This study determined the concentrations and inhalation bioaccessibility of cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc in some foreign and locally available tobacco snuff and leaves. For the determination of the heavy metals ...This study determined the concentrations and inhalation bioaccessibility of cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc in some foreign and locally available tobacco snuff and leaves. For the determination of the heavy metals concentration, the samples were ashed and washed with hydrochloric acid according to standard method. The bioaccessibility test employed the Stimulated Epithelial Lung Fluid (SELF). The total concentration of heavy metals in the four samples investigated ranged between 9.7 - 14.9 μg/g, 24.1 - 37.0 μg/g, 41 - 69 μg/g and 153 - 183 μg/g for cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc respectively. The percentage inhalation bioaccessibility fraction of the four samples investigated ranged between 20.8% - 59.8%, 3.3% - 8.1%, 21.7% - 48.8% and 7.6% - 12.5% for cadmium, chromium, nickel, and zinc respectively. Statistical analyses using SPSS 21, revealed significant differences in the total concentration of heavy metals in the samples investigated except for Zinc. Risk assessment based on daily consumption of 10 g of the tobacco snuff employing total concentration of the heavy metals suggests that excluding nickel, all other metals investigated indicated daily intake values above WHO permissible levels. However, with the bioaccessible fractions, only cadmium, a known carcinogen indicated levels above WHO limits. From the results of this study, it can be deduced that consumption of tobacco snuff may induce negative health effects such as cancer and its attendant complications, the risk analysis based on bioaccessible concentration suggests lower health risk than analysis based on total heavy metal concentration;hence the assumption that snuff is a safe alternative to tobacco smoking may be erroneous.展开更多
为探索烤烟致香物质的超临界萃取技术,开展了不同萃取压力、萃取温度、夹带剂种类等对萃取效果的影响研究。结果表明,使用夹带剂可以明显提高致香物质的萃取效率;在一定压力范围内,随着萃取压力的增加,萃取能力随之增加,到达一定压力值...为探索烤烟致香物质的超临界萃取技术,开展了不同萃取压力、萃取温度、夹带剂种类等对萃取效果的影响研究。结果表明,使用夹带剂可以明显提高致香物质的萃取效率;在一定压力范围内,随着萃取压力的增加,萃取能力随之增加,到达一定压力值时,随着萃取压力的增加,萃取能力随之降低;在一定温度范围内,随着萃取温度的增加,萃取能力随之增加,到达一定温度值时,随着萃取温度的增加,萃取能力随之降低;当萃取工艺采用乙醇做夹带剂、萃取压力设为20 000 k Pa、萃取温度设为55℃时,超临界二氧化碳萃取烤烟中的致香物质的效果较佳。展开更多
文摘This study determined the concentrations and inhalation bioaccessibility of cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc in some foreign and locally available tobacco snuff and leaves. For the determination of the heavy metals concentration, the samples were ashed and washed with hydrochloric acid according to standard method. The bioaccessibility test employed the Stimulated Epithelial Lung Fluid (SELF). The total concentration of heavy metals in the four samples investigated ranged between 9.7 - 14.9 μg/g, 24.1 - 37.0 μg/g, 41 - 69 μg/g and 153 - 183 μg/g for cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc respectively. The percentage inhalation bioaccessibility fraction of the four samples investigated ranged between 20.8% - 59.8%, 3.3% - 8.1%, 21.7% - 48.8% and 7.6% - 12.5% for cadmium, chromium, nickel, and zinc respectively. Statistical analyses using SPSS 21, revealed significant differences in the total concentration of heavy metals in the samples investigated except for Zinc. Risk assessment based on daily consumption of 10 g of the tobacco snuff employing total concentration of the heavy metals suggests that excluding nickel, all other metals investigated indicated daily intake values above WHO permissible levels. However, with the bioaccessible fractions, only cadmium, a known carcinogen indicated levels above WHO limits. From the results of this study, it can be deduced that consumption of tobacco snuff may induce negative health effects such as cancer and its attendant complications, the risk analysis based on bioaccessible concentration suggests lower health risk than analysis based on total heavy metal concentration;hence the assumption that snuff is a safe alternative to tobacco smoking may be erroneous.
文摘为探索烤烟致香物质的超临界萃取技术,开展了不同萃取压力、萃取温度、夹带剂种类等对萃取效果的影响研究。结果表明,使用夹带剂可以明显提高致香物质的萃取效率;在一定压力范围内,随着萃取压力的增加,萃取能力随之增加,到达一定压力值时,随着萃取压力的增加,萃取能力随之降低;在一定温度范围内,随着萃取温度的增加,萃取能力随之增加,到达一定温度值时,随着萃取温度的增加,萃取能力随之降低;当萃取工艺采用乙醇做夹带剂、萃取压力设为20 000 k Pa、萃取温度设为55℃时,超临界二氧化碳萃取烤烟中的致香物质的效果较佳。
