Modeling compatible single-tree aboveground biomass equations for masson pine(Pinus massoniana) in southern China

Because of global climate change, it is necessary to add forest biomass estimation to national forest resource monitoring. The biomass equations developed for forest biomass estimation should be compatible with volume equations. Based on the tree volume and aboveground biomass data of Masson pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb.） in southern China, we constructed one-, two- and three-variable aboveground biomass equations and biomass conversion functions compatible with tree volume equations by using error-in-variable simultaneous equations. The prediction precision of aboveground biomass estimates from one variable equa- tion exceeded 95%. The regressions of aboveground biomass equations were improved slightly when tree height and crown width were used together with diameter on breast height, although the contributions to regressions were statistically insignificant. For the biomass conversion function on one variable, the conversion factor decreased with increasing diameter, but for the conversion function on two variables, the conversion factor increased with increasing diameter but decreased with in- creasing tree height.

Parameter Optimisation of Stress-strain Constitutive Equations Using Genetic Algorithms

The accuracy of numerical simulations and many other material design calculations, such as the rolling force, rollingtorque, etc., depends on the description of stress-strain relationship of the deformed materials. One common methodof describing the stress-strain relationship is using constitutive equations, with the unknown parameters fitted byexperimental data obtained via plane strain compression (PSC). Due to the highly nonlinear behaviour of the constitutive equations and the noise included in the PSC data, determination of the model parameters is difficult. Inthis paper, genetic algorithms were exploited to optimise parameters for the constitutive equations based on thePSC data. The original PSC data were processed to generate the stress-strain data, and data pre-processing wascarried out to remove the noise contained in the original PSC data. Several genetic optimisation schemes have beeninvestigated, with different coding schemes and different genetic operators for selection, crossover and mutation.It was found that the real value coded genetic algorithms converged much faster and were more efficient for theparameter optimisation problem.

Ten Reflections on 5G

5G takes the concept of service-oriented architecture to replace the priority principle of network efficiency in the Internet to meet requirements of the industrial Internet and smart cities,such as high reliability and low latency.On the other hand,in order to adapt to the uncertainty of future business,5G features the openness of services and the Internet protocols,different from the closeness of traditional telecommunication networks.Although 5G tries to have the advantages of both the Internet and telecommunication network,its realization still faces many challenges.In this paper,ten major issues concerning 5G networking and service offering are discussed.

Effect of Cultivation Conditionss on Quality Parameters of High Grade Hybrid Rape of Brassica napus L.

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of sowing date, plant density, nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer on quality parameters of high grade hybrid rapeseed. [Method] By using Youyan 599 and Sanbei 98 as experimental materials, quadratic orthogonal rotation combination with five factors was designed for this study. [Result] Erucic acid content was nega- tively correlated with sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer, positively correlated with plant density. Glucosinolate content was negatively correlated with sowing date, positively correlated with potash fertilizer amount. Oil content was negatively correlated with sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer amount, positively correlated with plant density and potash fertilizer amount. Protein content was positively correlated with sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer amount, negatively correlated with plant density and potash fer- tilizer amount. Oleic acid content was negatively correlated with phosphate fertilizer amount, positively correlated with nitrogen fertilizer amount. Palmitic acid was nega- tively correlated with potash fertilizer amount, positively correlated with sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilizer amount and phosphate fertilizer amount in Youyan 599, but negatively correlated with sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilizer amount and phosphate fertilizer amount in Sanbei 98. Stearic acid content was posi- tively correlated with sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilizer amount and phos- phate fertilizer amount. Linoleic acid was positively correlated with density and nitroge- nous fertilizer, but negatively correlated with potash fertilizer amount. Linolenic acid was positively correlated with nitrogen fertilizer amount and potash fertilizer amount. Eicosenoic acid was negatively correlated with sowing date. There were positive cor- relations and negative correlations among cultivation conditions and quality parame- ters, and the positive correlations and negative correlations could counteract each other. Expression of quality parameters for each treatment was the combined effect. Among the 50 pairs of simple correlations of five cultivation factors and ten quality parameters, 26 pairs were consistent between two varieties, 24 pairs of simple corre- lation were not. Sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilizer amount and phosphate fertilizer amount showed significant influence on erucic acid of two varieties, but small effect on palmitic acid. [Conclusion] The combined effect of the five cultivation factors could not fundamentally improve the quality traits of high grade hybrid rapeseed.

PALAEOMAGNETIC AND STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS ON BLOCK ROTATIONS AND CRUSTAL SHORTENING IN CENTRAL TIBET

As a part of INDEPTH 3/GEODEPTH geological surface investigations were carried out during two field campaigns in 1998 and 1999. The working area covers a roughly N\|S (30～36°N) tren ding, 200km wide belt through the Lhasa Terrane and Qiangtang Terrane at a longitude of 88～90°E. Field geology was focused on geological mapping, structural measurements, and extensive sampling for the purpose of fission track geochronology. Additionally a total number of 742 orientated palaeomagnetic samples were drilled at 73 sites. Most of the samples were taken in fine\|grained sediments of Cretaceous, Eocene, and Neogene age. Five sites were drilled in acid to intermediate volcanics.A first sequence of measurements has been applied on a set of specimen. Most of the chosen formations (>80%) have acquired stable remanences which are carried by hematite and magnetite. As an example for the characteristic demagnetising behaviour of fine\|grained probable Cretaceous sandstones see Fig.1a. The unblocking temperature of 650℃ allows to identify hematite as remanence carrier.. Although single sites show well\|defined mean directions (e.g. site 76B: α 95 =3 8; k =185 8) the distribution among several site means of one formation could scatter (Fig.1b). It has to be checked carefully if rotations of single crustal elements are responsible for this effect. There is evidence to assume the detected characteristic remanences to be primary—further analysis including fold tests will be performed after the data set has increased.

Applications of the first integral method to nonlinear evolution equations

In this paper, we establish travelling wave solutions for some nonlinear evolution equations. The first integral method is used to construct the travelling wave solutions of the modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and the coupled Klein-Gordon equations. The obtained results include periodic and solitary wave solutions. The first integral method presents a wider applicability to handling nonlinear wave equations.

Phase transition and chemical decomposition of liquid carbon dioxide and nitrogen mixture under extreme conditions

Thermodynamic and chemical properties of liquid carbon dioxide and nitrogen（CO_（2~–）N_2） mixture under the conditions of extremely high densities and temperatures are studied by using quantum molecular dynamic（QMD） simulations based on density functional theory including dispersion corrections（DFT-D）. We present equilibrium properties of liquid mixture for 112 separate density and temperature points, by selecting densities ranging from ρ = 1.80 g/cm^3 to 3.40 g/cm^3 and temperatures from T = 500 K to 8000 K. In the range of our study, the liquid CO_（2~–）N_2 mixture undergoes a continuous transition from molecular to atomic fluid state and liquid polymerization inferred from pair correlation functions（PCFs）and the distribution of various molecular components. The insulator–metal transition is demonstrated by means of the electronic density of states（DOS）.

Geoeffectiveness of the coronal mass ejections associated with solar proton events

The intensity-time profiles of solar proton events（SPEs） are grouped into three types in the present study. The Type-I means that the intensity-time profile of an SPE has one peak, which occurs shortly after the associated solar flare and coronal mass ejection（CME）. The Type-II means that the SPE profile has two peaks： the first peak occurs shortly after the solar eruption, the second peak occurs at the time when the CME-driven shock reaches the Earth, and the intensity of the second peak is lower than the first one.If the intensity of the second peak is higher than the first one, or the SPE intensity increases continuously until the CME-driven shock reaches the Earth, this kind of intensity-time profile is defined as Type-III. It is found that most CMEs associated with Type-I SPEs have no geoeffectiveness and only a small part of CMEs associated with Type-I SPEs can produce minor（–50 n T ≤ Dst ≤–30 n T） or moderate geomagnetic storms（–100 n T≤ Dst ≤–50 n T）, but never an intense geomagnetic storm（–200 n T ≤ Dst 〈-100 n T）. However,most of the CMEs associated with Type-II and Type-III SPEs can produce intense or great geomagnetic storms（Dst ≤-200 n T）. The solar wind structures responsible for the geomagnetic storms associated with SPEs with different intensity-time profiles have also been investigated and discussed.

Stability and oscillations in a slow-fast flexible joint system with transformation delay

Flexible joints are usually used to transfer velocities in robot systems and may lead to delays in motion transformation due to joint flexibility. In this paper, a linkrotor structure connected by a flexible joint or shaft is firstly modeled to be a slow-fast delayed system when moment of inertia of the lightweight link is far less than that of the heavy rotor. To analyze the stability and oscillations of the slowfast system, the geometric singular perturbation method is extended, with both slow and fast manifolds expressed analytically. The stability of the slow manifold is investigated and critical boundaries are obtained to divide the stable and the unstable regions. To study effects of the transformation delay on the stability and oscillations of the link, two quantitatively different driving forces derived from the negative feedback of the link are considered. The results show that one of these two typical driving forces may drive the link to exhibit a stable state and the other kind of driving force may induce a relaxation oscillation for a very small delay. However, the link loses stability and undergoes regular periodic and bursting oscillation when the transformation delay is large. Basically, a very small delay does not affect the stability of the slow manifold but a large delay affects substantially.

Low Power Sensor Design for IoT and Mobile Healthcare Applications

This paper reviews recent advances in radar sensor design for low-power healthcare,indoor real-time positioning and other applications of IoT.Various radar front-end architectures and digital processing methods are proposed to improve the detection performance including detection accuracy,detection range and power consumption.While many of the reported designs were prototypes for concept verification,several integrated radar systems have been demonstrated with reliable measured results with demo systems.A performance comparison of latest radar chip designs has been provided to show their features of different architectures.With great development of IoT,short-range low-power radar sensors for healthcare and indoor positioning applications will attract more and more research interests in the near future.

CONSTRAINT VIOLATION STABILIZATION OF EULER-LAGRANGE EQUATIONS WITH NON-HOLONOMIC CONSTRAINTS

Two constraint violation stabilization methods are presented to solve the Euler Lagrange equations of motion of a multibody system with nonholonomic constraints. Compared to the previous works, the newly devised methods can deal with more complicated problems such as those with nonholonomic constraints or redundant constraints, and save the computation time. Finally a numerical simulation of a multibody system is conducted by using the methods given in this paper.

Evaluation of High-Resolution WRF Model Simulations of Surface Wind over the West Coast of India

This paper presents results from a statistical validation of the hindcasts of surface wind by a high-reso-ution-mesoscale atmospheric numerical model Advanced Research WRF （ARW3.3）, which is set up to force the operational coastal ocean forecast system at Indian Na- tional Centre for Ocean Information Services （INCOIS）. Evaluation is carried out based on comparisons of day-3 forecasts of surface wind with in situ and remote-sensing data. The results show that the model predicts the surface wind fields fairly accurately over the west coast of India, with high skill in predicting the surface wind during the pre-monsoon season. The model predicts the diurnal variability of the surface wind with reasonable accuracy. The model simulates the land-sea breeze cycle in the coastal region realistically, which is very clearly observed during the northeast monsoon and pre-monsoon season and is less prominent during the southwest monsoon season.

Modeling Study of the Impact of Heterogeneous Reactions on Dust Surfaces on Aerosol Optical Depth and Direct Radiative Forcing over East Asia in Springtime

The spatial distributions and interannual variations of aerosol concentrations, aerosol optical depth （AOD）, aerosol direct radiative forcings, and their responses to heterogeneous reactions on dust surfaces over East Asia in March 2006-10 were investigated by utilizing a regional coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model. Anthropogenic aerosol concentrations （inorganic ＋ carbonaceous） were higher in March 2006 and 2008, whereas soil dust reached its highest levels in March 2006 and 2010, resulting in stronger aerosol radiative forcings in these periods. The domain and five-year （2006-10） monthly mean concentrations of anthropogenic and dust aerosols, AOD, and radiative forcings at the surface （SURF） and at the top of the atmosphere （TOA） in March were 2.4 μg m 3 13.1 lag m^-3, 0.18, -19.0 W m^-2, and -7.4 W m^-2, respectively. Heterogeneous reactions led to an increase of total inorganic aerosol concentration; however, the ambient inorganic aerosol concentration decreased, resulting in a smaller AOD and weaker aerosol radiative forcings. In March 2006 and 2010, the changes in ambient inorganic aerosols, AOD, and aerosol radiative forcings were more evident. In terms of the domain and five-year averages, the total inorganic aerosol concentrations increased by 13.7% （0.17 μg m^-3） due to heterogeneous reactions, but the ambient inorganic aerosol concentrations were reduced by 10.5% （0.13 lag m-3）. As a result, the changes in AOD, SURF and TOA radiative forcings were estimated to be -3.9% （-0.007）, -1.7% （0.34 W m^-2）, and -4.3% （0.34 W m^-2）, respectively, in March over East Asia.

Statistical Relationship Between UVB(280-320nm) and Broadband Solar Radiation(295-2800nm) at a Subtropical Location(Qena,Egypt)

The present study quantifies the relationship between ultraviolet-B(UVB) and broadband solar radiation(G) at Qena,Egypt.Data from 10-year hourly integrated totals for both UVB and G on a horizontal surface were used to determine the best fit between the two radiation types.On the basis of the correlation of determination(r2),a second-order polynomial was determined to provide the best fit.For the purpose of developing an empirical model to estimate UVB,all of the cases of UVB and G from a nine-year study from 2001 to 2009 were introduced.Monthly and seasonal empirical models,as well as a general expression,were established for UVB as a function of G.The values of r2 ranged from 0.90 to 0.97.By using a new dataset of G,the estimated and the corresponding measured values of UVB were determined to be in good agreement whereby the values of r2 between the two ranged from 0.91 to 0.98.In addition,the significance and performance of the regression forms were evaluated with the aid of several statistical analysis procedures.The values of the index of modeling(d) and coefficient of modeling efficiency(ME) were close to one.Moreover,the values of RMSE,mean bias error(MBE),and mean absolute error(MAE) were lower than the experimental errors.On the basis of this analysis,it has been determined that the suggested regression forms can be used to estimate UVB when it difficult to obtain measurements or when measurements are available only for limited periods at the studied region.

Problems and Solutions of Chinese Agricultural Science and Technology Service System

Abstract Problems in agricultural science and technology service system were ana- lyzed, such as system problem, investment and worker quality, and based on this countermeasures were proposed, so as to promote the development of modern agri- culture and construction of new countryside.

Chinese herbal protocol anti-fibrosis 1 improves radiation induced fibrosis and its related dysfunctions

Objective: Radiotherapy is the main modality for treatment of malignancies, but radiation fibrosis is a severe side effect of radiotherapy which may cause severe dysfunction of patients. We design a new tr aditional Chinese her bal pr otocol, which is named as Anti-fibrosis 1, and use it in patients with severe radiation fibrosis. Methods: From Feb 2013 to Feb 2014, 23 patients with severe radiation fibrosis and apparent dysfunction were treated with anti-fib rosis 1. The re were 7 pa ti ents with nasopharyngeal car cinoma, 7 with oral cavity and oral pharyngeal carcinoma, 2 with pharyngeal carcinoma, 2 with breast carcinoma, 2 with esophageal carcinoma and 3 patients with pelvic malignancies. All patients received radiothe rapy at least 0.5-8 years ago, and 22 pa ti ents with complete response, but all patients suffered with severe radiation fibrosis. The radiation dosage was among 50-74Gy/25-37f/35-70d. Patients status of fibrosis and recovery of tissue and organ were evaluated after 0.5, 1.5 and 3 months of herbal treatment. Results: 22 of 23 patients were head and neck car cinoma, 20 pati ents had got par tial r elief afte r 15 days medication with anti-fib rosis 1, nea rly all pa ti ents had got appa rent r elief afte r 1.5 month of medication. But, there was no apparent difference between 1.5 month and 3 months group. There were no apparent side effects after the herbal treatment. Conclusions: The traditional Chinese herbal protocol anti-fibrosis 1 is an effective and safe modality for radiation fibrosis. And the apparent effect occurred after 1.5 month of herbal medication.

Complications Related to Transcatheter Occlusion of Atrial Septal Defect with Amplatzer Septal Occluder in Children

Objectives To investigate the causes, theraputic and preventive methods of com- plications associated with transcatheter occlusion of at- rial septal defect ( ASD) using the Amplatzer septal oc- cluder (ASO) in children. Methods 289 cases un- derwent transcatheter closure of ASD with ASO. Com- plications occurred in 9 cases. The complications in procedure included systemic circulatory systemic air embolism in 2, pulmonary air embolism in 1, pericar- dial tamponade in 1, ASO malposition requiring emer- gency surgical removal in 1, transient atrial extrasysto- les in 1 and sizing balloon rupture in 1 case. 2 cases with postoperative complications were found in the fol- low-up studies. These included perforation of mitral valve and ASO partially dislodged. In this study, 5 children with intraoperative complication received e- mergency therapy including surgical intervention, and others needed only follow-up, as the complications were transient or asymptomatic. Results There were no children death in this study. The 5 cases who re- ceived treatment were completely healing, and the oth- ers with intra - procedure complications were also had no sequela existed. Cases with mitral valve and ASO partially dislodged were still in follow-up studies, as the 2 patients having no symptoms. Conclutions Air embolism were occurred easily in atrial septal defect cases who received ASO therapy. Complications mainly caused by inappropriate operative procedure and some complications needed emergency treatments. Follow-up studies were important to cases with transcatheter oc- clusion therapy.

Nonlinear response of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles:From fundamentals to applications

Modelling and biomedical applications of ultrasound contrast agent （UCA） microbubbles have attracted a great deal of attention. In this review, we summarize a series of researches done in our group, including （i） the development of an all-in-one solution of characterizing coated bubble parameters based on the light scattering technique and flow cytometry; （ii） a novel bubble dynamic model that takes into consideration both nonlinear shell elasticity and viscosity to eliminate the dependences of bubble shell parameters on bubble size; （iii） the evaluation of UCA inertial cavitation threshold and its relationship with shell parameters; and （iv） the investigations of transfection efficiency and the reduction of cytotoxicity in gene delivery facilitated by UCAs excited by ultrasound exposures.

New exact traveling wave solutions to the(1+1)-dimensional Klein-Gordon-Zakharov equation for wave propagation in plasma using the exp(-Φ(ξ))-expansion method

The(1+1)-dimensional nonlinear Klein-Gordon-Zakharov equation considered as a model equation for describing the interaction of the Langmuir wave and the ion acoustic wave in high frequency plasma.By the execution of the exp(-Φ(ξ))-expansion,we obtain new explicit and exact traveling wave solutions to this equation.The obtained solutions include kink,singular kink,periodic wave solutions,soliton solutions and solitary wave solutions of bell types.The variety of structure and graphical representation make the dynamics of the equations visible and provides the mathematical foundation in plasma physics and engineering.&2015 National Laboratory for Aeronautics and Astronautics.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

Jordan Triple Derivations on J-subspace Lattice Algebras

Let L be a J-subspace lattice on a Banach space X and Alg/2 the associated J-subspace lattice