Study on Contribution Degrees of Hubei Equipment Manufacturing Industry to the National Economy

The paper analyses and researches the contribution degrees of Hubei equipment manufacturing industry to the national economy. Using econometric methods, it carries out regression and empirical research, and finds that the contributions of Hubei equipment manufacturing industry to the national economy is very obvious in recent years, however there is plenty of room for development.

A NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION TO BE BUILT FOR WELCOMING THE ERA OF KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY

Editor’s note: Not long ago, CAS headquarters put forward a proposal entitled "A national innovation system (NIS) to be built up towards the era of knowledge economy (KE)" in a bid to plot a chart for China’s development in the next century. The suggestion was highly valued by the CPC Central Committee and here we publish an extracted translation of its full text.

Is the Long-term Economic Decline of the Philippines Unstoppable? Trends, Reasons, Outlook

The Philippines was in the 1960s a model of development in Asia and second to Japan,but occupies presently only the 11th position under South-East and East Asian countries in terms of GDP-per capita.The article explores why this important Asian country with a long colonial past and enormous economic potential still ranks under lower-income countries and has in the last decades let pass by many other Asian countries.In answering this question,the approach of external triggers for accelerated development is being applied.In stark contrast to the success stories of the strongly outward-looking Asian countries like the four Tigers,later of Thailand and Vietnam the Philippines never developed a vision of an open economy connecting pro-actively to the world markets.Trade is hampered by a non-competitive and highly protected national economy.The existing FDI is more oriented to the profitable local markets.Foreign debts were never effectively used and international tourism was never well promoted.Linking these failures to the existing power structures in the country,it seems very much that the backward forces like the big landowners,the local producers and industrialists never wanted and continue not to want to open up the economy to international competition and governments are complacent with these groups.Various indicators demonstrate the long-term decline of the Philippines:Among them the slow growth of the GDP and the continuously high poverty rates.As the alliance of big business and policy holds firm no change in the failing nationalistic economic model can be detected leaving the bleak outlook that the economic decline will continue.

An Analysis of the Influence of Chinese Agriculture on National Economy and the Macroeconomic Effects

As a basic industry,agriculture has a far-reaching impact on national economy. Based on input-output tables of China in 2005 and2010,this paper gives a deep insight into the relationship between agriculture and national economy and its macroeconomic effects by the methods of input-output analysis,industrial correlation and macroeconomic effect analysis. The results show that the agricultural development is highly dependent on the national economy,but makes low contribution; agriculture contributes to promoting employment and improving the structure of national income distribution; despite the government's tax incentive,the agricultural equipments are updated slowly,and the corporate profits are at low level; agricultural export effect is far below the average industry level,but the import effect increases over the years,and final products are often used for domestic consumption. Finally,we set forth recommendations for improving the development of agriculture and national economy.

Overall National Economy Maintained Stable in the First Two Months

In the first two months of 2019,the economy performed within the reasonable range and maintained a generally stable and growing momentum;a positive trend has gradually been unveiled.The service industry grew steadily and the modern service industry developed fast In the first two months, the Index of Services Production increased by 7.3%year on year, maintaining the same speed as in December 2018.

Tourism versus nature conservation: reconciliation of common interests and objectives——an analysis through Picos de Europa National Park

Nature tourism and particularly tourism in national parks have acquired significant importance in contemporary societies. Post-Fordist consumers have reevaluated the meanings of ‘nature' and ‘natural spaces' and now avoid standardization to seek singularity. Tourism in national parks is a consequence of this tendency and has both positive and negative aspects. The purpose of this sociological research is to describe the most relevant conflicts in the Picos de Europa National Park(Spain) involving the park's conservation, local economic development,and tourism. Seven in-depth interviews and three focus groups were addressed to key local stakeholders.In this research were identified three chief areas of existing or potential inter-related conflicts and the main actors interacting with them. The first is on population, particularly, the negative consequences of depopulations on the local socio-economic development and the environment. A second source of conflicts identified is caused by the difficult conciliation between commercial exploitation and conservation of the protected natural area. More precisely, this specific form of tourism positively contributes to the economy of local communities whilst problems can arise for the conservation goals of National Parks. Thirdly, in this research is also analyzed the institutional governance and the inter and intra-governmental conflicts as well as with the Park's management body. These findings provide important information for the improved management of tourism and conflicting interests in natural parks.

Analysis of the Impacts of Nongovernmental Economy on Nonagricultural Employment Growth in China

The importance of solving the employment problems by nongovernmental economy in China has aroused the concern of many scholars widely. However, few literatures could be found to deal with the impacts on nonagricultural employment growth in China by nongovernmental economy from several levels such as the whole nation, urban and rural. Based on the research accessed on the relationships between nongovernmental economy and em-ployment, the impacts of the development of nongovernmental economy on non-agricultural employment growth in China are emphasized in this paper. Taking time series data of non-agricultural employment in China’s different economy types in 1992–2005 as study objects, by establishing econometric re-gression models, some meaningful points are found as follows, the impacts of nongovernmental economy on the nonagricultural employment in either national or urban-rural level are rather sig-nificant although their impacts’ degrees are different. Based on the research findings above, some countermeasures are proposed to accelerate the nongovernmental economic development and im-prove its ability to absorb nonagricultural employment.

Are cities greener because of innovation?Independent innovation policy and green economic efficiency

The national independent innovation demonstration zone(NIIDZ)is an independent innovation policy that plays a crucial role in implementing strategies.Given the importance of the NIIDZ,this study uses panel data of 278 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2020 and empirically examines the effect and internal mechanism of the NIIDZ on green economic efficiency(GEE)using the difference-in-difference model(DID).The results show that the NIIDZ effectively enhances the growth of GEE,and the results remain valid through several robustness tests,such as year-by-year propensity score matching.The transmission mechanism suggests that the NIIDZ indirectly drives GEE by accelerating scientific and technological investment,promoting talent concentration,and optimizing the industrial structure.Moreover,heterogeneity analysis reveals that the promotion effect of the NIIDZ on GEE is more prominent in the eastern region and high green development level areas.The study’s findings can serve as a reference for China to further utilize the policy effectiveness of the NIIDZ and accelerate the high-quality development of the green economy in the future.

National Economy Performed Within A Reasonable Range

In April,the economy performed within a reasonable range,and sustained momentum of progress in overall stability.1.The service sector grew rapidly and modern service industries grew well In April,the Index of Services Production increased by 7.4%year on year;0.2 percentage point slower than that of March,and 0.1 percentage point faster than that of the first two months.

The Problems of Sustainable Development in a National Level

The goal of the paper is to discuss the explanation of commonly accepted goal of economy in a national level and the problems which threaten the goal. Though the leading economists of the 20th century have strictly supported the necessity of close link between economics and morals, the mainstream economics mostly has regarded it as a problem of secondary importance. The paper discusses the deepest meaning of the generally accepted objective of economy--sustainable development, which necessarily should take into consideration the social dimension along with the economic and environmental. The different understandings of the wellbeing concept are considered and discussed, as it lies on the basis of the explanation of the goal--not any development, but development, which makes people happier. Next follows the discussion on the concepts of sustainability and its link with environment in a broader sense. It is followed by the discussion on the manipulations with human minds. The problem of the global and local economies is considered as a part of the discussion about the sustainability of economies of all levels. This leads to conclusions that social economics should be integrated in economic science as a substantial part. The idea of local economies is considered as an alternative to the present economic paradigm. The methodology of the conclusion making is based on qualitative historical analysis and empirical evaluation of the standpoints of the scientific discussion. The paper is mainly library-based. The ideas of world famous economists are taken from their own books in a printed form or that can be found in Internet. Conclusions are based on mainly qualitative comparison of the facts that arise from the theoretical discussion and empirical evidence of the study object manifestations in real life. Quantitative methods, briefly used, are basic econometrics--conventional correlation analysis, based on the statistic data of the World Bank. The scientific discussion has been approbated in students＇ audience in the study course of macroeconomics in BA School of Business and Finance, Riga, and Ventspils University College, and has been discussed in the fifth International Conference of Latvian Economic Association and Latvian Academy of Sciences.

Examining the Experiences and Challenges of Haze-Fog Governance in China

With the rapid development of industrialisation and urbanisation, China is facing the challenge of severe HF (Haze-Fog) pollution. This essay compares the advantages and disadvantages of China’s HF management and summarizes the important lessons China can teach the rest of the world about applying this tactic. China’s capabilities in the digital economy, National Innovation Demonstration Zones, and urban innovation systems are examined in this article, along with its shortcomings in information mechanisms and pollution sources. This essay also summarizes China’s achievements, particularly regarding local autonomy. The essay goes on to say, however, that China is probably going to be under more pressure to manage HF in the future, both in terms of long-term solutions and the economy.

Effects of Contractual Savings Scheme on Slovak National Economy

Abstract： Contractual savings scheme is specific purpose saving, which was provided in Slovakia since 1993. It is a state-supported saving, the purpose of which is to finance housing needs in the Slovak Republic. Savers can be an individual, association of owners or legal person who enters into a contract with building society or for whom the contract about contractual savings scheme is concluded. State bonuses is contractual savings scheme, a significantly more attractive form of targeted saving. This ensures the supply of investment in the construction sector, which in turn through multiplier effect significantly affects other sectors of the national economy. In this article, the authors deal with the influence of contractual savings scheme to the national economy of the Slovak Republic. The main objective of this study is describing the effectiveness of state bonuses for contractual savings scheme. It is simulated through the impact of contractual savings scheme on employment, on public funds and impact on public finances. This effect is illustrated on a model of state subsidizing of each one Euro spent through the state bonuses for contractual savings scheme and its impact for the national economy with offsetting the significant role of the multiplier effect.

National Economy:Steady and Fast Growth in 2008

In the unusual and extraordinary year of 2008, under the correct leadership of the Central Party Committee and the State Council,the people of the whole country carried on a tenacious fight

National Economy Maintained a Steady and Fast Growth in 2007

In 2007, the national economy kept steady and fast growth with the features of rapid economic growth, optimized structure, increased efficiency and improved livelihood of the people.

Economy、Economics中译考——以“富国策”“理财学”“计学”“经济学”为中心的考察

尽管中国近代Economy、Economics中译名五花八门,数以十计,但最主要的有"富国策""理财学""计学""经济学"四个,而且它们之间呈现出前后递进的比较清晰的演进路线。其演进过程既受到西方"经济学"含义演变的"外因"的影响,也与当时中国移植西方经济学的"内因"相关。

Nation and Political Economy -A Reflection on List

The article intends to work about Friedrich List political economy starting from a specific point of view： idea of nation. Published in 1841, The National System of Political economy establishes a hard dialogue with the Wealth of nations written by Smith. The criticism is built around the idea of nation. In List, the nation, as synonym of productive forces, is a critic to the Smith＇s nation idea as a free market. The List＇s idea of nation is a product of a group of structural （and not only cultural or mental） transformations that occurred during the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 in Europe. The result is the emergency of a new form of State, the nation-State. The political economy elaborates their critics in the measure in capitalism changes. The nation, in the national system of political economy of List, synthesizes the unification of the territory, the consolidation of the national industry and an internal market free from barriers and interlinked by a modem net of transports. In a contradictory way, that nation idea is based in great territory and its empire and not on the nationality principle, according to which, each people, yet that very small, has the right to its own territory. The unified and industrially developed States build immense empires that, in practical terms, contravene the principle of nationality

Globalization and Industrial Relations in Transformation Economies： The Contextual Issues

Employee rights have and continue to be subject to significant analysis in developing economies from numerous perspectives： the economic dimension, the cultural and socio-political significance and the interconnectivity of these factors. Although this phenomenon is well established in pluralist democracies, it is an important factor in the process of democratization in some developing economies and a panacea for enduring Industrial Relations （IR） in many transformational economies. This paper contributes to this issue in Nigeria （as an example of a transformation economy） by focusing on the industrial relations characteristics that are being developed in the country. These characteristics are being highlighted by further investigating the emerging contextual issues which have significant contribution to the effectiveness of industrial relations and thus raising the floor for employee rights/voice/democracy in the work environment. Furthermore, the paper is based on the analysis from 12 companies with well-established IR practices and who are also key players in the Nigeria Employers＇ Consultative Association （NECA）. The evidence from the empirical findings suggests that despite globalization, employee rights have specific country orientation （acquiring new contours） and thus reflecting the socio-economic and cultural predisposition which is common with many transformation economies.

The Analysis of Human Development Index (HDI) for Categorizing the Member States of the United Nations (UN)

To categorize the nations to reflect the development status, to date, there are many conceptual frameworks. The Human Development index (HDI) that is published by the United Nations Development Programme is widely accepted and practiced by many people such as academicians, politicians, and donor organizations. However, though the development of HDI has gone through many revisions since its formulation in 1990, even the current version of the index formulation published in 2016 needs research to better understand and to gap-fill the knowledge base that can enhance the index formulation to facilitate the direction of attention such as release of funds. Therefore, in this paper, based on principal component analysis and K-means clustering algorithm, the data that reflect the measures of life expectancy index (LEI), education index (EI), and income index (II) are analyzed to categorize and to rank the member states of the UN using R statistical software package, an open source extensible programming language for statistical computing and graphics. The outcome of the study shows that the proportion of total eigen value (i.e., proportion of total variance) explained by PCA-1 (i.e., first principal component) accounts for more than 85% of the total variation. Moreover, the proportion of total eigen value explained by PCA-1 increases with time (i.e., yearly) though the amount of increase with time is not significant. However, the proportions of total eigen value explained by PCA-2 and PCA-3 decrease with time. Therefore, the loss of information in choosing PCA-1 to represent the chosen explanatory variables (i.e., LEI, EI, and II) may diminish with time if the trend of increasing pattern of proportion of total eigen value explained by PCA-1 with time continues in the future as well. On the other hand, the correlation between EI and PCA-1 increases with time although the magnitude of increase is not that significant. This same trend is observed in II as well. However, in contrast to these observations, the correlation between PCA-1 and LEI decreases with time. These findings imply that the contributions of EI and II to PCA-1 increase with time, but the contribution of LEI to PCA-1 decreases with time. On top of these, as per Hopkins statistic, the clusterability of the information conveyed by PCA-1 alone is far better than the clusterability of the information conveyed by PCA scores (i.e., PCA-1, PCA-2, and PCA-3) and the explanatory variables. Therefore, choosing PCA-1 to represent the chosen explanatory variables is becoming more concrete.

平台企业互联互通助推全国统一大市场建设:理论逻辑与实践路径

全国统一大市场的建设,是实现新发展格局的基础支撑。在数字经济时代,平台企业作为数字经济体系下的关键市场主体,有效地引领消费、教育、医疗等活动,实现了全面的数字化转型。平台企业互联互通更是依托于互联网技术,强化了平台双边用户的网络外部性与多归属性,以及平台企业双重身份的价值创造效应,从而有效提高了市场的统一性、开放性、竞争性、有序性,推动了全国统一大市场的建设。然而,互联互通过程中存有的推动互联互通运行的障碍及互联互通后所引发的潜在障碍等制约了统一大市场建设的进程。为此,从提升平台企业互联互通意识、加强互联互通技术研发、加强数据保护措施建设、强化互联互通的反垄断制度建设等方面着手,提出了一系列政策建议,以在规范平台经济发展的同时,促进全国统一大市场建设。