Association between Tobacco Smoke Exposure (Environmental and Direct) and Incidence and Control of Bronchial Asthma

Background: Asthma is a chronic multifactorial disease with high prevalence. Among asthma risk factors, the effect of tobacco smoke exposure on bronchial asthma is still debated. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the association between environmental and direct tobacco smoke (cigarette and hookah) exposure and incidence and control of bronchial asthma. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 109 patients with asthma referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ardabil city. Asthma Control Questionnaire was used for evaluating of asthma control. Patients’ asthma control was individually evaluated and compared with together with particular attention to history of tobacco smoke exposure. Chi square and Tav-Kendal were used to analyze the data in SPSS15 software. Results: The history of tobacco smoke exposure was found in 31.2% of the 109 patients. Patients with uncontrolled asthma with 60.6% constituted the largest volume of all samples. There was no significant correlation between tobacco smoke exposure and asthma occurrence (P > 0.05), also there was not found significant correlation between tobacco smoke exposure and asthma control (Error coefficient > 0.10). Conclusion: According to the results, history of tobacco (cigarette and hookah) smoke exposure (environmental and direct) has no effect on the asthma occurs and control status.

The role of XPC protein deficiency in tobacco smoke-induced DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes

DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes has been frequently observed in cancer patients, and therefore, may provide a valuable biomarker for cancer prevention and treatment. DNA hypermethylation may also provide an important mechanism in cancer progression. Lung cancer is strongly associated with exposure to environmental carcinogens, especially tobacco smoke. DNA damage generated by tobacco smoke is believed to play an important role in lung cancer development. XPC is a DNA damage recognition protein required for DNA repair and other DNA damage responses and attenuated XPC protein levels have been detected in many lung cancer patients. We studied the role of XPC protein deficiency in tobacco smoke-caused DNA hypermethylation of important tumor suppressor genes. Using both normal human fibroblasts (NF) and XPC-deficient hu man fibroblasts (XPC), our DNA methylation studies demonstrated that the XPC deficiency caused elevated levels of DNA hypermethylation in both Brca1 and Mlh1 tumor suppressor genes following exposure to tobacco smoke condensate (TSC). The results of our ChIP studies revealed that the XPC deficiency led to an increased binding of DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) at the promoter region CpG island-containing sequences of these genes under the TSC treatment;however, this increase was partially diminished with prior treatment with caffeine. The results of our immuno-precipitation (IP) studies demonstrated a protein-protein interaction of the ATR with DNMT3A. Our western blots revealed that the XPC deficiency caused an increase in TSC-induced ATR phosphorylation at serine 428, an indicator of ATR activation. All these results suggest that XPC deficiency causes an accelerated DNA hypermethylation in important tumor suppressor genes under tobacco smoke exposure and activation of the ATR signaling pathway is involved in this DNA hypermethylation process.

THE N-NITROSAMINES IN TOBACCO SMOKE AND ITS ADSORPTION AND DEGRADATION

N-nitrosamines are strong carcinogens for humans. This paper gives an overview of the nitrosmaines in cigarette smoke including the formation, the harmfulness, the analytical methods of the nitrosmaines and the adsorptions and degradations of N –nitrosamines.

Assessment of urinary concentration of cotinine in Chinese pregnant women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke

Environmental tobacco smoke(ETS)is a wellknown reason of many adverse health consequences in pregnant women.Exposure of ETS during pregnancy may increase the risk of some fetal diseases in pregnant women and/or birth defects in neonates.Many countries have implemented laws to control smoking and free of second hand smoke in all enclosed workplaces.In China,antismoking law was enforced in March 2010.We aimed to assess the exposure of pregnant women to cotinine after anti-smoking law was implemented in China.The urine samples were collected from 2,100 volunteers from Zhejiang Province,China and urinary concentration of cotinine was measured using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.Cotinine was detected in 87%of the pregnant women.The GM and 95th percentile concentration inpregnant women were 4.28 and 44.00 lg/L,respectively.Similarly,the GM and 95th concentration of cotinine were significantly higher in smoking group than in non-smoking group(P\0.0001).Our results indicate that pregnant women in China are at the high risk of exposure ETS.Further attempts are required to make strategies to find out the sources of ETS exposure and prevent smoking at public places especially during pregnancy.

Analysis of four tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke of Virginia cigarettes by LC-MS/MS

An improved method was developed for the determination of the four major tobacco-specific nitrosamines(TSNAs) in mainstream cigarette smoke. The new method offers decreased sample preparation and analysis time as compared to traditional methods. This method uses isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization and is significantly more sensitive than traditional methods. It also shows no evidence of artifactual formation of TSNAs. Sample concentrations were determined for four TSNAs in mainstream smoke using two isotopically labeled TSNAs analogues as internal standards. Mainstream smoke was collected on an industry standard 44-mm Cambridge filter pad, extracted with 0.1 mol/L ammonium acetate, purified by solid-phase extraction, and analyzed without further sample cleanup. The analytical column is a 3.9 mm×150 mm Waters Symmertry Shield RP18 column and volume fraction of the mobile phase is 50% methanol, 50% water containing 0.1% acetic acid. The results show that the linear range is 0.5-100.0 mg/L except for N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) from 0.25 to 50.0 mg/L. The limits of detection are 0.1 mg/L for N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 0.08 mg/L for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-py-ridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), 0.05 mg/L for N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and 0.06 mg/L for NAB. The recoveries of the four TSNAs are from 90.2% to 105.7%.

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine as a Biomarker of Oxidative DNA Damage Induced by Environmental Tobacco Side-stream Smoke and Its Mechanism

To study the genotoxicity effect of environmental tobacco side-stream smokes (ETSS) on oxidative DNA damage and its molecular mechanism. Methods DNA adduct 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. The level of 8-OHdG in DNA exposed to ETSS was detected by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Organic and inorganic components in ETSS were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrum and atomic absorption spectrum respectively. Results Particle matters (PMs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ETSS could directly induce oxidative DNA damage and formation of 8-OHdG. There were 123 and 84 kinds of organic components in PMs and VOCs respectively, and 7 kinds of inorganic components in ETSS. Some components, especially quinones and polyphenols in ETSS, could produce free radicals in vitro by auto-oxidation without any biological activity systems, and with the catalytic reaction of metals, the DNA adduct 8-OHdG was produced. Conclusion ETSS have biological oxidative effect on DNA in vitro and in vivo, and expressed direct genotoxicity. 8-OHdG is a valuable biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.

江苏省≥18岁居民烟草危害认知水平及影响因素分析

目的了解江苏省≥18岁居民对吸烟和二手烟危害认知水平及影响因素,为完善控烟策略提供依据。方法2015年10月—2016年1月,采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,在江苏省居民慢性病与营养监测14个监测点抽取当地居住≥6个月、年龄≥18岁居民,采用入户面对面问卷形式,调查居民吸烟、二手烟危害认知情况。结果有效调查8689人,吸烟危害知晓率为37.6%,对吸烟可造成心脏病、中风、肺癌的知晓率分别为43.7%、42.7%、70.8%;二手烟暴露危害知晓率为43.6%,对二手烟暴露可造成成人心脏病、儿童肺部疾病、成人肺部疾病的知晓率分别为45.6%、62.7%、64.9%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,农村居民、苏中/苏北居民、女性、文化程度低者、吸烟者的吸烟/二手烟暴露危害知晓率均较低(P值均<0.05);≥60岁年龄组的吸烟危害知晓率较低(P<0.05)。结论江苏省居民烟草危害认知不够全面,应针对重点人群加大烟草危害知识宣传力度,降低人群吸烟率。

肺功能检查联合5A行为干预的短期戒烟效果评价

目的:探讨肺功能检查和宣教联合5A行为干预的短期戒烟效果。方法:选取2019年5月—2021年12月在汕头大学医学院第一附属医院呼吸科门诊就诊且有吸烟史的439例患者为研究对象,均为男性,年龄(54.9±12.5)岁。根据患者的意愿分为肺功能检查联合5A行为干预组(干预组,224例)和仅实施5A行为干预组(对照组,215例),干预时间1个月。采用成功戒烟率及烟草依赖程度评价短期戒烟效果。采用logistic回归分析评价肺功能检查和宣教联合5A行为干预的戒烟效果。以倾向性得分匹配进行敏感性分析,评估多因素logistic回归分析结果的稳健性。结果:干预组的成功戒烟率为43.8%(98/224),对照组为13.5%(29/215),干预组的成功戒烟率高于对照组(χ^(2)=48.86,P<0.001)。在干预后戒烟失败患者中,干预组的重度烟草依赖患者占比较干预前下降,且低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(干预前重度烟草依赖:35.7%比34.9%;干预后重度烟草依赖:19.1%比29.6%)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,与对照组相比,干预组短期成功戒烟率增高(OR=3.92,95%CI:2.18~7.06),干预组中戒烟失败患者的烟草依赖度降低(OR=4.34,95%CI:1.72~10.92)。结论:肺功能检查和宣教联合5A行为干预可能在短期内有助于提高呼吸科门诊吸烟患者的戒烟成功率,降低戒烟失败患者的烟草依赖程度。

典型电加热卷烟与传统卷烟烟气粒相成分比较研究

【背景和目的】加热卷烟具有烟草的感官特征,但由于受热方式不同,香气风格特征与传统卷烟存在较大区别。为明确加热卷烟烟气组成特征,开展代表性产品烟气成分对比研究。【方法】通过在线液相色谱-气相色谱/质谱联用系统对代表性的传统卷烟及加热卷烟产品进行烟气成分分析。【结果】(1)4种加热卷烟烟气成分种类和含量均低于传统卷烟。(2)4种不同类型加热卷烟产品烟气组成差异不大,但HTP-1烟气组分特征接近于混合型卷烟。(3)加热卷烟烟气特征香气成分包括大马酮、羟基丙酮、糠醇、γ-丁内酯、β-石竹烯、植醇、芳樟醇等,体现了加热卷烟烟草本香、烘焙、烤甜香的典型风格特征。【结论】4种代表性的加热卷烟烟气组成总体上属于传统卷烟烟气组成的子集,同时具有自身的特征。烟气组成是影响加热卷烟和传统卷烟烟气风格特征差异的主要原因。

Tobacco, air pollution, environmental carcinogenesis, and thoughts on conquering strategies of lung cancer

Each year there will be an estimated 2.1 million new lung cancer cases and 1.8 million lung cancer deaths worldwide.Tobacco smoke is the No.1 risk factors of lung cancer,accounting for>85%lung cancer deaths.Air pollution,or haze,comprises ambient air pollution and household air pollution,which are reported to cause 252,000 and 304,000 lung cancer deaths each year,respectively.Tobacco smoke and haze(hereafter,smohaze)contain fine particles originated from insufficient combustion of biomass or coal,have quite similar carcinogens,and cause similar diseases.Smohaze exert hazardous effects on exposed populations,including induction of a large amount of mutations in the genome,alternative splicing of mRNAs,abnormalities in epigenomics,initiation of tumor-promoting chronic inflammation,and facilitating immune escape of transformed cells.Tackling smohaze and development of multi-targets-based preventive and therapeutic approaches targeting smohaze-induced carcinogenesis are the key to conquer lung cancer in the future.

河北省初中生尝试吸烟行为及影响因素分析

目的了解河北省初中生尝试吸烟情况及相关影响因素,为开展控烟干预工作和提出控烟政策提供支持。方法2021年8—11月采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取河北省初中在校学生为调查对象,使用中国疾病预防控制中心制定的《2021年中国青少年烟草流行调查问卷》,调查学生基本情况、烟草使用情况、二手烟暴露和烟草广告获取等信息,分析学生尝试吸烟情况及其影响因素。结果河北省31486名初中生中,尝试吸烟者3049人,加权后尝试吸烟率为9.42%(95%CI:8.00~11.05),男生明显高于女生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);过去30 d内有过烟草广告及促销暴露的学生为17139人,烟草广告及促销暴露率为54.36%,其中,在电视或视频暴露最高比例为48.67%(95%CI:46.65%~50.70%),其次在互联网暴露比例为15.41%(95%CI:14.60%~16.27%);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男生(OR=1.594,95%CI:1.997~2.709)、二年级(OR=1.320,95%CI:1.108~1.574)、1周零花钱>40元(OR=1.412,95%CI:1.253~1.592)、父母吸烟(OR=1.260,95%CI:1.078~1.472)、朋友吸烟(OR=6.680,95%CI:5.482~8.141)、教师吸烟(OR=1.686,95%CI:1.410~2.016)、二手烟暴露(OR=3.084,95%CI:2.667~3.566)、烟草广告及促销暴露(OR=1.451,95%CI:1.259~1.674)因素为初中生尝试吸烟的危险因素,接触过媒体控烟信息(OR=0.617,95%CI:0.555~0.685)是初中生尝试吸烟的保护因素。结论河北省初中生尝试吸烟率较高,烟草广告暴露情况较为严重,今后应净化社会、校园及周边环境烟草广告及促销对学生的影响,减少学生尝试吸烟行为的发生。

When smoke meets gut:deciphering the interactions between tobacco smoking and gut microbiota in disease development

Tobacco smoking is a prevalent and detrimental habit practiced worldwide,increasing the risk of various diseases,including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),cardiovascular disease,liver disease,and cancer.Although previous research has explored the detrimental health effects of tobacco smoking,recent studies suggest that gut microbiota dysbiosis may play a critical role in these outcomes.Numerous tobacco smoke components,such as nicotine,are found in the gastrointestinal tract and interact with gut microbiota,leading to lasting impacts on host health and diseases.This review delves into the ways tobacco smoking and its various constituents influence gut microbiota composition and functionality.We also summarize recent advancements in understanding how tobacco smoking-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis affects host health.Furthermore,this review introduces a novel perspective on how changes in gut microbiota following smoking cessation may contribute to withdrawal syndrome and the degree of health improvements in smokers.

卷烟烟气甜感研究进展

甜味是烟草味觉感受的重要方面,“甜感”能提升抽吸的舒适感,有效改善抽吸品质。结合国内外研究进展,系统梳理了烟气中的甜感物质、烟叶化学成分与甜度的相关性、甜感检测评价、烟草“增甜”技术等内容,对卷烟烟气甜感的研究进展进行了综述。

烟用香糖料物理特性及与黄斑烟风险定性分析探讨

通过对制丝在线生产过程中各牌号卷烟香糖料物理特性分析,并结合流体雾化基本原理,在同一加料设备、工艺条件下,定性地讨论了不同物理特性香糖料液对雾化效果、加料均匀性影响及其黄斑烟风险。明确样品黄斑烟风险由大到小排序为梗料液>SJ糖料>YZ糖料>HH糖料>YH糖料,为卷烟制造过程中黄斑烟风险防控研究提供一种思路。

造纸法再造烟叶对卷烟产品感官质量与烟气指标的影响研究

造纸法再造烟叶的技术已经相对成熟,国内外卷烟厂对造纸法再造烟叶的使用需求也在不断扩大。对此,简述了造纸法再造烟叶的特点和应用价值,分析了造纸法再造烟叶的生产工艺。为了解造纸法再造烟叶卷烟产品质量的差异性,选择4种造纸法再造烟叶制成卷烟样品,由评吸员对样品的香气特性、协调特性、烟气特性、口感特性等项目进行评价。之后采用同种造纸法再造烟叶以不同的比例掺配到卷烟产品中,根据相关测试标准测定不同添加量下卷烟产品的烟气指标变化。结果表明,该评价方法对造纸法再造烟叶卷烟产品感官质量的判定具有指导意义;随着再造烟叶使用比例的增加,卷烟中的焦油量、烟气烟碱量以及抽吸口数都呈逐步降低的趋势。

存储筒除烟末系统改进设计及应用

YF17,YF17A卷烟储存输送装置在清洁过程中会有大量烟末从设备缝隙进入存储筒内部。并且由于机械结构限制,需拆卸存储筒才能进行有效清洁。烟末的长期存在会滋生烟虫,从而严重影响烟支质量。针对此问题,该文提出存储筒除烟末系统改进方案,通过对YF17,YF17A卷烟储存输送装置存储筒传动结构的分析,设计一套存储筒清除烟末的系统,以防止烟末进入存储筒内部,同时将进入存储筒的烟末自动清扫出存储筒。YF17,YF17A卷烟储存输送装置存储筒经过为期300天的验证,实现了存储筒清除烟末的功能,有效预防了烟虫的滋生,提高了烟支质量,此改进方法对存储筒结构改进有重要参考意义。

Impact of Tobacco Smoking on Health Care Utilization and Medical Costs in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes

Objective To determine the impact of smoking on disease-specific health care utilization and medical costs in patients with chronic non-communicable diseases(NCDs).Methods Participants were middle-aged and elderly adults with chronic NCDs from a prospective cohort in China.Logistic regressions and linear models were used to assess the relationship between tobacco smoking,health care utilization and medical costs.Results Totally,1020 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),3144 patients with coronary heart disease(CHD),and 1405 patients with diabetes were included in the analysis.Among patients with COPD,current smokers(β:0.030,95%CI:−0.032-0.092)and former smokers(β:0.072,95%CI:0.014-0.131)had 3.0%and 7.2%higher total medical costs than never smokers.Medical costs of patients who had smoked for 21-40 years(β:0.028,95%CI:−0.038-0.094)and≥41 years(β:0.053,95%CI:−0.004β0.110)were higher than those of never smokers.Patients who smoked≥21 cigarettes(β:0.145,95%CI:0.051-0.239)per day had more inpatient visits than never smokers.The association between smoking and health care utilization and medical costs in people with CHD group was similar to that in people with COPD;however,there were no significant associations in people with diabetes.Conclusion This study reveals that the impact of smoking on health care utilization and medical costs varies among patients with COPD,CHD,and diabetes.Tobacco control might be more effective at reducing the burden of disease for patients with COPD and CHD than for patients with diabetes.

Interaction models of CYP1A1, GSTMl polymorphisms and tobacco smoking in intestinal gastric cancer

AIM: To explore the interaction models of the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1 Valv ariant and glutathione S-transferase (GST)M1 null polymorphisms with tobacco smoking in the occurrence of intestinal gastric cancer.METHODS: A community-based case-control study was conducted in Yangzhong. Subjects included 114 intestinal types of gastric cancer with endoscopic and pathological diagnosis during January 1997 and December 1998, and 693 controls selected from their spouse, siblings or siblingsin-law who had no history of digestive system cancer.Logistic regression was used to estimate the interaction models.RESULTS: The frequency of the CYP1A1 Val variant allele in cases did not differ from that in controls. The OR of GSTM1 null genotype was 2.0 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.2-3.1, P＜0.01). It showed a significant type 2 form of interaction model when both CYP1A1 Val variant allele and former tobacco smoking existed (i.e., among the multiplicative effects, the disease risk is increased by the tobacco exposure alone but not by the CYP1A1 variant alone). The interaction index γ was 2.8, and OReg (95%CI)was 5.0 (1.9-13.4). GSTM1 null genotype and former tobacco smoking were significant in a type 4 interaction model (i.e.,the disease risk is increased by GSTM1 null genotype or tobacco exposure alone among the multiplicative effects).The interaction index γ and OReg (95%CI) were 3.4 and 8.4 (3.4-20.9), respectively.CONCLUSION: Different interaction models of CYP1A1 Val variant allele and GSTM1 null genotype with tobacco smoking will contribute to understanding carcinogenic mechanism, but there is a need to further investigate in larger scale studies.

Management of Crohn’s disease in smokers:Is an alternative approach necessary?

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a chronic condition with a pathogenic background that involves both genetic and environmental factors.Although important progress has been made regarding the former in the last decade,scarce knowledge is available for the latter.In this sense,smoking remains the most important environmental factor in IBD.Active smoking increases the risk of developing Crohn's disease(CD).Moreover,CD patients who start or continue smoking after disease diagnosis are at risk for poorer outcomes such as higher therapeutic requirements and disease-related complications,as compared to those patients who quit smoking or who never smoked.However,the harmful effect of active smoking is not uniform in all patients or in all clinical scenarios.Interventions designed to facilitate smoking cessation may impact the course of the disease.In this article,the available evidence of the deleterious effects of smoking on CD is reviewed in detail,and alternative therapeutic approaches to CD in smokers are proposed.

Estimates of the Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking in Egypt

The use of tobacco products constitutes the leading cause of preventable deaths in the world. In Egypt, data on the national prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe smoking are lacking, yet such data are vital to tobacco control efforts. We designed and implemented a sampling method to generate population-based prevalence estimates for tobacco smoking in Egypt. In 2005, a total of 3369 adults ages 18 and above, including 1867 females and 1502 males, participated in the survey. Among males, the national prevalence of former cigarette smoking was 18.1%, and 27.5% reported current smoking. Exclusive current waterpipe smoking was reported by 7.2% of adult males, and a further 3.4% reported smoking both waterpipes and cigarettes. Tobacco smoking was rarely reported by females;among them the national prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 0.3%. This study produced the first robust estimate of the national prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe smoking in Egypt based on a rigorous probability sample. Along with the more recent Global Adult Tobacco Survey, carried out by the World Health Organization in 2009, the results will be useful in assessing smoking trends in Egypt and in evaluating the impacts of recent tobacco control laws.