Loss Rate Estimation of Yield and Output Value of Tobacco Leaf Infected by Tobacco Blown Spot (Alternaria alternata)

[Objective] The paper was to study the effect of tobacco blown spot on the yield and output value of tobacco leaf.[Method]The upper,middle and lower leaves in tobacco plant were selected during the harvest period of tobacco to carry out loss rate estimation of yield and output value of tobacco leaf caused by different disease levels of brown spot.Regression correlation analysis was also conducted.[Result]The disease levels of brown spot had extremely significant strong negative correlation with single leaf weight of tobacco leaf,and it had extremely significant strong positive correlation with the loss rate of single leaf weight.The increase speed of loss rate of single leaf weight of middle and upper leaves was obviously faster than that of lower leaves.The loss rates of single leaf weight of upper,middle and lower leaves were 3.18%-28.95%,3.43%-28.88% and 10.07%-26.90%,respectively.The higher the disease level of blown spot was,the lower the yield and output value of tobacco leaf was,and the corresponding loss rate was also higher.Correlation analysis showed that the disease level of blown spot had extremely significant strong negative correlation with the yield and output value of tobacco leaf,and it had extremely significant strong positive correlation with the loss rate of yield and output value.The negative impact of blown spot on the output value of tobacco leaf was far greater than that on the yield.The highest loss rate of the yield of tobacco leaf was 28.56%,while the highest loss rate of output value reached 89.67%.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for accurately holding the critical period for the control of blown spot,thus reducing the damage on tobacco leaf and improving the output value of tobacco leaf.

Effects of Different Biochar Dosages and Types on Growth, Yield and Output Value of Flue-cured Tobacco in Hanzhong Area

[Objective] This study was to investigate the effects of different biochar dosages and trpes on growth, yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco in Hanzhong. [Methods] In May-September of 2013, Xiaonanhai Town, Nanzheng County, Hanzhong City, a field experiment was carded out to study the effects of- biochardosage and type on tobacco agronomic traits, yield and output value in each growth period. [Results] Biochar application significantly increased plant height, stem diameter and leaf size in the early growth pedod, and raised tobacco yield, output value and the proportion of high grade leaf： With the increase of biochar dosage, tobacco agronom~ traits were significantly improved, and yield, output value and proportion of high-grade tobacco leaves also increased significantly, and the highest tobacco yield and output value occurred at the dosage of 900 kg/hm2. Agronomic traits of tobacco leaves with the application of rice husk char and wheat straw char were significantly better than those with the application of peanut shell char, appli- cation of rice husk char was more conducive to the development of leaves in the vigorous pedod and stems in the squaring period, but straw char was beneficial to improvement of plant height and leaf number in the vigorous period and leaf growth in the squaring period, and application of rice husk char had the best effect on the increases of yield and output value of tobacco leaves. [Conclusion] Application of biochar is an effective measure forimproving tobacco-planting soil and promoting the growth and development of tobacco in Hanzhong, biochar application amount should be controlled at about 600-900 kg/hm2, and rice husk char is the preferred choice as soil improvement material.

Effects of Soil Amendment on Growth,Yield and Output of Flue-cured Tobacco in South Anhui Province

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil amend- ment composed of biochar and inorganic mineral material on growth and develop- ment, yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco in South Anhui Province. [Method] A field plot experiment was conducted. The agronomic traits, yield and output value, as well as appearance quality and flavor of flue-cured tobacco were evaluated. [Re- suit] The soil amendments composed of biochars and inorganic mineral materials could significantly increase plant height, stem diameter, leaf size, yield and output of flue-cured tobacco, as well as proportion of first-grade tobacco leaves at the middle and late growth period. The yield in the X3 treatment group （70% T20 ＋ 30% ZC） was highest, and it was higher than that in the control group by 398 kg/hm2. Com- pared with that in the control group, the output of flue-cured tobacco in the X3 treatment group was increased by 10 290 yuan/hm2. In terms of appearance quality and flavor, the flue-cured tobacco leaves in the soil amendment treatment groups were all better than those in the control group. [Conclusion] The application of soil amendment composed of biochar and inorganic mineral material is an effective mea- sure to improve tobacco-growing soil, promote tobacco growth and development, im- prove tobacco yield and output and improve tobacco leaf quality in South Anhui re- gion.

Effects of Different Tillage and Mulching Modes on Tobacco Output Value and Soil Quality

Based on three years of long-term fixed-site field trial, the effects of differ- ent tillage and mulching modes on the yield and output value of tobacco and soil quality were investigated. The results showed that the yield and output value of to- bacco in tillage treatment were improved by 22.72 % and 37.23 % compared with non-tillage treatment, respectively; the yield and output value of tobacco in rotation treatment were improved by 1.83% and 19.41% compared with continuous cropping treatment, respectively; the yield and output value of tobacco in straw mulching treatment were improved by 3.55% and 2.4% compared with non-straw mulching treatment, respectively, which indicated that tillage, rotation and straw mulching could improve the yield and output value of tobacco to a certain extent; especially, the yield and output value of tobacco increased significantly after plowing under rotation conditions. The contents of available phosphorus （AP）, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen （AN）, organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） in non- tillage treatment were 35.14%, 9.92%, 9.57%, 4.40% and 34.16% higher compared with tillage treatment; especially, under non-tillage conditions, soil pH and contents of available potassium （AK）, AP, AN,OM,TN,TP and total potassium （TK） in continu- ous cropping field were 2.01%, 48.68%, 73.09%, 11.45%, 7.71%, 7.31%, 47.68% and 11.78% higher compared with rotation field, indicating that non-tillage treatment and continuous cropping could improve the total content and available content of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, from the perspective of soil fer- tility improvement and sustainable tobacco production, continuous cropping under non-tillage conditions might be the most appropriate cropping pattern for local soil fertility improvement; aiming at improving the yield and output value of tobacco, green manure-tobacco→, green manure/wheat/maize→green manure-tobacco ro- tation might be the most appropriate cropping pattern.

不同绿肥掩青下增施有机肥对烤烟及土壤性状的影响

【目的】探明不同绿肥掩青下增施有机肥对烤烟及土壤性状的影响,为烟田绿肥掩青最佳施用方式提供理论依据。【方法】以云烟87为试验材料,通过大田裂区试验设计,主处理为绿肥掩青(大麦、油菜和黑麦草),副处理为施肥种类(硝基腐殖酸、蚯蚓粪和生物有机肥),分析不同处理组合对烤烟及土壤特性的影响。【结果】大麦、油菜和黑麦草掩青下,移栽后30 d硝基腐殖酸处理的烤烟株高显著高于生物有机肥处理,土壤细菌显著高于蚯蚓粪、生物有机肥处理;生物有机肥处理的有效磷显著高于蚯蚓粪处理,增幅分别为7.3%、20.1%和11.1%。大麦和油菜掩青下,硝基腐殖酸处理烤烟的总干物质量显著高于蚯蚓粪处理,增幅分别为10.3%和8.5%。大麦、油菜和黑麦草掩青下,硝基腐殖酸处理烤烟的产量和产值优于蚯蚓粪和生物有机肥处理。【结论】综合烟叶的生产和经济性状,不同绿肥掩青下增施硝基腐殖酸、蚯蚓粪和生物有机肥等肥料能提高烟田土壤养分,促进烤烟生长发育,提高烤烟产量和产值。其中,以大麦掩青增施硝基腐殖酸烤烟的产量和产值最高,分别达2.48 t/hm^(2)和65 667元/hm^(2),建议在豫南烟区推广施用。

生物炭与木霉生物有机肥对红壤稻田烤烟氮肥利用率与产量产值的影响

【目的】探索红壤区“稻-烟”轮作模式下生物炭与木霉生物有机肥的最佳施用量,可为促进烤烟早生快发、适产增值与资源增效等提供新路径。【方法】通过大田试验,研究生物炭(B)和木霉生物有机肥(OF)不同施用量{0、低量(750 kg/hm^(2))和高量(1500 kg/hm^(2))}对烤烟干物质累积与根系生长及其根/冠比、氮肥偏生产力和产量、均价与产值的影响及其互作效应。【结果】生物炭与木霉生物有机肥互作可显著影响烤烟生长发育、氮肥利用率及其产量、均价与产值。与不施用生物炭(B0)相比,施用生物炭分别增加根系体积(6.6%~54.0%)、植株干物质累积量(2.3%~15.3%)及其根/冠比(8.0%~44.4%)、氮肥偏生产力(3.1%~6.0%)和均价与产值(1.6%~8.3%),而且均以施低量生物炭的效果最佳;较之不施木霉生物有机肥(OF0),施低量木霉生物有机肥可显著增加烤烟根系体积(3.5%~23.2%)、生育前中期植株干物质累积量(5.3%~18.3%)及其根冠比(8.7%~13.0%)、产量(5.2%)和氮肥偏生产力(19.6%~35.5%),而施用高量木霉生物有机肥则显著降低烤烟干物质累积量6.01%和生育后期根系体积7.0%~10.4%。另外,与不施生物炭和木霉生物有机肥处理(B0OF0)相比,生物炭与木霉生物有机肥配施不仅可以替代适量(~15%)氮肥,还可不同程度提升烤烟植株干物质累积量与根系体积及其根冠比、产量、均价与产值和氮肥偏生产力。【结论】施用生物炭和木霉生物有机肥不仅可以有效促进烤烟植株干物质累积和根系生长,而且可以有效提高烤烟产量、均价与产值和氮肥偏生产力,对促进红壤稻田烤烟绿色生产具有重要的理论与实践应用价值。

宽窄行对汉中烟区高密度烤烟生长和产质量的影响

以云烟99为材料,结合汉中市西乡县的气候环境和耕作制度,设置了传统等行距常规密度栽培模式(CK)、传统等行距高密度栽培模式(T_(1))、宽窄行高密度栽培模式(T_(2))3个处理,研究了不同处理烤烟的农艺性状、干物质积累、外观质量、化学成分、产质量以及烤后烟经济效益的差异。结果表明:3个处理的农艺性状和干鲜重整体表现为CK>T_(2)>T_(1),T_(2)处理在一定程度上能缓解高密度栽培导致的烟株瘦弱长势的影响,高密度处理T_(1)和T_(2)会使单株鲜重和干物质积累减少,干重降低,其中T_(1)处理的降低效果显著;烟叶部位对3个处理的外观质量影响较大,中部叶外观质量最好,下部叶外观质量较差,上部叶外观质量较好;上部叶和中部叶化学成分的变化规律相似,T_(1)和T_(2)处理均具有糖高碱低的特点,化学成分的协调性均在适宜范围内;T_(1)和T_(2)处理的产量均高于CK,分别比CK提高了8.89%和14.81%,T_(1)和T_(2)处理的产值分别比CK提高了3.50%和16.84%。综上,T_(2)处理的综合效益最好,适宜在汉中烟区推广应用。

烤烟氮素营养诊断及精准施肥模式研究

为解决烤烟生产中存在过高施氮或不合理的施肥技术措施致使烟叶产质量下降和氮素利用效率低下等突出问题,该研究于2008-2010年在广东韶关烟草产区以烤烟品种K326为材料,研究不同施氮水平下不同叶位及叶片不同位置上的叶绿素仪测定值（SPAD值）、叶绿素含量、总氮含量的变化特征及其与产质量的相互关系,分析实时氮肥管理（RTNM）模式下不同SPAD施肥阈值对烟草产质量及氮肥利用率的影响,结果表明：顶三叶的叶中位置SPAD值与叶片叶绿素含量、总氮含量的相关性最好,且变异系数小,是较为理想的指示叶或参照叶;获得较好产质量烤烟时的SPAD值在伸根期和旺长期的阈值范围为38.3～47.2。在设置不同SPAD阈值的RTNM模式下,SPAD阈值40.5~43范围内（氮肥用量为75～110kg/hm2）能获得较高的烟叶产量、产值,最高产量和产值分别为2844.09kg/hm2和26989.24元/hm2,烟叶化学成分较为协调。此外,通过与农民习惯施肥模式（167.8kg/hm2）相比较,在SPAD设定阈值为43的RTNM模式下,相应的氮肥用量为110kg/hm2,氮肥农学利用率和吸收利用率分别提高53.0%、46.5%,产值提高了7.4%,调制后烟叶的淀粉、总氮、烟碱含量显著下降,烟叶化学成分更为协调,内在质量较好。

上部叶采收方式对烤烟理化和经济性状的影响

以临沧烟区烤烟样品为材料,研究了上部叶的采收方式(分次采收和一次性采收)对烟叶物理性状、化学成分和经济性状的影响。结果显示,一次性采收方式收获的顶部1～3片叶的单叶重、叶质重高于分次采收处理,而采用两种采收方式收获的顶部1～3片叶的拉力、填充值、含梗率间的差异不显著,一次采收方式收获的顶部4～6片叶的单叶重、叶质重、叶片厚度、拉力低于分次采收;一次性采收的烟叶总糖和还原糖含量提高,烟碱、总氮和氯含量降低,烤后烟叶的化学成分较协调,评吸质量较好,但产量和产值有所下降。

多年定位翻压绿肥对烤烟大田生长及经济性状的影响

为筛选适宜湘西州烟区种植的绿肥品种,通过3年田间定位试验,研究不同绿肥多年翻压对烤烟大田生长和产质量的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压还土能够改善烤烟农艺性状,提高烟叶产量6.82%-20.47%,提高烟叶产值6.94%-19.27%。随着绿肥翻压年限的增加,其对烤烟的株高、茎围、最大叶宽、上等烟比例、均价、产量和产值的正影响增加。不同绿肥品种以翻压箭舌豌豆和普通黑麦草的效果最好,其较对照分别增产17.82%、20.47%,增值17.21%、19.27%。建议在湘西州烟区推广箭舌豌豆绿肥为好。

镁、硼营养对烟草产量和产值的效应研究

在镁、硼有效含量偏低的土壤上 ,施用镁、硼肥 ,对烟草的农艺性状、产量、品质、产值有明显的良好效应。在供试条件下 ,施 Mg1 5kg/ hm2 ,烟草产量为 30 2 2 .1 kg/ hm2 ,产值为 1 5636.0元 / hm2 ,上中等烟比例为 86.8% ,分别比不施 Mg的增加 936.2 kg/ hm2 ,74 35.2元 / hm2、 1 4 % ;施硼砂 1 5kg/ hm2 ,烟草产量增加 2 1 5.0 kg/ hm2 ,产值增加 1 2 64.5元 /

密度与氮肥互作对烤烟圆顶期农艺及经济性状的影响

寻求适合烤烟生长的最佳施氮量和种植密度组合,为烤烟的优质高产高效提供科学依据。以秦烟96为材料,采用大田裂区试验设计,种植密度(A)为主区,施氮量(B)为副区,分别设置3个水平,研究氮密互作对烤烟圆顶期农艺及经济性状的影响。结果表明,适宜密度和施氮量有利于烤烟生长发育和提高产量、产值,一定密度下,均以中、高氮为宜;一定施氮下,低、高氮以中、高密度而中氮以低、中密度为宜。二者互作效应显著,氮肥效应大于密度。系统聚类分析可将9个处理组合分为5类,表现较好的为中密中氮(A2B2)和中密高氮(A2B3),高密中氮(A1B2)和低密中氮(A3B2)次之。综合分析,本试验条件下,秦烟96适宜密度和氮肥量分别为16 698株/hm2和89.87 kg/hm2。可通过调节施氮量和种植密度,充分利用氮密互作效应,在提高肥料利用率的同时获得较好产量和经济效益。

不同钾肥种类及追施深度对烤烟经济性状和养分吸收的影响

为了探索适宜烤烟生产的钾肥种类及追施深度，采用大田试验方法，分析了钾肥种类及追施深度互作对烤烟产量效益和养分吸收的影响。结果显示，钾肥种类与追施深度及其互作对烟叶产量、经济效益和养分吸收有显著影响。在相同追施深度下，与硫酸钾相比，施用包膜钾肥可以使烟叶产量提高10.6%～15.2%，产值增加11.0%～18.2%；同一钾肥追施深度20 cm比10 cm能够有效提高烟叶经济效益，包膜钾肥追施深度20 cm比10 cm可使中部叶和上部叶钾含量显著提高，磷、锌和硫含量有所提高。综合分析，钾肥种类及追施深度互作表现最好的为植物油包膜钾肥追施20 cm处理，其次是腐殖酸包膜钾肥追施20 cm处理。

菜籽饼肥不同用量对烤烟产量及质量的影响

试验研究了菜籽饼肥不同用量对烤烟产量和质量的影响。结果表明,施25%熟饼肥+75%复合肥的处理烤烟产量、产值最高,在施用饼肥纯N占25%以上时,随着饼肥用量的增加,烤烟产量、产值呈下降态势。饼肥用量相同时,腐熟饼肥产量、产值高于生饼肥。25%熟饼肥+75%复合肥处理的烟叶内在化学品质协调性较好,单施复合肥或单施菜籽饼肥(包括生饼和熟饼肥)都不利于烟叶内在化学品质的协调。

纯施有机肥对烤烟产量、产值和品质的影响

为探索纯施有机肥对河南烟区烟叶生产的影响,寻求适宜河南烟区的纯施有机肥模式,以现阶段大田常规施肥(300kg/hm2商品芝麻饼肥+无机肥料)为对照(CK),研究了不同纯施有机肥模式对烟叶生产的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,纯施有机肥处理的烤烟田间长势较好,产量变化不大,产值和均价增加,烟叶烟碱和总氮含量明显下降,总糖、钾、氯含量及糖碱比、氮碱比、钾氯比增加。其中,300kg/hm2纯芝麻饼肥+150kg/hm2牛油+7 500kg/hm2腐熟牛粪处理的烤烟田间长势最好,其中圆顶期株高、茎围、叶数和最大叶长、最大叶宽分别比CK增加24.84%、18.87%、29.17%、3.31%和20.42%;油分较多;产值、均价、上等烟比例最高,分别为40 885.20元/hm2、15.02元/kg、48.28%;烟叶化学成分最为协调,其中总糖、还原糖含量分别比CK增加2.1、2.43个百分点,糖碱比、氮碱比、两糖比分别比CK增加1.95、0.014、0.03个百分点;感官评吸表现最好,总分最高(35.5),香气质好,香气量足。综上所述,目前河南烟区烟叶生产中以施用300kg/hm2纯芝麻饼肥+150kg/hm2牛油+7 500kg/hm2腐熟牛粪处理的有机肥施用模式较好。

烤烟品种NC102高产配套栽培技术研究

为烤烟品种NC102在云南烟区的大面积推广种植提供参考,在云南省石林县板桥镇马街村进行了施氮量、株行距、留叶数、打顶时期4因素3个水平对该品种产量、产值影响的正交试验。结果表明:施氮量、施氮量与株距互作对NC102产量的影响极显著,株距、留叶数的影响显著;施氮量、株距、施氮量与互作株距对产值的影响极显著,留叶数的影响显著;各因素对NC102产量与产值的影响程度依次为施氮量>施氮量与株距互作>株距>留叶数。NC102品种的田间最佳技术措施组合为施纯氮量6.5kg/667m2、株距0.6m、留叶数20片、现蕾打顶。

不同Mg肥种类对烤烟产量、质量、产值的影响

不同种类的Mg肥对烤烟产量、外观质量影响不显著。但是仍有一定的增产、增值效果。磷酸铵镁对增加烟叶含Mg率、改善吸食品质有较好效果,其次是硫酸镁和氯化镁,蛇纹石肥效缓慢。不施用Mg肥烟叶产、质量都是最差的。

不同耕作深度对土壤物理性状及烤烟根系空间分布特征的影响

为探讨不同耕作深度对烤烟产量产值的影响,揭示烟田深耕增产增效机理,以烤烟‘K326’品种为材料,基于田间定位试验,设置对照翻耕20 cm（GS20）、翻耕30 cm（GS30）和翻耕40 cm（GS40）3个处理,研究不同耕作深度对烟叶产量产值、烟田土壤物理性状和烤烟根系空间分布特征的影响。结果表明：深耕措施对改良土体结构、促进土壤蓄水、优化烤烟根系构型和增加烟叶产量产值有较好效果。深耕处理显著降低亚表层20~40 cm土壤容重,同时显著增加该土层土壤总孔隙度和土壤毛管孔隙度。其中,与GS20处理相比,GS30和GS40处理土壤容重分别降低8.4%和9.4%,总孔隙度分别提高15.6%和13.1%,毛管孔隙度分别提高25.8%和24.8%。与对照GS20相比,GS30和GS40处理显著增加团棵期表层0~20 cm土壤含水量,显著增加旺长期、成熟期亚表层20~40 cm土壤含水量。深耕处理不仅显著增加烤烟根系绝对量,还促进根系向深层土壤生长,提高烤烟根系根深指数。其中,GS30和GS40处理根系生物量鲜重分别比GS20高31.2%和89.2%,根深指数分别提高7.6%和4.5%。与对照GS20相比,GS30和GS40处理烟叶产量分别提高7.0%和27.3%,均价分别提高1.8%和6.2%,上等烟比例分别提高10.4%和24.4%,产值分别提高9.0%和35.1%,其中GS40与GS20存在显著性差异。研究发现,深耕措施首先作用于土壤容重、空隙等物理结构,然后影响烟田土壤蓄水储熵,促进烤烟早生快发,优化烤烟根系空间分布构型,进而作用于地上部形态建成,最终影响烟叶产量产值。

直接施用禾本科秸秆对烤烟产量、产值和品质的影响

连续3年在4种植烟红壤(酸性、微酸性、微碱性和碱性)上,烤烟移栽前适量单施化肥、大量单施化肥、适量化肥增施小麦秆、玉米秆和有机土壤改良剂、菜籽饼配施化肥,研究施用有机物对烤烟产量、产值及烟叶品质的影响。结果表明:烤烟移栽前增施小麦秸秆(田烟:7500kg/hm2,地烟:6000kg/hm2),极显著地增加烟叶产值;评吸综合得分最高;对烤烟产量和烟叶化学品质无明显影响。

种植密度、打顶时期对云烟85烟叶产量及质量的影响

云烟85种植密度、打顶时期试验表明,烟株按110cm×50cm移栽、含蕾打顶,烟叶产量、产值最高,上等烟比例、上中等烟比例居第3位,烟碱含量较适中,化学成分较协调,符合卷烟工业配方需求;烟株按110cm×50cm移栽、现蕾打顶,烟叶产量、产值居第2位,上中等烟比例最高,但烟叶烟碱含量显著偏高,居第2位,卷烟工业的可用性较差.