QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF TAIYUAN URBAN COORDINATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPME NT

As the economic,political and cultu ral center of a nation or a region,cit ies are the carriers of human activi-ties.In a sense,only cities take the path of the coordinated sustainable development,it is possible for a cou ntry or a re-gion,even the whole world ,to develo p coordinately and sustainbly.Today,how to describe the urban sustainable develop-ing level and measure the coordinate d degree of environment,economy and society,has attracted more and more atten-tions of urban managers and research ers.City is assumed to be a big system composed by 3subsystems of environm ent,economy and society,a set of indicators for urban coordinated sustainab le development of Taiyuan have been d esigned accord-ing to the thought of coordinated sustainable development and the reality of Taiyuan development.In this ind icator set there are three levels,which can be c alled as target level,indicator lev el and statistic indicator level.Am ong them,tar-get level includes three high-generalized grade-1indicators,represe nting the development standard of economy,society and environment subsystems.In this paper,according to the ideas of system theory and QIAN Xue-sen's theory o f meta-synthesis methodology fromqualitative analysis to quantitative analysis,the level,the sustainabl e degree and the coordi-nated degree of urban development we re set up,which described the urban c oordinated sustainable developmen t scientifical-ly and quantitatively.The above indicator system and the method of quant itative description were applied to Taiyuan.Through calculating,we have got the economic developing level,social developing level,environmental quality situation and the overall developing level,of Taiyuan from1986to 1995.Also,we wo rked out the sustainability of the whole develop-ment,the respective coordinatabilities of the subsystems of economy an d society,society and environment,and environ-ment and economy,and the coordinata bility of the overall development of Taiyuan in the same period of time.The coordinat-ed sustainable development situati on was quantitatively described,an d the low development level was compr ehensively analyzed ,and suggestions were rais ed for its future coordinated sustainable development. KEY WORDS:Taiyuan

Does social information affect the settlement decisions of resident birds in their second breeding attempt?A case study of the Japanese Tit(Parus minor)

Individuals may gather information about environmental conditions when deciding where to breed in order to maximize their lifetime fitness.They can obtain social information by observing conspecifics and heterospecifics with similar ecological needs.Many studies have shown that birds can rely on social information to select their nest sites.The location of active nests and the reproductive success of conspecifics and heterospecifics can provide accurate predictions about the quality of the breeding habitat.Some short-lived species can facultatively reproduce two and/or more times within a breeding season.However,few studies have focused on how multiplebrooding individuals select nest sites for their second breeding attempts.In this study,we use long-term data to test whether the Japanese Tit(Parus minor)can use social information from conspecifics and/or heterospecifics(the Eurasian Nuthatch Sitta europaea,the Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus and the Yellow-rumped Flycatcher Ficedula zanthopygia)to select a nest site for the second breeding attempt.Our results showed that the nest boxes occupied by tits on their second breeding attempt tended to be surrounded by more breeding conspecific nests,successful first nests of conspecifics,and fewer failed first nests of conspecifics than the nest boxes that remained unoccupied(the control group).However,the numbers of breeding heterospecific nests,successful heterospecific nests,and failed heterospecific nests did not differ between the nest boxes occupied by tits on their second breeding attempt and the unoccupied nest boxes.Furthermore,the tits with local successful breeding experience tended to choose areas with more successful first nests of conspecifics than those without successful breeding experience.Thus,we suggest that conspecifics'but not heterospecifics'social information within the same breeding season is the major factor influencing the nest site selection of Japanese Tits during second breeding attempts.

Hard life for sons in the nest?Sex-dependent offspring mortality in Great Tits in urban and forest areas

Sex-biased mortality can occur in birds during development,for example due to sexual differences in energy requirement and/or environmental sensitivity,or the effects of sex hormones or sex differences in the expression of mutations linked to sex chromosomes.The extent of sex-bias in mortality may also be related to environmental conditions that influence offspring development and survival.Urban areas often provide poorer conditions for nestling development resulting in higher offspring mortality compared to natural areas,which may accelerate sex differences in offspring mortality in cities.To test this hypothesis,we examined the sex ratio of dead offspring in Great Tits(Parus major),using 427 samples of unhatched eggs and dead nestlings collected in two urban and two forest sites between 2013 and 2019.The ratio of males in the whole sample of dead offspring(56.9%)was significantly higher than expected by an 1:1 ratio,and the strongest sex biases were detected in urban areas(57.6%males)and in young nestlings(<14 days old,59.0%males).However,the sex ratios of dead offspring did not differ significantly among study sites and between offspring developmental stages.29.3%of unhatched eggs contained a visible embryo,and the proportion of embryo-containing unhatched eggs did not differ significantly between urban and forest study sites.These results suggest male-biased offspring mortality in Great Tits,and highlight the need of large datasets to detect subtle differences between habitats and developmental stages.

Periodontitis as a promoting factor of T2D: current evidence and mechanisms

Periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by an imbalance between the local microbiota and host immune response.Epidemiologically,periodontitis is closely related to the occurrence,development,and poor prognosis of T2D and is recognized as a potential risk factor for T2D.In recent years,increasing attention has been given to the role of the virulence factors produced by disorders of the subgingival microbiota in the pathological mechanism of T2D。

Factors determining the occupancy of nest-boxes by Great Tits(Parus major)in eucalypt plantations

Providing nest-boxes as surrogate tree cavities can be of great importance to increase the breeding populations of cavity-nesting birds in managed forests.However,the exact placement of nest-boxes should be taken into consideration to enhance their occupancy according to species-specific preferences.In this study,we investigated which factors can better predict nest-box occupancy by the Great Tit(Parus major)in eucalypt plantations.We used generalised linear mixed-effects models to analyse the influence of topography,nest-box positioning,vegetation cover and landscape variables on three-year occupancy records from 80 newly provided nest-boxes.Non-random patterns of nest-box occupancy were found with respect to all categories except topography.Results suggest that Great Tits prefer to occupy high-placed nest-boxes,close to areas that can provide them with supplementary resources either within or in the vicinity of the stand(i.e.,trees other than eucalypts,riparian vegetation,and large patches of adjacent habitats).Overall,this study provides important recommendations for nest-box placement and spatial distribution in managed forests and enhances the potential of nest-box interventions as a biodiversity offset and management tool.

公路养护中TIT嵌固抗滑封层技术运用分析

在现代社会经济发展背景下,公路养护里程快速增长,需要应用先进的养护技术对公路进行高效养护,以保证公路运行安全。基于此,文章就公路养护中的TIT嵌固抗滑封层技术运用进行了详细研究和分析,阐述了其技术内涵,并通过具体工程应用对公路养护中TIT嵌固防滑封层技术的施工准备、技术要点、质量控制和质量检测进行了详细说明,进一步明确了TIT嵌固防滑封层技术对公路养护的重要作用和意义,从而从整体上提高公路质量、延长公路运行时限。

国产甾体抗原双羔素的应用效果

本文简要叙述了国内利用甾体抗原提高绵山羊繁殖力的历史现状以及国内早期研制的不同甾体抗原种类及其免疫效果,并着重介绍了TIT双羔素的应用效果,分析了TIT双羔素对母羊发情率、受胎率、产羔率以及羔羊出生重、羔羊成活率的影响。

基于社交网络的P2P内容分发算法研究

随着互联网社交网络应用的流行,基于社交网络的P2P应用也渐渐涌现。社交网络的最大特点是网络中的节点是建立在真实的社交关系之上。BitTorrent作为P2P文件共享的典型应用,为了限制和惩罚系统中节点的"搭便车"行为,引入了一种Tit-for-Tat的阻塞机制,该机制有效地限制了系统中节点的"搭便车"行为。但与此同时,TFT阻塞机制也限制系统整体性能的提高。提出了一种基于社交网络的自适应阻塞算法来解决上述问题,并利用仿真实验证实改进后的算法比传统的基于TFT的阻塞算法能有效地降低系统的平均启动延迟时间和下载完成时间。

TIT双羔素免疫提高辽宁绒山羊繁殖力的研究

500只3～4岁纯种辽宁绒山羊适繁母羊被随机分为2组,试验组396只,注射双胎素,对照组104只,注射等量生理盐水。结果表明,试验组母羊总发情率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),但第一情期发情率极显著(P<0.01)高于对照组,第二情期发情率极显著(P<0.01)低于对照组;试验组的双羔率高于对照组34.4个百分点(P<0.01),差异极显著;试验组与对照组在受胎率上和羔羊成活率上的差异不显著(P>0.05)。表明:双胎素(TIT)免疫辽宁绒山羊的效果良好。

热处理对氢气放电实验用靶的影响

对本底靶进行热处理后用TiT源重新开展打靶实验,未知谱线消失,证明未知谱线不是由靶中杂质造成的。将同种材料制成的两块本底靶分别进行热处理和不做任何处理,置于氢气放电源中进行照射生成源照靶,用TiT源打这两块源照靶发现照射前经热处理的靶产生的4条未知谱线较强,证明热处理能够增强靶吸附未知粒子的能力。

Molecular phylogenetic analysis among species of Paridae,Remizidae and Aegithalos based on mtDNA sequences of COI and cyt b

The phylogeny of Paridae and allies has been studied intensively during past decades.However,the phylogenetic relationship among species tends to become increasingly controversial as different genetic markers emerge.In our study,the partial mitochondrial genes cytochrome b(cyt b) and cytochrome coxidase subunit Ι(COI) were obtained from 15 species that included 10 tits,4 long-tailed tits and a Chinese penduline tit. Analyses were conducted on the combined cyt b and COΙ sequences with maximum likelihood and Bayesian algorithms. Based on strong,congruent support among the different temporal partitions and models of sequence evolution,a highly resolved consensus of the relationships among Parids and their allies has been formed.The monophyly of Paridae and Remizidae is strongly supported.However,the monophyly of Paridae and Aegithalos is rejected. This agrees with previous studies using other molecular markers.Our results suggest the promotion of the subgenus Machlolophus from genus Parus to a separate genus.The phylogeny of Aegithalos is robust in the current study. However,by considering differences of both morphological and molecular characters within species,we conclude that more data are needed to define their phylogeny.Based on the patterns of taxonomic diversity and endemism,we suggest the southwestern mountain ranges of China might be the center of origin of the Aegithalos species.Divergence time estimates for the long-tailed tits range from the late Miocene to the Pleistocene(from 5.5 to 0.1 Mya)using a calibration of 2% divergence per million years. In a comparative sense,we found a congruent genetic differentiation among sympatric distribution taxa.

青藏高原不同品种绵羊应用TIT双羔素效果试验

1996— 1998年连续三年在青海东部农业区和环青海湖地区用TIT对不同品种绵羊进行了免疫试验 ,共免疫母羊 3 448只。试验结果表明 :1.青海细毛羊双羔率 14 .8% ,双羔成活率 80 .2 7% ,与半细毛羊差异不显著 (14 .3 6%、88.89% ) (P >0 .0 5 ) ;2 .半细毛羊双羔率 18.3 9% ,极显著高于藏羊 (4 .2 9% ) (P <0 .0 1) ,半细毛羊双羔成活率 5 6.2 5 % ,与藏羊差异不显著 (66.67% ) (P >0 .0 5 ) ;3 .农区半细毛羊双羔率 16.67%、双羔成活率 81.2 5 % ,与牧区半细毛羊差异不显著 (18.3 9%、5 6.2 5 % ) (P >0 .0 5 )。

氚污染监测中的异常现象研究

由于在实验过程中频繁操作氚钛源(TiT源),造成了实验室氚污染。专门的氚污染监测机构用氚表面污染测量仪进行监测,发现有遮挡物遮挡、不容易污染到的地方污染水平比容易污染到的地方还高,这是不合常理的一种异常现象。经过分析发现,污染异常的地方常年受氢(氘)气放电源照射,这种异常很可能与气体放电有关,论文给出了假设性解释。

Function of note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo:a playback experiment

Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Japanese Tits(Parus minor) can alter the calling rate and number and combination of notes in response to predators. We previously found the combinations of note types in Japanese Tit alarm calls to be significantly different in response to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) and Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).Methods: Through playback experiments, we tested whether the note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions in conveying information. The note strings of selected alarm calls were divided into the categories of C and D, and different calls were then constructed separately based on the two note string categories. Original alarm calls(C–D), C calls and D calls were played back to male Japanese Tits during the incubation period.Results: Male Japanese Tits had a significantly stronger response to C calls than to C–D calls, and they showed a significantly stronger response to both C and C–D calls than to D calls, suggesting that Japanese Tits discriminated between the C and D calls.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the C-and D-category note strings of Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions, which supports the previous finding that different note strings in an alarm call can provide different information to receivers. However, the exact meanings of these note strings are not yet known, and further investigation is therefore required.

Influence of forest road on breeding of tits in artificial nest boxes

A study was conducted to determine the influence of forest road on breeding of tits in artificial nest boxes in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests in the Gwanak Arboretum （37° 25′ 05＂ N, 126° 56′ 85＂ E） of Seoul National University, Anyang, Korea from November 2002 to June 2003. Three tits species, varied tit （Parus varius）, marsh tit （P. palustris） and great tit （P. major）, breeding in artificial t nest boxes were investigated on number of breeding pairs, cultch size, and egg measurement. Resuls showed that the breeding pairs of varied tit was more in 75-150 m area than in 0-75m area from forest road for all the three study sites, and the clutch size and egg measurements （weight, Major axis and Minor axis） of varied tit was also higher in the area of 75-150 m than in the area of 0-75 m, while no differences in number of breeding pairs and clutch size were found for marsh tit and great tit between the two areas. Egg measurement of great tit was also higher in forest interior area than in forest edge area. It is concluded that varied tit were most significantly influenced by forest road, followed by great tit, whereas marsh tit were not influenced by forest road. Artificial nest box is roved to be good for cavity nester in disturbed areas by human activities. Supply of artificial nest can help population protection and management of bird species.

Egg recognition abilities of tit species in the Paridae family:do Indomalayan tits exhibit higher recognition than Palearctic tits?

DEAR EDITOR,Recent studies have shown that the closely related cinereous tit(Parus cinereus)and green-backed tit(P.monticolus)in China display strong egg recognition ability in contrast to tit species in Europe,which lack such ability.However,egg recognition in other populations of cinereous and greenbacked tits and additional Paridae species still requires further research.

TIT－双胎素提高绵羊繁殖力的试验

ＴＩＴ－双胎素提高绵羊繁殖力的试验贾世明，刘炫，（执笔）管永平，卓娅（新疆巴州畜科所８４１０００）谭正斌，买买提（新疆库尔勒市普惠农场）前言利用活性免疫技术提高绵羊双羔率是近年来新兴的一种生物繁殖技术。ＴＩＴ－双胎素是中国农科院兰州畜牧所近年在国内率...

Diurnal brooding behavior of long-tailed tits （Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis）

Brooding is a major breeding investment of parental birds during the early nestling stage, and has important effects on the development and survival of nestlings. Investigating brooding behavior can help to understand avian breeding investment strategies. From January to June in 2013 and 2014, we studied the brooding behaviors of long-tailed tits （Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis） in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province, China. We analyzed the relationships between parental diurnal brooding duration and nestling age, brood size, temperature, relative breeding season, time of day and nestling frequencies during brooding duration. Results showed that female and male long-tailed tit parents had different breeding investment strategies during the early nestling stage. Female parents bore most of the brooding investment, while male parents performed most of the nestling feedings. In addition, helpers were not found to brood nestlings at the two cooperative breeding nests. Parental brooding duration was significantly associated with the food delivered to nestlings （F=86.10, dr=l, 193.94, P〈0.001）, and was longer when the nestlings received more food. We found that parental brooding duration declined significantly as nestlings aged （F=5.99, dr=-1, 50.13, P=0.018）. When nestlings were six days old, daytime parental brooding almost ceased, implying that long- tailed tit nestlings might be able to maintain their own body temperature by this age. In addition, brooding duration was affected by both brood size （F=12.74, dr=-1,32.08, P=0.001） and temperature （F=5.83, df=-l, 39.59, P=-0.021）, with it being shorter in larger broods and when ambient temperature was higher.

Temperature effect on luteinizing hormone secretion of Eurasian Skylark(Alauda arvensis) and Great Tit(Parus major) in China

Background: Global warming caused trophic mismatch has affected the breeding success, and even the survival, of some bird species.The ability of birds to accelerate their reproduction onset in the warmer spring could be critical to the survival of some species.The activation of the reproductive endocrine axis in birds is a key physiological process that determines the onset of reproduction.Could birds change the HPG axis endocrine rhythm under the temperature rising condition?Methods: Using plasma LH level as an indicator of initiation of the reproductive endocrine and artificially controlling temperature, we compared variations in the timing of activation of the reproductive endocrine axis in response to temperature in two Chinese bird species, the Eurasian Skylark(Alauda arvensis) and the Great Tit(Parus major) at both the population and individual levels.Results: At the population level, temperature only significantly influenced LH level in the Eurasian Skylark, and had no significant effect on the LH levels in the Great Tit.Mean LH level of Eurasian Skylarks in the 20 ℃ group was higher than that of those in the 15 ℃ group throughout the experiment.Large individual variations in the timing of peak LH levels were observed in the high and the low temperature groups of both Eurasian Skylarks and Great Tits.Conclusions: These results indicate that the effects of temperature differ among species.Meanwhile, there appears to be a degree of within population polymorphism in the timing of reproductive endocrine axis activation in some species.This polymorphism could provide the variation required for bird populations to cope with the possible change of their food peak under the climate warming condition.