超高强Ti-15Mo-2.7Nb-3Al-0.2Si钛合金的强化行为及模型

基于XRD、OM、SEM和TEM分析,研究超高强Ti-15Mo-2.7Nb-3Al-0.2Si钛合金的组织演变及强化行为。结果表明,位错强化和析出强化效应对该合金的屈服强度影响较大。冷轧+再结晶+冷轧+双时效组合工艺可获得1518 MPa的最高屈服强度,这主要归因于显微组织中的高密度残存位错及密集而细小的次生α相。建立复合强化模型,其预测误差在16.6%以内。此外,研究发现次生α相体积分数的增加可以不断强化晶内区域,这使得沿晶断裂开始出现并逐渐占据整个断裂面。

Effect of hot isostatic pressing processing parameters on microstructure and properties of Ti60 high temperature titanium alloy

Hot isostatic pressing parameters are critical to Ti60 high temperature titanium alloy castings which have wide application perspective in aerospace.In order to obtain optimal processing parameters,the effects of hot isostatic pressing parameters on defects,composition uniformity,microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti60 cast high temperature titanium alloy were investigated in detail.Results show that increasing temperature and pressure of hot isostatic pressing can reduce defects,especially,the internal defects are substantially eliminated when the temperature exceeds 920℃or the pressure exceeds 125 MPa.The higher temperature and pressure can improve the microstructure uniformity.Besides,the higher pressure can promote the composition uniformity.With the temperature increases from 880℃to 960℃,α-laths are coarsened.But with increasing pressure,the grain size of prior-βphase,the widths ofα-laths andα-colony are reduced.The tensile strength of Ti60 alloy is 949 MPa,yield strength is 827 MPa,and the elongation is 11%when the hot isostatic pressing parameters are 960℃/125 MPa/2 h,which exhibits the best match between the strength and plasticity.

TLM钛合金表层TiN/Sn复合涂层的制备及磨损行为研究

为了提高Ti-25Nb-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo(TLM)钛合金的耐磨性能,采用表面机械复合强化(SMCS)工艺在合金表层制备了复合涂层并研究了复合涂层的显微组织、微观力学性能和摩擦学性能。结果表明:采用表面机械复合强化技术可在合金表层成功制备TiN/Sn复合涂层,随着Sn含量的增加,复合涂层的厚度和粗糙度不断增大,10%、20%、30%、40%Sn涂层的厚度分别为9.08、14.05、18.33、23.55μm;10%、20%、30%、40%Sn涂层的表面硬度分别为590、529、465、400 HV,相比基体硬度(~230 HV)有所提高。复合涂层的磨损量随Sn含量的增加先减小后增大,20%Sn样品具有最低的磨损量;在干磨损试验中,原样的磨损机制以黏着磨损为主,同时伴随磨粒磨损,复合强化样的磨损机制为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损,同时伴随氧化磨损。

Ti-6321钛合金钨极惰性气体保护焊接头的微观组织与力学性能

采用钨极惰性气体保护(tungsten inert gas,TIG)焊获得了质量良好的大厚度Ti-6321钛合金焊接接头,对比热处理前后焊接接头熔融区、热影响区和母材区的微观组织变化,测试焊接接头的冲击性能、断裂韧度及拉伸性能,并与母材进行对比。结果表明:焊接接头熔融区退火前的组织由粗大β柱状晶组成,晶内为充分生长的针状马氏体α′相,热影响区为β基体和初生α相组成的等轴组织,β基体中析出针状马氏体α΄相;退火后,熔融区和热影响区β晶粒内部的马氏体α΄相完全转变为次生α相。Ti-6321钛合金焊接接头的冲击韧性,断裂韧度,抗拉强度及伸长率分别为80.3 J/cm^(2),113.00 MPa·m^(1/2),873 MPa和9%,为母材的104.7%,84.1%,100%和67.7%,相比母材断口,接头冲击断口具有更为粗糙的阶梯形貌表面以及微观尺寸更小的等轴韧窝,而韧性断口表面整体更加平坦,且疲劳裂纹扩展区更窄。

Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金的宽温域(-253~350℃)力学性能研究

钛及钛合金是一种重要的太空金属材料,在航空航天领域发挥重要的作用。研究了Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金在室温(20℃)、高温(350℃)以及超低温(-253℃)环境下的拉伸力学性能,比较了Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金在不同温度下的力学性能指标,分析了其断口形貌特征。结果表明,Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金在超低温下表现出较高的力学性能,抗拉强度可达1900 MPa以上,其断口形貌呈现脆性断裂特点。在室温和高温下,Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金表现出良好的塑性和韧性,具有较为明显的韧性断裂特点。因其良好的宽温域力学性能,Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金是未来发展航天航空领域必不可少的重要金属材料。

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金环保型阳极氧化及封闭处理研究

选用Ti-6Al-4V钛合金作为基体在环保型电解液中制备阳极氧化膜,然后分别浸没在沸水、氟锆酸铵溶液、乙酸钙溶液中对阳极氧化膜进行封闭处理。采用扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪表征和分析未封闭及封闭处理后阳极氧化膜的微观形貌、化学成分与物相结构,并配制酸性氯化钠溶液作为腐蚀介质,研究未封闭及封闭处理后阳极氧化膜的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:与未封闭阳极氧化膜相比,在沸水、氟锆酸铵溶液、乙酸钙溶液中封闭处理后阳极氧化膜中微孔数量减少,化学成分发生变化,耐腐蚀性能进一步提高,但封闭处理未影响阳极氧化膜的物相结构。在乙酸钙溶液中封闭过程中发生化学反应,生成水合二氧化钛、氢氧化钛、氢氧化钙和钛酸钙等多种产物,达到协同封闭效果,赋予封闭处理后阳极氧化膜良好的表面致密性,其耐腐蚀性能好于在沸水、氟锆酸铵溶液中封闭处理后阳极氧化膜,对钛合金的防护作用更强。

基于机器学习的Ti-5Al-1.5Mo-1.8Fe低成本钛合金热加工图预测

为了研究Ti-5Al-1.5Mo-1.8Fe低成本钛合金的热变形行为,运用Instron 5869压缩实验机进行热压缩实验。构建了以变形温度、应变速率、应变为输入变量和流变应力为输出变量的6种机器学习模型,预测不同条件下该合金的流变应力值并评估检验模型的预测性能。根据预测表现最好的LSTM神经网络模型的预测数据绘制预测加工图,对照实验加工图评估检验其预测能力。结果表明:预测加工图能够较为准确地反映出Ti-5Al-1.5Mo-1.8Fe合金在应变为0.499时的可加工区域,与实验加工图的吻合程度较高,该方法能较好地预测Ti-5Al-1.5Mo-1.8Fe合金的热变形行为。

固溶时效处理对Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni钛合金微观组织与力学性能的影响

对Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni钛合金进行固溶时效处理,采用光学显微镜、室温拉伸测试以及扫描电子显微镜,研究Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni钛合金经不同固溶时效温度处理后的微观组织与力学性能。结果表明:随固溶温度的升高,合金组织中初生α相含量不断减少直至消失,同时有大量次生α相析出,合金组织类型由双态组织逐渐转变为细片层组织。合金塑性随固溶温度升高而逐渐降低,而强度变化趋势与塑性相反。固溶温度为两相区时,合金的拉伸断口形貌主要由大量韧窝构成,且有少量的二次裂纹及孔洞;当固溶温度为单相区时,合金的拉伸断口形貌主要由结晶状形貌构成,出现解理台阶及撕裂棱,并有少量细小的韧窝在断口表面分布。

近β钛合金Ti-55511热塑性变形的流变应力分析与Arrhenius本构方程研究

主要研究Ti-55511钛合金在变形温度为700~850℃、应变速率为0.01~10 s-1、真应变为0.6条件下的热压缩变形行为。结果表明,Ti-55511钛合金的流变应力受变形温度和应变速率的影响显著,峰值应力随变形温度降低和应变速率升高而升高。为消除热压缩过程中的温升效应,提高模型的准确性,本文采用新的温度修正方法,即通过Arrhenius方程推导,并利用数学外推法,对实验流变应力曲线进行温度修正,修正结果表明,变形温度越低、应变速率越高,温升和流变应力增量越大。在温度修正的基础上,建立基于应变补偿的Arrhenius本构方程,用该本构方程预测的流变应力与实测流变应力之间的相关系数(R2)和平均绝对相对误差(average absolute relative error,AARE)分别为0.991和6.65%,表明用本构方程能够精确地预测不同热变形条件下的流变应力。

挤压比和钛质量分数对U-Ti合金力学性能的影响

利用材料实验机和分离式霍普金森压杆对2种挤压比、3种钛质量分数的U-Ti合金室温静动态力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:挤压比为4∶1时,U-Ti合金的静动态强度均高于挤压比为8∶1的情况;挤压比相同时,钛质量分数越高,U-Ti合金的静态屈服强度越低。6种U-Ti合金中挤压比为4∶1,钛质量分数为0.95%的U-Ti合金综合力学性能最好,拟合得到了该合金的Johnson-Cook模型参数,并通过数值仿真进行了有效性验证。

Titanium, Ti, A New Mineral Species from Luobusha, Tibet, China

We describe the new mineral species titanium, ideally Ti, found in the podiform chromitites of the Luobusha ophiolite in Tibet, People＇s Republic of China. The irregular crystals range from 0.1 to 0.6 mm in diameter and form an intergrowth with coesite and kyanite. Titanium is silver grey in colour, the luster is metallic, it is opaque, the streak is grayish black, and it is non-fluorescent. The mineral is malleable, has a rough to hackly fracture and has no apparent cleavage. The estimated Mohs hardness is 4, and the calculated density is 4.503 g/cm3. The composition is Ti 99.23-100.00 wt%. The mineral is hexagonal, space group P6flmmc. Unit-cell parameters are a 2.950 （2） ~, c 4.686 （1） A,V 35.32 （5） A3, Z = 2. The five strongest powder diffraction lines [d in A （hkl） （I/I0）] are： 2.569 （010） （32）, 2.254（011） （100）, 1.730 （012） （16）, 1.478 （110） （21）, and 0.9464 （121） （8）. The species and name were approved by the CNMNC （IMA 2010-044）.

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金热处理性能的研究进展

从热处理工艺对Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)钛合金的显微组织、力学性能及摩擦磨损性能等的影响这些方面,综述了该合金的热处理研究进展,对热处理过程中合金的性能变化进行了梳理,总结了合金在不同热处理工艺后的组织及性能,以期为热处理在钛合金的相关研究和应用提供参考。

Indirect mineral carbonation of titanium-bearing blast furnace slag coupled with recovery of TiO_2 and Al_2O_3

Large quantities of CO_2 and blast furnace slag are discharged in the iron and steel industry. Mineral carbonation of blast furnace slag can offer substantial CO_2 emission reduction and comprehensive utilization of the solid waste.This paper describes a novel route for indirect mineral carbonation of titanium-bearing blast furnace(TBBF) slag,in which the TBBF slag is roasted with recyclable(NH_4)_2SO_4(AS) at low temperatures and converted into the sulphates of various valuable metals, including calcium, magnesium, aluminium and titanium. High value added Ti-and Al-rich products can be obtained through stepwise precipitation of the leaching solution from the roasted slag. The NH_3 produced during the roasting is used to capture CO_2 from flue gases. The NH_4HCO_3 and(NH_4)_2CO_3 thus obtained are used to carbonate the CaSO_4-containing leaching residue and MgSO_4-rich leaching solution, respectively. In this study, the process parameters and efficiency for the roasting, carbonation and Ti and Al recovery were investigated in detail. The results showed that the sulfation ratios of calcium,magnesium, titanium and aluminium reached 92.6%, 87% and 84.4%, respectively, after roasting at an AS-to-TBBF slag mass ratio of 2:1 and 350 °C for 2 h. The leaching solution was subjected to hydrolysis at 102 °C for 4 h with a Ti hydrolysis ratio of 95.7% and the purity of TiO_2 in the calcined hydrolysate reached 98 wt%.99.7% of aluminium in the Ti-depleted leaching solution was precipitated by using NH_3. The carbonation products of Ca and Mg were CaCO_3 and(NH_4)_2 Mg(CO_3)_2·4H_2O, respectively. The latter can be decomposed into MgCO_3 at 100–200 °C with simultaneous recovery of the NH_3 for reuse. In this process, approximately 82.1% of Ca and 84.2%of Mg in the TBBF slag were transformed into stable carbonates and the total CO_2 sequestration capacity per ton of TBBF slag reached up to 239.7 kg. The TiO_2 obtained can be used directly as an end product, while the Al-rich precipitate and the two carbonation products can act, respectively, as raw materials for electrolytic aluminium,cement and light magnesium carbonate production for the replacement of natural resources.

Temperature Fluctuation Synthesis/Simultaneous Densification and Microstructure Control of Titanium Silicon Carbide (Ti_3SiC_2) Ceramics

A novel temperature fluctuation synthesis/simultaneous densification process was developed for the preparation of Ti3SiC2 bulk ceramics. In this process. Si is used as an in-situ liquid forming phase and it is favorable for both the solid-liquid synthesis and the densification of Ti3SiC2 rainies. The present work demonstrated that the temperature fluctuation synthesis/simultaneous densification process is one of the most effective and simple methods for the preparation of Ti3SiC2 bulk materials providing relatively low synthesis temperature. short reaction time; and simultaneous synthesis and densification. This work also showed the capability to control the microstructure, e.g., the preferred orientation, of the bulk Ti3SiC2 materials simply by applying the hot pressing pressure at different Stages of the temperature fluctuation process. And textured Ti3SiC2 bulk materials with {002} faces of laminated Ti3SiC2 grains normal to the hot pressing axis were prepared.

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with a copper sheet as interlayer was carried out.Microstructures of the joint were studied by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD).In addition,the mechanical properties of the joint were evaluated by tensile test and the microhardness was measured.These two alloys were successfully welded by adding copper transition layer into the weld.Solid solution with a certain thickness was located at the interfaces between weld and base metal in both sides.Regions inside the weld and near the stainless steel were characterized by solid solution of copper with TiFe2 intermetallics dispersedly distributed in it.While weld near titanium alloy contained Ti-Cu and Ti-Fe-Cu intermetallics layer,in which the hardness of weld came to the highest value.Brittle fracture occurred in the intermetallics layer when the joint was stretched.

The Electrode Process of Titanium Subchlorides and Electrodeposition of Titanium in LiCl-KCl Fused Salts

The electrochemical behaviour of Ti(Ⅲ) and Ti(Ⅱ) in LiCl-KCl eutectic system has been studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.The cathodic reduction of Ti(Ⅲ) and Ti(Ⅱ) has been found to be stepwise:Ti(Ⅲ)+e=Ti(Ⅱ),Ti(Ⅱ)+2e =Ti.The reductions are diffusion controlled.When an equilibrium between Ti subchlorides and excess metallic Ti was estab- lished by reaction 2TiCl_3+Ti=3TiCl_2 in LiCl-KCl melt at 475℃,then the average valence of Ti is less than 2.1.In this system the diffusion coefficient for Ti(Ⅱ) ion was calculated as D=2.5×10^(-5)cm^2·s^(-1).The chronoamperometric studies showed that the initial nucleation stage and growth of nuclei were observed when Ti ions were electrodeposited on low carbon steel substrate. The investigation of nucleation of metal may provide the method for obtaining smooth,coherent and adherent deposits of titanium.

Deactivation Behavior of Hollow Titanium Silicalite Zeolite in Aqueous Ammonia Solution under Simulated Industrial Cyclohexanone Ammoximation Conditions

For simulating the real deactivation of hollow titanium silicalite(HTS) zeolite in commercial ammoximation process, HTS was treated by 10% NH_3·H_2O solution at 120 ℃ in stirred autoclave. It is found that a part of HTS zeolite crystals dissolved in the hot NH_3·H_2O solution, and the specific surface area and pore volume continuously decreased with the increase in NH_3 hydrothermal treatment time. Meanwhile, the transformation of framework Ti species into extraframework Ti species was detected by the spectroscopic methods. However, the extraframework Ti species were still in a highly dispersed state after the hydrothermal and thermal treatments as shown by TEM images, while the formation of new acid sites was not detected. Upon combining the results of characterization with catalytic performance of HTS, the main deactivation reason for this material had been determined, which might be attributed to the reduction of specific surface area and active centers after basic treatment and calcination of HTS samples. And then the possible mechanism of simulated deactivation of HTS zeolite was proposed, which could describe the elemental reaction steps much more visually and directly.

Evaluation of Oxidation of Ti-Al and Ti-Al-Cr Coatings Arc-ion Plated on Ti-60 High-temperature Titanium Alloy

High-temperature titanium alloy for aeroengine compressor applications suffers from high-temperature oxidation and environmental corrosion, which prohibits long-term service of this kind alloy at temperatures above 600℃. In an attempt to tackle this problem, Ti-48Al （at. pct） and Ti-48Al-12Cr （at. pct） protective coatings were plated on the substrate of alloy Ti-60 by arc ion plating （ALP） method. Isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests were performed in static air at elevated temperatures. Phase composition, morphology of the coatings and distribution of elements were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray analysis （EDX）. The results showed that the Ti-48Al coating exhibited good isothermal oxidation resistance during exposure at 800℃, but poorer resistance against oxidation at 900℃. By contrast Ti-48Al-12Cr coating demonstrated excellent isothermal oxidation resistance at both temperatures. Cyclic oxidation tests performed at 800℃ indicated that resistance and no spallation of coatings was observed. But both coatings demonstrated good cyclic oxidation at 900℃ only Ti-48Al-12Cr coating demonstrated excellent cyclic oxidation resistance.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Cold Bulge Forming of Titanium Alloy Ti55

In this paper, cold bulge forming of titanium alloy Ti55 was investigated. This process was done successfully and titanium alloy Ti55 was formed completely. Also, in the numerical work, this process has been investigated using Abaqus/ Explicit code. The results show that there is a good agreement between experimental and numerical results. Mechanical properties of Titanium alloy Ti55 have been investigated before and after bulge forming. The results show that mechanical properties of titanium alloy Ti55 have been improved during bulge forming. Also, hardness, and thickness variation tests of sheet metal before and after bulge forming were performed and the same results to mechanical properties were obtained.

ON THE BURN RESISTANCE OF Ti-35V-15Cr-0.05C TITANIUM ALLOY

The Ti-35V-15Cr-0.05C (wt% is a new nonburning titanium alloy. The test for alloy combustibility was carried out by using CO2 laser. A 430 watt and 6mm diameter laser spot impinges directly on the sample within normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. The results show that the ignition time of the nonburning titanium alloy is the longest in the eight examined titanium alloys, and is 3.5 times that of TC4 alloy. The ignition tempeerature of the nonburning alloy is 2991° C, and is higher than that of TC4 alloy by 1976°C. On the condition of high tempeerature and rich oxygen,the surface of alloy forms a melting layer which plays roles of oxygen insulation, heat insulation and burning products insulation. This is the mechanism of combustion resistance.