Determination of Exchangeable Ca and Mg Contents in Tobacco Growing Area by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective] A method for the determination of exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area by atomic absorption spectrometry was established. [Method] Factors in the extraction process, sample weight, ammonium acetate volume, extraction time and strontium chloride volume were tested, and the stability, precision and accuracy of the method were also investigated. Meanwhile, samples at different pH values were determined by this method. [Result] The results showed that this method operation has simple operation with good stability and high precision. [Conclusion] This method could be applied to determine exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area.

Occurrence Regularity of Tobacco Cutworm Moth (Spodoptera Litura) in Low-Altitude Tobacco Cultivation Areas in Lincang

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the occurrence and damage regularity of tobacco cutworm moth （Spodoptera Litura Fabricius） in low-altitude area in Lincang city. [ Method] The adult sex attractant monitoring, field investigation of occurrence and damage, and observation of continuous generation development of natural populations were carried out in natural flue-cured tobacco fields. [ Result] In field growth period of flue-cured tobacco under low-altitude of 1 000 - 1300 m, tobacco cutworm moth occurred for 4 generations, the duration of each generation was about 33 d, and the main injurious generation was the third generation. [ Conclusion] The paper provided reference for comprehensive control of tobacco cutworm moth in the low altitude areas.

Study on the Sustainable Development of the Tobacco-growing Area in South Anhui

Based on the actual situation of tobacco production in South Anhui tobacco-growing area,the paper analyzes several major constraints,and discusses several aspects such as tobacco production human resources,production of large-scale cultivation,science and technology service providers,the standardized production management and production security system. The countermeasures and suggestions for sustainable development are also put forward to provide a reference for the sustainable development of tobacco-growing area in South Anhui.

Risk Regionalization of Low-temperature Disasters for Flue-cured Tobacco Planting in Qujing Area Based on GIS

There is a prominent,complex and diverse three-dimensional climate and a variety of meteorological disasters in Qujing area. The risk zoning of low-temperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting in Qujing area was studied to provide reference for drawing on advantages and avoiding disadvantages in flue-cured tobacco planting,disaster reduction,and disaster relief services. According to the production practice of fluecured tobacco and local climate analysis,it was determined that flue-cured tobacco in Qujing area was very vulnerable to low temperature during the seedling stage（ from early February to middle April） and in the mature period（ from early July to early September）. Based on the quantitative analysis and evaluation of risk of disaster-causing factors,sensitivity of disaster-breeding environment,vulnerability of carriers,and disaster prevention and reduction capability,a risk assessment model of meteorological disasters was established to precisely evaluate and zone the risk of low-temperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting in allusion to the seedling and mature stage in Qujing area by using GIS technology. The risk of lowtemperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting during the two periods was divided into four grades,namely low,medium,high and very high risk.

Recommendations for Sustainable Development of Ankang Tobacco Growing Area

Sustainable development of high quality characteristic tobacco is the only path for future development of China's tobacco industry.In combination with realities of tobacco development in Ankang tobacco growing area,this paper made analysis on factors restricting sustainable development of Ankang tobacco growing area.On the basis of actual situations,it came up with recommendations including establishing scientific basic tobacco field protection system,gradually cultivating professional tobacco farmers and strengthening tobacco technician team construction,improving scientific and technological innovation,implementing standardized technologies,improving tobacco production organization mode,and improving tobacco production security mechanism.

Biodiversity Risk and Opportunity Assessment in BAT Cooperative Tobacco-growing Areas

Using the method in Biodiversity Risk and Opportunity Assessment Handbook of British American Tobacco Biodiversity Partnership,we assess biodiversity risks and opportunities in BAT and China's cooperative tobacco-growing areas. The assessment results indicate that there are 8 risks and 1 opportunity. Action and monitoring plans have been made for medium and high risks as well as opportunity,to reduce impact on biodiversity.

Impact of Village-based Health Education of Tobacco Control on the Current Smoking Rate in Chinese Rural Areas

The number of smokers in Chinese rural areas is more than 200 million, which is twice that in cities. It is very significant to carry out tobacco control interventions in rural areas. We performed this community intervention study to evaluate the efficacy of village-based health education of tobacco control on the male current smoking rate in rural areas. The population of this study was the males above 15 years old from 6 villages in rural areas. The villages were randomly assigned to intervention group or control group（3 villages in each group）. Self-designed smoking questionnaire was applied. The intervention group received the village-based health education of tobacco control for one year. The primary outcome measurement was the male current smoking rate. In the baseline investigation, completed surveys were returned by 814 male residents from the control group and 831 male residents from the intervention group. The male current smoking rate in the control group and the intervention group was 61.2% and 58.5%, respectively, before intervention. There was no significant difference between these two groups（P〉0.05）. After one-year intervention, the current smoking rate in the intervention group（51.2%） was significantly lower than that in the control group（62.8%）（P〈0.001）. Our study suggested that the village-based health education of tobacco control was effective in lowering the male current smoking rate in rural areas, which could be a suitable and feasible way for tobacco control in the Chinese rural areas.

A Neighborhood Analysis of Underage Tobacco Sales within the Serving Area of a Canadian Public Health Unit

Despite the fact that the sale of tobacco to minors is illegal in Ontario, youth are still able to purchase tobacco. This study aims to determine the geographic variations of underage tobacco sales at the neighborhood level within the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. Data were collected on all inspections of tobacco retail stores from 2007 to 2011 in the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. Data were split into season 1 (September-February) and season 2 (March-August) to assess a possible seasonal effect. Relative risks were calculated for each dissemination area (DA) by modeling the risks in a hierarchical Bayesian fashion, incorporating appropriate random effects terms for both spatially correlated and uncorrelated random errors with adjustments for neighborhood income. The association between violation rate and proximity to a school was assessed through a buffer analysis. Elliptical analysis detected a significant cluster of high risk DAs in season 1 in Windsor (p-value = 0.022) but no significant cluster in season 2. Some DAs exhibited higher relative risks of tobacco sales to minors, however after adjusting the model for neighborhood income no excess risk was observed. The results of the buffer analysis showed that in season 1 there was a significantly higher probability (p-value = 0.045) of tobacco vendors located closer to schools to sell tobacco to minors. This analysis demonstrates the utility of a systematic approach to identifying neighborhoods with higher risks of tobacco sales to minors. The insights provided by this exploratory, ecologic study are valuable for program planning and directing tobacco enforcement efforts to high risk areas.

重庆市丰都县植烟土壤肥力综合评价

土壤是烟草健康生长的基础,对丰都植烟区的土壤肥力进行检测和评价,为丰都植烟区科学施肥和土壤改良提供理论依据。采用模糊数学法和主成分分析法对丰都主要植烟区太平坝乡的土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量进行综合评价。重庆丰都植烟土壤的碱解氮含量较为适宜,有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量极为丰富,适宜烟草生长。相比2020年,2021年土壤酸化程度得到改善,有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量有所提高。适宜烟草生长的土壤pH值和碱解氮含量的土壤所占比例分别增加至53.66%和78.05%,有机质含量较高的土壤比例增加到80.49%,土壤速效磷和速效钾含量均较高。土壤肥力综合评价显示丰都植烟土壤肥力状况较好,无Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级。其中,2021年土壤肥力综合评价为Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级,且Ⅰ级土壤肥力区域占比从2020年的74.29%上升至2021年的84.80%。重庆市丰都县植烟土壤适宜烟草生长,土壤养分含量较高,但部分地块酸化。在实际生产中需要注意合理施用有机肥,提高肥料的利用率,因地制宜调节土壤pH值。

主成分分析法在山东上部烟质量评价中的应用

本研究旨在运用主成分分析法对山东地区上部烟叶的质量进行综合评价,以便为该地区烤烟质量的准确评估提供科学依据。研究以山东10个主要植烟县2020年和2021年间105份B2F等级烟叶样品为材料,通过应用标准化法和主成分分析法对这些烟叶样品的物理特性和化学成分指标进行归类处理,并对各植烟县样品的上部烟叶质量进行分类。研究发现,单叶重与叶长和叶宽、叶片密度与叶片厚度、总糖与还原糖、烟碱与氮间极显著正相关,且主成分特征向量一致,可分别归为一类指标。根据物理特性评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为三类,根据化学成分评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为两类。综合考虑物理特性和化学成分评价结果,山东产区上部烟叶可分为四类。其中沂源、五莲、临朐为一类,兰陵、沂水、莒县、莱芜为一类,淄川、黄岛为一类,诸城则单独构成一类。

The Tobacco Farmers’Mutual Assistance and Cooperation Pattern in Modern Tobacco Agriculture in Mountainous Areas

This article introduces the basic situation of Yanziqian Tobacco Farmers' Mutual Assistance and Cooperation Association in Jiamachi Town of Xianfeng County.It analyzes the operating mode of tobacco farmers' mutual assistance and cooperation association,and conducts a comparative analysis of tobacco farmers' costs and benefits before and after participating in mutual assistance and cooperation.Studies show that the mode of tobacco farmers' mutual assistance and cooperation,is conducive to reducing labor in curing link,promoting the quality of tobacco,increasing tobacco farmers' income,which is worthy of promotion.

毕节烟区烤烟的质量及其空间分布特征

【目的】探明贵州毕节烟区不同植烟地烤烟的质量及其空间分布特征,为毕节烟区烤烟的总体生产布局规划与工业企业合理利用产区不同质量特征烟叶原料提供参考。【方法】选择毕节烟区各县域42个烟叶点126份烤烟样品,运用隶属函数法和聚类分析法分析不同质量烟叶的空间分布特征。【结果】毕节烟区不同产地烤烟的烟碱、总糖、还原糖、淀粉、总氮和钾含量分别为2.40%~3.76%、30.90%~36.33%、23.80%~27.48%、3.49%~5.75%、1.78%~2.50%和2.00%~3.07%。化学成分指标、外观质量指标与感官评价指标间存在相关或极显著相关性。感官质量、外观质量、化学成分和综合得分分别为64.26~77.01分、74.08~84.75分、55.33~86.66分和0.748~1.213分。在平方欧氏距离为5处可将毕节烟区分为4类,综合得分依次为Ⅰ类>Ⅱ类>Ⅲ类>Ⅳ类,其中,Ⅰ类烤烟的感官和外观质量总体表现最好,Ⅱ类烤烟次之,Ⅲ类烤烟差,Ⅳ类烤烟整体较差。Ⅰ类烟区基本分布在毕节中部,大部分集中在大方县和纳雍县域内;Ⅱ类烟区分布在毕节中部和西北;Ⅲ类烟区在毕节占比最大,涵盖毕节的大部分地区;Ⅳ类烟区零散分布在毕节偏北部和偏南部的边缘地区。【结论】毕节烟区在平方欧氏距离为5处分为4类,综合得分依次为Ⅰ类>Ⅱ类>Ⅲ类>Ⅳ类;海拔1300~1800 m区域烟叶综合质量最优,海拔1800~2200 m区域烟叶较优;海拔800~1300 m区域烟叶最差。

山东省烟草发展型产区土壤种植适宜性评价

为均衡提升山东省烟叶质量整体水平,进一步优化山东省烟草种植布局,本研究采集了济南、青岛和淄博烟区耕层土壤样品共198份,采用模糊数学隶属度函数对土壤理化指标(pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、氯离子、有效硫和水溶性盐总量)进行评价,并通过主成分分析法确定权重,计算烟草种植适宜性综合评价指数并进行了评价。结果表明,3个市土壤烟草种植适宜性指数范围为0.33~0.87,平均值为0.59。烟草种植较适宜及高适宜样品占比为51.5%,尚适宜性样品占比为36.9%,说明3个市烟草种植具有较大发展潜力。区域间土壤理化指标和烟草种植适宜性存在差异,存在的问题也不同,可针对性采用改良措施,以提升土壤植烟适宜性和烟叶质量。

广东湛江烟区不同雪茄品种综合性状评价

【目的】综合评价不同雪茄品种的生态适应性,筛选适宜广东湛江烟区种植的雪茄品种。【方法】对8个新引进雪茄品种进行田间试验,分析比较其大田生育期、农艺性状、田间自然发病率、常规化学成分和感官质量评吸的差异,利用综合指数法对其进行综合性状评价。【结果】8个雪茄品种的大田生育期均较长、平均为141.63 d,且品种间差异较大。其中,‘海研108’和‘海研201’大田生育期最短(均为133 d)、‘云雪8号’最长(155 d)。农艺性状以‘云雪8号’和‘海研200’综合表现最好,2个品种的株高、最大叶宽、节距和有效叶数均优于8个品种的平均水平,表明这2个品种的田间生长势强。‘海研200’‘海研101’和‘云雪2号’的烟草普通花叶病发生率均较低,介于5.09%~6.85%,且均无烟草气候斑点病发生,表明这3个品种的抗病性较强;常规化学成分协调性以‘海研200’和‘海研101’较好,综合得分均高于平均水平,但2个品种的钾氯比均低于优质烟叶适宜范围(4~10)。感官质量评吸以‘海研101’得分最高(46.07),特点是香气量稍足、余味尚干净、回甜感较强和燃烧性较好。综合指数计算结果显示,8个雪茄品种的得分排序为:‘海研200’>‘海研101’>‘云雪8号’>‘云雪2号’>‘海研108’>‘海研201’>‘云雪3号’>‘Havana’。【结论】8个新引进雪茄品种中,‘海研200’和‘海研101’的综合性状较好,适宜在湛江烟区引进种植,建议通过优化施肥方案、晾制与发酵工艺进一步提高烟叶质量。

适宜凉山产区烟叶质量的植烟密度研究

[目的]对彰显凉山产区烟叶质量的适宜植烟密度进行研究。[方法]以云烟85为试验材料,采用小区对比试验,设置4个植烟密度处理,在2个行距移栽规格下,使用行株距进行试验。[结果]900和1000株/hm^(2)处理的农艺性状表现较好。900株/hm^(2)处理烤后烟叶的均价和上等烟比例较高,经济效益较好。900株/hm^(2)处理外观质量评价得分最高,表现较好。当行距为120 cm时,900株/hm^(2)处理总糖、还原糖含量较高,烟碱含量较高且适宜,钾氯比适宜。在行距为110 cm时,900株/hm^(2)处理烟碱含量适宜,氮碱比最接近最佳值,钾氯比最高且适宜,使得该处理化学成分表现较好。900株/hm^(2)处理烟叶香气质、香气量、余味且感官质量总分得分较高,质量档次较好。[结论]凉山烟区烟叶适宜种植密度为900株/hm^(2),该处理各指标均表现较好。

安宁烟区烤烟新品种筛选与评价

为筛选评价适宜安宁烟区生态条件种植的烤烟新品种,解决目前安宁烟区品种单一问题,在安宁烟区选择了8个烟草品种K326、云烟87、云烟121、云烟210、云烟218、YN222、YN227、YN228进行烟草品种筛选试验。对8个烟草品种的农艺性状、植物学性状、外观质量、形态特征、经济性状、抗病性进行综合分析。结果表明,YN222和YN227品种农艺性状和形态特征较好;外观质量颜色均优于对照云烟87,均厚于云烟87(CK)。YN222糖碱比适宜,吃香味较好;YN227产量显著高于各品种,且产值和均价均较高。YN222产值显著高于2个对照品种。在安宁烟区表现较好的烤烟品种是YN222和YN227,建议在安宁烟区推广种植。

重庆市植烟土壤有效硼含量时空特征及其影响因素

研究重庆市植烟土壤有效硼的时空特征及其影响因素,为植烟区土壤硼素的调控与管理提供科学依据。采集重庆11个烟区总计2 513份耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤样本,测定分析有效硼和其他理化指标,并分析了其与烟田海拔高度、土壤类型、成土母质及土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,重庆市植烟土壤有效硼总体含量较高,平均值为0.63 mg/kg。黔江、石柱、丰都、彭水、酉阳五个地区的土壤有效硼含量较高,涪陵、奉节、巫山、巫溪、武隆、万州六个地区的土壤有效硼含量适宜,与10年前相比,重庆植烟土壤平均有效硼含量增加了152%。由潮土和黄壤发育而来的土壤有效硼含量较高,而由冲积土发育而来的土壤有效硼含量较低。0.25~0.5 mm粒径团聚体与土壤有效硼有极显著的正相关关系。海拔、土壤pH、有机质和速效钾对有效硼均有显著影响。结论:调节土壤pH和土壤有机质含量可作为调控土壤有效硼的合理措施。针对土壤有效硼含量较高的地区如黔江、石柱,可减少硼肥的施用量以避免硼含量过高导致的毒害作用;而对于土壤有效硼含量较低的地区如武隆、万州,则需加大硼肥的施用量。

7个烟草品种在云南丽江植烟区的生态适应性及烟叶产质量综合评价

为探索不同烟草品种在丽江植烟区的生态适应性,筛选出适合当地种植的优势烟草品种,提高烟叶的产质量以及风格特色,以当地主栽品种‘云烟87’作为对照,共选取7个烟草品种进行田间试验,对烟草大田阶段的生育情况和农艺性状进行调查,统计各品种经济性状并针对烤后烟叶的各项质量指标进行综合评价。结果显示,在丽江湿润河谷植烟区,‘云烟116’的大田生育期短,经济性状好,‘PVH1452’和‘云烟121’的烤后烟叶综合质量高,但产量和产值偏低,常规主栽品种‘云烟87’的农艺性状好,但生育期较长且化学成分不协调。试验表明,在丽江生态环境相似的植烟地区,‘云烟116’的生态适应性强且烟叶品质较好,种植所带来的经济效益高,可作为当地主栽品种进行大面积验证和推广。‘PVH1452’和‘云烟121’的烟叶综合质量表现优秀,但产量和收益方面还有很大提升空间,可作为提高丽江区域特色的储备品种进一步开发研究。

中国主产烟区不同焦油量中部烟叶化学成分差异及其与烟气质量的关系

以中国主产烟区53份C3F等级中部烟叶为样品,对其焦油含量、化学成分、烟气质量之间的关系进行分析。结果表明,低、中、高焦油量烟叶的样品数分别为27、18、8个,低、中、高焦油量烟叶样品的焦油量均值分别为10.41、11.82、13.29 mg/支。对高、中、低焦油量烟叶的化学成分含量进行比较,高焦油量烟叶中还原糖含量、总糖含量较高,中焦油量烟叶中总植物碱含量、总氮含量较高,低焦油量烟叶中K含量、氯含量较高。对于烟气质量而言,随着烟叶焦油量的升高,抽吸口数、总粒相物、一氧化碳释放量和烟碱含量均呈升高趋势,而水分含量呈先降低后升高的趋势。低焦油量烟叶中总粒相物与总植物碱、总氮呈显著正相关,水分与总植物碱呈显著正相关,焦油与总氮呈显著正相关;中焦油量烟叶中一氧化碳、烟碱与K呈极显著负相关,水分与总植物碱呈极显著正相关,水分与总糖呈显著负相关;高焦油量烟叶中水分与总植物碱呈显著正相关。

不同烤烟品种在咸阳旬邑烟区的适宜性评价

为筛选出适宜旬邑烟区生态环境的烤烟新品种,为其优质烟叶生产和利用提供依据,于2022年以旬邑烟区主栽品种秦烟99为对照,采用大田试验方法,研究秦烟99、秦烟96、秦烟201、中烟100、豫烟13和Y2001这6个品种的大田生育期、植物学性状、农艺性状、田间自然发病率、经济性状、常规化学成分含量、烤后烟外观质量和感官质量的差异。结果表明,不同烤烟品种的生育期差异较小,为142~155 d;秦烟96和Y2001田间生长势强,抗病性强,产量、产值和中上等烟比例较高,外观质量和感官质量表现优异,化学成分协调性好,可作为旬邑烟区储备品种进行推广种植。