该温度后薄膜边界处开始缓慢熔化,当环境温度达到二硫化钼熔点时薄膜的熔化速度加快并失去润滑作用。从这些发现得到如下结论:二硫化钼单层薄膜在接触载荷8 GPa以下拥有优异的耐磨性和润滑性;在薄膜未破损的条件下,反复摩擦过程提升了润滑性能;二维层状结构对单层二硫化钼薄膜润滑性能有重要的影响,高温和重载都会对薄膜层状结构造成破坏。

铝合金-混凝土组合梁抗剪承载力计算方法

为了改善部分外包混凝土组合梁在使用中腐蚀生锈、钢筋混凝土劣化等问题,本文提出了铝合金-混凝土组合梁的结构形式,建立了有限元模型并进行参数分析,分析了铝合金-混凝土组合梁抗剪承载力在不同参数下的变化规律。根据改进拉压杆计算模型得到混凝土的应力传递路径,采用叠加法提出考虑铝合金梁腹板和腹部混凝土抗剪贡献的铝合金-混凝土组合梁抗剪承载力计算公式。研究结果表明:公式计算值与有限元值比值的平均值为1.018,标准差σ为0.151,表明该计算公式离散性较小,具有可行性,可以为相关研究提供理论参考。

含钴三元硫化物常压硫酸浸出钴的动力学研究

开展含钴三元硫化物常压硫酸浸出的实验研究。考察搅拌速度、浸出温度、硫酸浓度和粒度对钴浸出率的影响,并分析从含钴三元硫化物中浸出钴的动力学。结果表明,在最佳条件下,钴和铁被选择性浸出,且浸出率均大于99%,而钼和铜则富集于浸出渣。通过对实验数据的分析可知,钴的浸出符合由固体产物层产生的收缩核模型,且浸出过程受内扩散控制。浸出反应的活化能为49.86k J/mol,硫酸浓度和粒度的反应级数分别为0.57和-1.4。

分子动力学模拟巴氏合金界面磁性液体润滑行为

磁性液体因其顺磁可控的流变特性,可满足极端工况对滑动轴承润滑油膜稳定性不断提高的要求,在轴承润滑方面具有良好的应用前景。为探究磁性液体微观润滑机制,采用分子动力学模拟方法构建和优化巴氏合金界面磁性液体润滑的微观模型,并根据实际工况进行限制性剪切模拟,研究温度和剪切速度对PAO6基磁性液体在巴氏合金界面润滑行为的影响;通过分析滑动过程中相对浓度分布、温度分布、速度分布、均方位移和界面吸附能等参数的变化,从分子层面揭示磁性液体微观润滑的作用机制。结果表明:PAO6基磁性液体具有良好的扩散性和散热性,可以粘附在巴氏合金摩擦界面起到很好的承载和减磨作用;在高温和高剪切速度下,磁性液体润滑膜仍呈现出良好的稳定性,磁性颗粒具有良好的扩散能力。研究结果有助于完善纳米薄膜润滑理论,对磁性液体的工程应用具有现实指导意义。

Ti-6Al-4V六槽深浅腔动静压轴承刚度数值分析

针对传统材料制造的动静压轴承刚度较差的问题,提出一种基于Ti-6Al-4V材料制造六槽深浅腔交错分布的动静压轴承。利用ANSYS有限元软件建立六槽深浅腔动静压轴承流固耦合模型,研究轴径间隙、转速以及偏心率对QSn4-3轴承和Ti-6Al-4V轴承刚度的影响规律。结果表明:钛合金材料制成的轴承刚度优于传统锡基合金材料制造的轴承,各工况参数中,轴径间隙对轴承刚度的影响最为显著,其次是偏心率。该研究可为钛合金滑动轴承的数值模拟和设计提供参考。

还原熔炼法回收低品位锡中矿中锡资源

本研究采用还原熔炼法回收低品位锡中矿中锡资源,并对氧化铜为添加剂时锡的回收行为进行了探究。结果表明一定条件下,提高熔炼温度、增加焦炭添加量、延长保温时间和增加氧化铜添加量可提高锡回收率;然而温度过高时,渣中铁氧化物被还原为金属铁,并与还原态金属锡发生合金化反应生成熔点较高的Fe-Sn合金,使其在渣金分离过程中易夹带在渣中造成锡损失;熔炼过程添加氧化铜时,其可通过还原反应生成金属铜,继而与金属锡发生合金化反应生成Cu-Sn合金,热力学上降低了产物Sn的活度,促进了锡的还原回收;在焦炭添加量7%、氧化铜添加量5.8%、熔炼温度1 250℃、保温时间150 min条件下,锡回收率可达到95.24%,锡主要分布在Cu-Sn合金(分布比例90.20%)和含锡烟尘(分布比例5.04%)中。本研究实现了低品位锡中矿中锡的高效回收。

Experimental study on the feasibility of alternative materials for tilting pad thrust bearings operating in transition to mixed friction

In hydrodynamic bearings traditional bearing alloys:Babbitts and bronzes are most frequently utilized.Polymer sliding layers are sometimes applied as a valuable alternative.Hard diamond-like carbon(DLC)coatings,which are also considered for certain applications may show some advantages,as well.Although material selection is of secondary importance in a full film lubrication regime it becomes important in mixed friction conditions,which is crucial for bearings with frequent starts and stops.Experimental research aimed at studying the performance of fluid film bearings in the specific operating regime,including the transition to mixed friction,is described in the paper.The tests were carried out on four tilting pad bearings of different material compositions:Steel/bronze,DLC/steel,steel/polyether ether ketone(PEEK),and steel/Babbitt.The tests comprised stopping under load and reproduction of the Stribeck curve by decreasing rotational speed to very low values,and observing the changes of friction force during the transition to mixed friction regime.Analysis of the transition conditions and other results showed clear differences between the tested bearings,illustrating the feasibility of less popular material compositions for bearings operating in specific conditions.More specifically,the DLC/steel bearing was demonstrating superior performance,i.e.lower friction,transition to mixed friction occurring at higher load,and more stable performance at start-stop regime over the other tested bearings.

SDFPB在九层Benchmark钢框架中的隔震性能研究

为研究SMA-复摩擦摆支座(Shape Memory Alloys Double Friction Pendulum Bearing,SDFPB)在多、高层建筑结构中的隔震性能和安全性,基于OpenSees建立了SDFPB的有限元模型,分析了SDFPB力学性能影响因素,将其应用于九层Benchmark钢框架结构中,对比了隔震结构和非隔震结构的地震响应。研究表明,SDFPB隔震系统可以改善九层Benchmark钢框架动力特性,显著削弱上部结构在地震作用下的楼层加速度、层间位移角和层间剪力,有效控制隔震层位移,在多、高层建筑结构中可发挥良好隔震效果并提升安全性。

工况外载条件下钛合金/钢钻杆接头有限元分析对比研究

由于我国的优质天然气资源主要集中在深层及超深层,超深井的钻探对钻柱提出了更高的性能要求。钛合金钻杆由于具有高强、低密、耐蚀、抗疲劳、耐热和无磁性等优点,是超深层天然气钻柱的研究热点。本文使用三维有限元分析方法,对比研究不同外载条件下钛合金材料和钢钻杆材料对高承载钻杆接头承载性能和密封性能的影响,并分析高承载钻杆接头在工况下的失效方式和力学特性。结论表明:钛合金材料可以使钻杆接头的整体应力水平降低20%,抗扭能力提高约60%,但在同样扭矩上扣后螺纹接头的主台肩密封压力比钢制钻杆接头低15%~20%;当加载内压+拉伸+弯矩的复合载荷后,螺纹的最大危险点由外螺纹主台肩圆弧凹槽处转移到了在外螺纹主台肩侧第一圈齿根处,螺纹整体的应力水平增高,密封性能下降。因此为了满足超深井天然气井钻采需求,使用钛合金/钢钻杆复合钻柱时,可适当提高钛合金钻杆的上扣扭矩,提高螺纹接头的密封性能。

浇注工艺对双金属行星轮轴承复合质量的影响

采用不同铸造工艺参数对某行星轮轴承表面进行ZSnSb11Cu6锡基合金的复合浇注,通过磁粉探伤、超声波探伤及结合强度检测,研究了不同浇注模具、不同合金浇注温度对双金属行星轮轴承复合质量的影响。结果表明:采用金属型模具、合金浇注温度为430℃时可获得比砂型模具、420℃及450℃浇注时更好的合金表面质量和结合强度。经后续工艺验证及小批量生产试制,证实了工艺的稳定性。

大跨度铝合金结构施工技术探讨

为保证大跨度铝合金结构的施工质量,需严格掌握其关键施工技术,以某城市体育馆工程作为实际研究对象,结合工程的施工难点,设计大跨度铝合金结构施工工艺流程,并完成关键步骤施工,采用ABAQUS有限元软件进行铝合金壳网建模,分析该施工技术的施工效果。分析结果表明:该施工技术能够较好的完成大跨度铝合金结构施工,最大承载力达到6.33 kN/m^(2),稳定极限荷载均在3.65 kN/m^(2)以上,满足工程的施工标准。