The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Nuclear Factor κB p65 Protein in the Pathogenesis of Otitis Media

The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media is explored. In recent years, the incidence of otitis media has been rising globally, becoming a significant threat to human health. More and more studies have found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as a member of the Toll-like receptor family, can promote the generation of inflammatory factors and is closely related to the body’s immune response and inflammatory response. Nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) is a nuclear transcription factor that can interact with various cytokines, growth factors, and apoptotic factors, participating in processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the body [1]. This article elaborates on the structure, function, and signaling pathways of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media, aiming to provide more precise targets and better therapeutic efficacy for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis media. The role of inflammation in disease.

Effects of ω-3 fatty acids on toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-κB p56 in lungs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM To determine the effects of ω-3 fatty acids(ω-3FA) on the toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor κB p56(NF-κBp56) signal pathway in the lungs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).METHODS A total of 56 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, SAP-saline group, SAP-soybean oil group and SAP-ω-3FA group. SAP was induced by the retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. The expression of TLR4 and NF-κBp56 in the lungs was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the lungs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The expression of TLR4 and NF-κBp56 in lungs and of inflammatory cytokines in serum significantly increased in the SAP group compared with the control group(P < 0.05), but was significantly decreased in the ω-3FA group compared with the soybean oil group at 12 and 24 h(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION During the initial stage of SAP, ω-3FA can efficiently lower the inflammatory response and reduce lung injury by triggering the TLR4/NF-κBp56 signal pathway.

Jianpi Gushen Huayu decoction ameliorated diabetic nephropathy through modulating metabolites in kidney,and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 and JNK/P38 pathways

BACKGROUND Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction(JPGS)has been used to clinically treat diabetic nephropathy(DN)for many years.However,the protective mechanism of JPGS in treating DN remains unclear.AIM To evaluate the therapeutic effects and the possible mechanism of JPGS on DN.METHODS We first evaluated the therapeutic potential of JPGS on a DN mouse model.We then investigated the effect of JPGS on the renal metabolite levels of DN mice using non-targeted metabolomics.Furthermore,we examined the effects of JPGS on c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)/P38-mediated apoptosis and the inflammatory responses mediated by toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3).RESULTS The ameliorative effects of JPGS on DN mice included the alleviation of renal injury and the control of inflammation and oxidative stress.Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that JPGS altered the metabolites of the kidneys in DN mice.A total of 51 differential metabolites were screened.Pathway analysis results indicated that nine pathways significantly changed between the control and model groups,while six pathways significantly altered between the model and JPGS groups.Pathways related to cysteine and methionine metabolism;alanine,tryptophan metabolism;aspartate and glutamate metabolism;and riboflavin metabolism were identified as the key pathways through which JPGS affects DN.Further experimental validation showed that JPGS treatment reduced the expression of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways and JNK/P38 pathway-mediated apoptosis related factors.CONCLUSION JPGS could markedly treat mice with streptozotocin(STZ)-induced DN,which is possibly related to the regulation of several metabolic pathways found in kidneys.Furthermore,JPGS could improve kidney inflammatory responses and ameliorate kidney injuries in DN mice via the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and inhibit JNK/P38 pathwaymediated apoptosis in DN mice.

Yemazhui(Herba Eupatorii Lindleyani)ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via modulation of the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B/nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 protein signaling pathway and intestinal flor

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of Yemazhui(Herba Eupatorii Lindleyani,HEL)against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute lung injury(ALI)and explore its underlying mechanism in vivo.METHODS:The chemical constituents of HEL were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatographyquadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method.Then,HEL was found to suppress LPS-induced ALI in vivo.Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:control,LPS,Dexamethasone(Dex),HEL low dose 6 g/kg(HEL-L),HEL medium dose 18 g/kg(HEL-M)and HEL high dose 54 g/kg(HEL-H)groups.The model rats were intratracheally injected with 3 mg/kg LPS to establish an ALI model.Leukocyte counts,lung wet/dry weight ratio,as well as myeloperoxidase(MPO)activity were determined followed by the detection with hematoxylin and eosin staining,enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction,western blotting,immunohistochemistry,and immunofluorescence.Besides,to explore the effect of HEL on ALI-mediated intestinal flora,we performed 16s rRNA sequencing analysis of intestinal contents.RESULTS:HEL attenuated LPS-induced inflammation in lung tissue and intestinal flora disturbance.Mechanism study indicated that HEL suppressed the lung coefficient and wet/dry weight ratio of LPS-induced ALI in rats,inhibited leukocytes exudation and MPO activity,and improved the pathological injury of lung tissue.In addition,HEL reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factoralpha,interleukin-1beta(IL-1β)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum,and inhibited nuclear displacement of nuclear factor kappa-B p65(NF-κBp65).And 18 g/kg HEL also reduced the expression levels of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),myeloid differentiation factor 88,NF-κBp65,phosphorylated inhibitor kappa B alpha(phospho-IκBα),nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 protein(NLRP3),IL-1β,and interleukin-18(IL-18)in lung tissue,and regulated intestinal flora disturbance.CONCLUSIONS:In summary,our findings revealed that HEL has a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI in rats,and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and improving intestinal flora disturbance.

Protective effect of modified Huangqi Chifeng decoction(加味黄芪赤风汤)on immunoglobulin A nephropathy through toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE:To examine the nephroprotective mechanism of modified Huangqi Chifeng decoction(加味黄芪赤风汤,MHCD)in immunoglobulin A nephropathy(IgAN)rats.METHODS:To establish the IgAN rat model,the bovine serum albumin,lipopolysaccharide,and carbon tetrachloride 4 method was employed.The rats were then randomly assigned to the control,model,telmisartan,and high-,medium-,and low-dose MHCD groups,and were administered the respective treatments via intragastric administration for 8 weeks.The levels of 24-h urinary protein,serum creatinine(CRE),and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)were measured in each group.Pathological alterations were detected.IgA deposition was visualized through the use of immunofluorescence staining.The ultrastructure of the kidney was observed using a transmission electron microscope.The expression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)were examined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Levels of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88),and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)P65,were examined by immunohistochemistry,Western blotting,and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS:The 24-h urine protein level in each group increased significantly at week 6,and worsen from then on.But this process can be reversed by treatments of telmisartan,and high-,medium-,and low-dose of MHCD,and these treatments did not affect renal function.Telmisartan,and high-,and medium-dose of MHCD reduced IgA deposition.Renal histopathology demonstrated the protective effect of high-,medium-,and low-dose of MHCD against kidney injury.The expression levels of MCP-1,IL-6,and TGF-β1 in kidney tissues were downregulated by low,medium and high doses of MHCD treatment.Additionally,treatment of low,medium and high doses of MHCD decreased the protein and mRNA levels of TLR4,MyD88,and NF-κB.CONCLUSIONS:MHCD exerted nephroprotective effects on IgAN rats,and MHCD regulated the expressions of key targets in TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway,thereby alleviating renal inflammation by inhibiting MCP-1,IL-6 expressions,and ameliorating renal fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β1 expression.

五味子乙素通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路对急性胰腺炎大鼠肺部损伤的影响

目的:探讨五味子乙素通过Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路对急性胰腺炎(AP)大鼠肺部损伤的影响。方法:取SD大鼠,通过胆胰管内逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠方法诱导建立AP肺损伤模型,经随机数表法分为模型组、五味子乙素组、TLR4过表达载体组、TLR4空载组、五味子乙素+TLR4过表达载体组,每组12只大鼠,再取12只SD大鼠仅翻动肠管不注射5%牛磺胆酸钠,作为假手术组。以药物分别干预大鼠后,检测各组大鼠肺功能及各组大鼠腹水量与肺组织湿重/干重(W/D);HE染色检测各组大鼠肺组织病理形态并评分;检测各组大鼠动脉血气;全自动生化分析仪检测大鼠血清淀粉酶,ELISA检测炎症细胞因子IL-6、IL-18水平;蛋白免疫印迹法检测肺组织TLR4/NF-κB通路蛋白表达;免疫组织化学染色检测肺组织TLR4蛋白表达。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠肺组织出现病理损伤改变,模型组大鼠MV、PEF、PaO_(2)、OI显著降低(P<0.05),Ri、腹水量与W/D、PaCO_(2)、Holfbauer评分、血清淀粉酶、IL-6与IL-18水平、肺组织TLR4阳性细胞比例、TLR4与MYD88蛋白表达、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65水平显著升高(P<0.05)。与模型组、五味子乙素+TLR4过表达载体组分别相比,五味子乙素组大鼠肺组织病理损伤改变程度均减轻,MV、PEF、PaO_(2)、OI均升高(P<0.05),Ri、腹水量与W/D、PaCO_(2)、Holfbauer评分、血清淀粉酶、IL-6与IL-18水平、肺组织TLR4阳性细胞比例、TLR4与MYD88蛋白表达、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65水平均降低(P<0.05);TLR4过表达载体组大鼠肺组织病理损伤改变程度均加重,MV、PEF、PaO_(2)、OI均降低(P<0.05),Ri、腹水量与W/D、PaCO_(2)、Holfbauer评分、血清淀粉酶、IL-6与IL-18水平、肺组织TLR4阳性细胞比例、TLR4与MYD88蛋白表达、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65水平均升高(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,TLR4空载组大鼠各指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:五味子乙素可通过下调TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,抑制炎症,减轻AP大鼠肺部损伤,修复肺功能。

Effect of remifentanil on toll-like receptor 4, NF-κB and IL-6 in rabbit myocardial ischemia/reperfusion model

Objective： To investigate whether remifentanil induced cardioprotecting effect is associated with expression of toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）, nuclear factor rB （NF-r.B） and serum interleukin -6 （IL-6）. Methods： Fifty rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups （n=10） according to the treatment： sham operation group （group A）, ischemla-reperfusion group （group B）, low-dose remifentanil group （group C）, mediate-dose remifentanil group （group D）, and high-dose remlfentanil group （group E） Myocardial TLR4 mRNA levels, NF-r.B protein expression and serum levels of IL-6 were observed in 120 min after reperfusion. Results： The myocardial expressions of TLR4 mRNA, NF-rd3 protein and IL-6 level in sera of groups B, C, D and E were elevated compared with group A. However, remifentanil significantly reduced the levels of TLR4 mRNA, NF- r.B protein expression and serum IL-6 in groups C, D and E compared with group B. There were remarkable differences between the groups （P〈O.O1）. Conclusion： Intravenous remifentanil has protective effect against rabbit myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. This effect may be associated with TLR4, NF-r.B expressions on myocytes and serum level of IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner

脂氧素A4抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路减缓脓毒症性急性肾损伤

目的探讨脂氧素A4(LXA4)通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路减缓脓毒症性急性肾损伤(SAKI)。方法将40只无特定病原体级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为SAKI组、SAKI+LXA4组、假手术组、假手术+LXA4组,每组10只。采用盲肠结扎穿孔术进行SAKI造模,SAKI+LXA4组、假手术+LXA4组在术后30 min腹腔注射LXA4(40 ng/kg)。各组小鼠在造模术后24 h收集血清、尿液、肾组织。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定各组小鼠血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(Bun)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),尿液中性粒细胞明胶酶相关性脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)及肾损伤分子1(KIM-1);HE及PAS染色观察小鼠肾脏损伤情况;实时荧光定量PCR检测各组小鼠肾脏Toll样受体4(TLR4)、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)、核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)mRNA水平;免疫组化法、蛋白免疫印迹实验检测各组小鼠TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)的表达。结果ELISA实验提示SAKI组Scr、Bun、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、NGAL、KIM-1水平均高于SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05),假手术组及假手术+LXA4组Scr、Bun、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、NGAL、KIM-1无明显上升;HE及PAS染色提示SAKI组肾损伤程度明显高于SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05),假手术组及假手术+LXA4组无明显肾损伤;实时荧光定量PCR提示SAKI组较SAKI+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65 mRNA升高(P<0.05),假手术组与假手术+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65 mRNA均低于SAKI组及SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05);免疫组化法、蛋白免疫印迹实验结果提示SAKI组较SAKI+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65表达升高(P<0.05),假手术组与假手术+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65表达均低于SAKI组及SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05)。结论TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路在SAKI发生发展中起重要作用,LXA4可能通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路减缓SAKI。

苓桂术甘汤调控miR-140-5p/TLR4/NF-κB信号通路对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠黏膜屏障及免疫平衡的影响

目的:探讨苓桂术甘汤调控miR-140-5p/Toll样受体4(toll like receptor 4,TLR4)/核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)信号通路对溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)大鼠肠黏膜屏障及免疫平衡的影响。方法:取SD大鼠用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid solution,TNBS)诱导建立UC模型,随机分为5组:模型组、苓桂术甘汤低剂量组、苓桂术甘汤高剂量组、NC-miR-140-5p(miR-140-5p阴性对照)组、苓桂术甘汤高剂量组+miR-140-5p antagomir(miR-140-5p抑制剂)组,每组10只,另取10只大鼠作对照组,分组干预后检测大鼠结肠黏膜损伤指数(colonic mucosal injury index,CMDI)评分与结肠长度;透射电镜观察各组大鼠结肠黏膜屏障超微结构;流式细胞实验检测各组大鼠外周血Treg、Th17细胞比例及Treg/Th17比值;ELISA检测大鼠血清免疫炎症相关因子白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6、IL-17、IL-10、转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)水平;采用实时荧光PCR及免疫印迹法检测大鼠结肠黏膜组织miR-140-5p/TLR4/NF-κB信号相关因子表达。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠结肠黏膜屏障超微结构损伤严重,CMDI、Th17细胞比例、血清IL-6与IL-17水平、结肠黏膜组织TLR4 mRNA、蛋白表达与p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65显著升高(P<0.05),结肠长度、Treg细胞比例、Treg/Th17比值、血清IL-10与TGF-β1水平、结肠黏膜组织claudin-1、claudin-4蛋白表达与miR-140-5p表达显著降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,苓桂术甘汤低剂量组、苓桂术甘汤高剂量组大鼠结肠黏膜屏障超微结构损伤均减轻,CMDI、Th17细胞比例、血清IL-6与IL-17水平、结肠黏膜组织TLR4 mRNA、蛋白表达与p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65均降低(P<0.05),结肠长度、Treg细胞比例、Treg/Th17比值、血清IL-10与TGF-β1水平、结肠黏膜组织claudin-1、claudin-4蛋白表达与miR-140-5p表达均升高(P<0.05);NC-miR-140-5p组大鼠各指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);高剂量苓桂术甘汤作用更强。下调miR-140-5p可减弱高剂量苓桂术甘汤对UC模型大鼠各指标的作用。结论:苓桂术甘汤可通过上调miR-140-5p而抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号激活,进而促使Treg/Th17免疫平衡向Treg偏移,抑制免疫炎症,减轻UC大鼠肠黏膜屏障损伤。

The potential mechanism of Isodon suzhouensis against COVID-19 via EGFR/TLR4 pathways

Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19)has brought the new challenges to scientific research.Isodon suzhouensis has good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant stress effects,which is considered as a potential treatment for COVID-19.The possibility for the treatment of COVID-19 with I.suzhouensis and its potential mechanism of action were explored by employing molecular docking and network pharmacology.Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to screen drug targets,and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)induced RAW264.7 and NR8383 cells inflammation model was used for experimental verification.Collectively a total of 209 possible linkages against 18 chemical components from I.suzhouensis and 1194 COVID-19 related targets were selected.Among these,164 common targets were obtained from the intersection of I.suzhouensis and COVID-19.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enriched 582 function targets and 87 target proteins pathways,respectively.The results from molecular docking studies revealed that rutin,vitexin,isoquercitrin and quercetin had significant binding ability with 3 chymotrypsin like protease(3CLpro)and angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2).In vitro studies showed that I.suzhouensis extract(ISE)may inhibit the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway and the expression level of downstream proinflammatory factors by inhibiting the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS.In addition,ISE was able to inhibit the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in NR8383 cells exposed to LPS.Overall,the network pharmacology and in vitro studies conclude that active components from I.suzhouensis have strong therapeutic potential against COVID-19 through multi-target,multi-pathway dimensions and can be a promising candidate against COVID-19.

止咳平喘方对支气管哮喘小鼠气道炎症及TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB通路的影响

目的探讨止咳平喘方减轻支气管哮喘(BA)小鼠气道炎症的作用及机制。方法84只BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、BA组、止咳平喘方低剂量组、止咳平喘方高剂量组、地塞米松组、脂多糖(LPS)组、止咳平喘方高剂量+LPS组,每组12只。除对照组外,其他组小鼠均构建BA模型,建模成功后进行给药处理,每日1次,持续3周。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清中免疫球蛋白E(IgE)浓度和肺泡灌洗液中白细胞介素-17(IL-17)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;HE染色检测肺组织病理变化;PAS染色测定支气管上皮杯状细胞增生以及黏液分泌;流式细胞术检测小鼠脾脏组织中辅助性T细胞17(Th17)和调节性T(Treg)细胞水平;Western blot检测肺组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)/肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)/核因子κB(NF-κB)通路相关蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,BA组肺组织病理损伤严重,支气管上皮杯状细胞增生及黏液分泌增多,IgE含量、TNF-α水平、IL-17水平、Th17细胞比例、Th17/Treg比值及TLR4、TRAF6、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达升高,Treg细胞比例降低(P<0.05)。与BA组比较,止咳平喘方低剂量组、止咳平喘方高剂量组、地塞米松组支气管上皮杯状细胞增生和黏液分泌减少,肺组织损伤改善,IgE含量、TNF-α水平、IL-17水平、Th17细胞比例、Th17/Treg比值及TLR4、TRAF6、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达降低,Treg细胞比例升高(P<0.05);LPS组对应指标变化趋势与上述相反(P<0.05)。与止咳平喘方高剂量组比较,止咳平喘方高剂量+LPS组肺组织病理损伤加剧,支气管上皮杯状细胞增生及黏液分泌增多,IgE含量、TNF-α水平、IL-17水平、Th17细胞比例、Th17/Treg比值及TLR4、TRAF6、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达升高,Treg细胞比例降低(P<0.05)。结论止咳平喘方可能通过抑制TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB通路减轻BA小鼠气道炎症反应。

Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in inflammatory reactions of hippocampal neurons

Lipopolysaccharide stimulates Toll-like receptor 4 on immune cells to produce immune mediators. Toll-like receptor 4 is also expressed by non-immune cells, which can be stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. However, whether Toll-like receptor 4 is expressed by primary cultured hippocampal neurons and its specific role in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation is currently undefined, in this study, Toll-like receptor 4 antibody blocking was used to analyze the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway and changes in inflammation of lipopolysaccharide stimulated hippocampal neurons. Immunofluorescence showed that Toll-like receptor 4 protein was mainly located in the membrane of hippocampal neurons. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot assay showed that after stimulation of lipopolysaccharide, the mRNA and protein levels of Toll-like receptor 4 and the mRNA levels of interleukin-ll3 and tumor necrosis factor-（] were significantly increased. In addition, there was increased phosphorylation and degradation of kappa B a inhibitor in the cytosol and increased nuclear factor-KB p65 expression in the nuclei. Pretreatment with Toll-like receptor 4 antibody could almost completely block this increase. These experimental findings indicate that lipopolysaccharide participates in neuroinflammation by stimulating Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-KB pathway in hippocampal neurons, which may be both ＂passive victims＂ and ＂activators＂ of neuroinflammation.

维生素D_(3)辅助糖皮质激素对小儿支气管哮喘TLR4/NF-κB信号通路相关因子水平的影响

目的研究维生素D_(3)辅助糖皮质激素对小儿支气管哮喘Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路相关因子水平的影响。方法选取2019年1月—2022年1月长江大学附属荆州医院收治的120例小儿支气管哮喘患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数表法将患儿分为A组、B组和C组,每组40例。所有患儿给予常规治疗,C组在常规治疗基础上给予安慰剂,B组在常规治疗基础上给予糖皮质激素,A组在B组基础上给予维生素D_(3)。观察各组患儿喘息、胸闷、气促及咳嗽症状持续时间,分析各组患儿治疗前后TLR4和NF-κB mRNA表达,并比较3组治疗前后气道炎症指标[嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)]水平,比较各组患儿治疗前后肺功能[第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%pred)、用力肺活量(FVC)、每秒呼气峰流速(PEF)及FEV1/FVC值]。结果A组喘息、胸闷、气促及咳嗽症状持续时间短于B组和C组(P<0.05),B组短于C组(P<0.05)。A组治疗前后TLR4和NF-κB mRNA相对表达量的差值高于B组和C组(P<0.05),B组高于C组(P<0.05)。A组治疗前后IL-4、EOS、TNF-α、CRP的差值高于B组和C组(P<0.05),B组高于C组(P<0.05)。A组治疗前后FEV1%pred、FVC、FEV1/FVC、PEF的差值高于B组和C组(P<0.05),B组高于C组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,IL-4、EOS、TNF-α、CRP水平与TLR4 mRNA呈正相关(r=0.501、0.574、0.462和0.474,均P<0.05),与NF-κB mRNA呈正相关(r=0.496、0.522、0.485和0.492,均P<0.05)。FEV1%pred、FVC、FEV1/FVC、PEF水平与TLR4 mRNA呈负相关(r=-0.596、-0.542、-0.513和-0.505,均P<0.05),与NF-κB mRNA呈负相关(r=-0.561、-0.505、-0.526和-0.518,均P<0.05)。结论维生素D_(3)辅助糖皮质激素治疗小儿支气管哮喘可通过调控TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,减轻患儿气道炎症反应,并有效提升肺功能,具有良好的临床应用价值。

泼尼松联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎的疗效及对血清TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白和下游炎性因子水平的影响

目的探讨泼尼松联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎的疗效及对血清Toll样受体4(TLR4)/髓样分化因子88(MyD88)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路相关蛋白和下游炎性因子水平的影响。方法招募2019年1月至2022年6月唐山市妇幼保健院收治的儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎患者120例,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组(采用阿奇霉素治疗,60例)和观察组(采用泼尼松联合阿奇霉素治疗,60例)。治疗4周后,比较两组治疗效果、临床肺部感染量表(CIPS)评分、TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白以及下游炎性因子的水平。结果观察组患者的体温恢复时间、咳嗽缓解时间、咳痰缓解时间、喘息缓解时间、肺部啰音消失时间较对照组更快,住院时间更短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组的体温、白细胞计数、气道分泌物、氧合情况、胸部X射线、痰培养等CIPS项目评分以及总分均较治疗前降低,且观察组评分较对照组更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、降钙素原(PCT)水平均降低,且观察组水平较对照组更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论泼尼松联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法对人体血清TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白及下游炎性因子水平有显著下调作用,可提高儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎患者的临床疗效。

基于TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB信号通路探讨追风透骨胶囊减缓兔膝骨关节炎模型软骨退变的作用机制

目的 观察追风透骨胶囊对兔膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis, KOA)模型关节软骨退变的干预作用,并基于Toll样受体4(Toll like receptor 4, TLR4)/髓细胞分化初级反应蛋白88(myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, MyD88)/核因子kappa-B(nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)信号通路探讨追风透骨胶囊的可能作用机制。方法 从50只6月龄雄性新西兰兔中随机选取10只作为正常组,其余40只为KOA造模组,用改良Videman造模法制备兔KOA模型。模型验证后,从正常组中随机选取6只作为空白组(A组),KOA造模组抽取30只随机分为模型组(B组)、硫酸氨基葡萄糖组(C组)、追风透骨胶囊低剂量组(D组)、追风透骨胶囊中剂量组(E组)、追风透骨胶囊高剂量组(F组),每组6只。A、B组予蒸馏水灌胃,C、D、E、F组予相应药物灌胃,疗程均为6周。给药结束后,取造模侧膝关节软骨,予大体及HE染色观察,并用Pelletier评分及Mankin评分评估;以Western blot、RT-PCR法检测软骨中TLR4、My D88、NF-κB蛋白及其mRNA的表达;免疫组化法检测白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6, IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)的含量。结果 与A组比较,B组膝关节软骨破坏明显,Pelletier评分及Mankin评分均升高(P<0.01),软骨中TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB蛋白及其mRNA表达水平均上调(P<0.01),IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量均升高(P<0.01)。与B组比较,C、D、E、F组的软骨损伤程度轻,软骨Mankin评分均降低(P<0.01),软骨中TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB蛋白及m RNA表达水平均下调(P<0.01),IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量均降低(P<0.01),此外,F组软骨Pelletier评分较B组降低明显(P<0.05)。结论 追风透骨胶囊能延缓改良Videman造模法诱导的兔KOA模型关节软骨退变,其作用机制可能与下调软骨中TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB蛋白及m RNA的表达,抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路的活化,降低IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α在软骨中的含量,从而减轻炎症反应相关。

基于TLR4/NF-κB信号通路及血清CXCL16、ACA评价依达拉奉右莰醇对ACI神经功能的保护作用

目的基于Toll样受体(TLR)4/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路及血清CXC型趋化因子配体16(CXCL16)、抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)评价依达拉奉右莰醇治疗急性脑梗死(ACI)的疗效及神经功能保护作用。方法将102例ACI患者根据是否使用依达拉奉右莰醇分为两组:观察组(n=54)均在常规治疗基础上接受依达拉奉右莰醇治疗,对照组(n=48)未用依达拉奉治疗。对比两组治疗前及治疗7d、14d、30d后神经功能缺损量表(NIHSS),治疗前及治疗14d检测血清TLR4、NF-κB、白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、CXCL16、ACA,随访3个月采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评价预后。结果治疗后7d、14d、30d,两组NIHSS评分均下降,而观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗14d后,两组血清TLR4、NF-κB、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、CXCL16、ACA水平均下降,且观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。随访3个月,观察组mRS均分低于对照组(P<0.05),但两组预后差异无统计学意义(79.63%vs 68.75%,P>0.05)。结论依达拉奉右莰醇用于ACI的治疗可保护神经功能,其机制可能与调节TLR4/NF-κB信号通路及血清CXCL16、ACA表达有关。

柚皮素对过敏性鼻炎模型大鼠鼻黏膜组织TLR4/NF-κB/TNF-α信号通路的影响

目的探究柚皮素对过敏性鼻炎(AR)模型大鼠鼻黏膜组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子κB(NF-κB)/肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)信号通路的影响。方法建立AR大鼠模型,48只大鼠以随机数字表法平均分为4组:模型组、柚皮素低(100 mg/kg)剂量组、柚皮素高(200 mg/kg)剂量组、柚皮素高(200 mg/kg)剂量+脂多糖(LPS)(TLR4通路激活剂,0.4 mg/kg)组,另取12只SD大鼠设为对照组。以药物分组干预治疗后,观察大鼠鼻炎症状并进行评分;苏木精-伊红(HE)染色检测大鼠鼻黏膜组织病理形态改变;试剂盒测定大鼠血清IgE及炎性因子白细胞介素(IL)-17、IL-18水平;免疫组织化学染色检测大鼠鼻黏膜组织CD19、CD23表达;免疫印迹法检测大鼠鼻黏膜组织TLR4/NF-κB/TNF-α通路蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠鼻黏膜组织发生严重病理损伤,鼻炎症状评分、血清IgE、IL-17及IL-18水平、鼻黏膜组织CD19、CD23阳性细胞比例、鼻黏膜组织TLR4、核内NF-κB p65、TNF-α蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,柚皮素干预组大鼠鼻黏膜组织病理损伤均减轻,鼻炎症状评分、血清IgE、IL-17及IL-18水平、鼻黏膜组织CD19、CD23阳性细胞比例、鼻黏膜组织TLR4、核内NF-κB p65、TNF-α蛋白表达水平均降低,且柚皮素高剂量组大鼠各指标改变程度更强;与柚皮素高剂量组相比,柚皮素高剂量+LPS组大鼠鼻黏膜组织病理损伤加重,鼻炎症状评分、血清IgE、IL-17及IL-18水平、鼻黏膜组织CD19、CD23阳性细胞比例、鼻黏膜组织TLR4、核内NF-κB p65、TNF-α蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论柚皮素可通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB/TNF-α通路表达而减轻超敏反应及炎症,从而缓解鼻黏膜组织损伤,改善AR大鼠症状。

基于TLR4/NF-κB信号通路探讨乙肝宁颗粒对肝纤维化模型大鼠的作用机制

目的从Toll样受体-4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信号通路观察乙肝宁颗粒对肝纤维化(hepatic fibrosis,HF)模型大鼠的治疗作用及相关的作用机制。方法将64只SD随机分为空白组(12只)和造模组(52只),造模组采用四氯化碳皮下注射联合慢性夹尾应激的方法建立HF模型,造模成功的48只大鼠随机分为模型组(12只)、联苯双酯组(50 mg/kg,12只)、乙肝宁颗粒高剂量组(9.18 g/kg,12只,以下简称高剂量组)、乙肝宁颗粒低剂量组(4.59 g/kg,12只,以下简称低剂量组)。治疗组连续灌胃给药治疗4周。治疗结束后,比较各组大鼠肝功能指标谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、总蛋白(total protein,TPO,TP)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)的水平;HE和Masson染色观察大鼠肝组织纤维化情况,免疫组织化学法和Western blot实验检测肝组织TLR4、NF-κB蛋白表达情况。结果(1)与空白组比较,模型组ALB、TP含量降低(P<0.05),肝组织存在细胞排列紊乱、变性肿胀坏死、脂肪空泡形成、炎性浸润等病理现象;高剂量组肝组织损伤程度均有明显改善,脂肪空泡明显减少,胶原纤维沉积程度减轻;低剂量组改善情况低于高剂量组;联苯双酯组与高剂量组之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。(2)与空白组相比,模型组大鼠肝脏指数、AST、ALT含量明显升高(P<0.05),与模型组比较,高剂量组肝脏指数、AST、ALT含量降低(P<0.05),低剂量组上述指标情况高于高剂量组(P<0.05),联苯双酯组与高剂量组之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。(3)与空白组相比,模型组大鼠肝脏组织中TLR4、NF-κB、TGF-β、Smad3蛋白表达增加(P<0.05);与模型组相比,高剂量组大鼠肝脏组织中TLR4、NF-κB、TGF-β、Smad3蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),高剂量组降低的程度高于低剂量组(P<0.01);与联苯双酯组相比,高剂量组上述蛋白的表达水平无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论乙肝宁颗粒可改善HF模型大鼠肝脏指数、肝脏病理表现,其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路中TLR4、NF-κB、TGF-β、Smad3的表达有关,且高剂量组疗效优于低剂量组。

基于TLR4/NF-κB信号通路沉默miR-21对糖尿病肾病大鼠的干预效果

目的探究基于Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)信号通路沉默微小RNA-21(MicroRNA-21,miR-21)对糖尿病肾病大鼠的干预效果。方法选取45只大鼠,10只作为空白组,其余35只建立糖尿病肾病模型,最终有30只建模成功,将最终建模成功的30只大鼠分为模型组、上调组和下调组,每组10只。做miR-21转染,将10μl miR-21过表达慢病毒悬液、miR-21沉默慢病毒悬液分别注射于上调组、下调组大鼠胃组织中,空白组、模型组注射同剂量的蒸馏水灌胃,注射24 h后观察大鼠变化。结果与空白相比,模型组、上调组、下调组白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、C-C基序趋化因子2(CC chemokine ligand 2,CCL2)、内皮素-1(endothelin 1,ET-1)、结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)、转化生长因子-β1(transforming the growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)水平、TLR4、NF-κB表达量上升,一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)水平下降(P<0.05);与模型组相比,上调组IL-6、IL-1、CCL2、ET-1、CTGF、TGF-β1水平、TLR4、NF-κB表达量上升(P<0.05),NO水平下降(P<0.05),下调组IL-6、IL-1、CCL2、ET-1、CTGF、TGF-β1水平、TLR4、NF-κB表达量下降(P<0.05),NO水平上升(P<0.05);与上调组相比,下调组IL-6、IL-1、CCL2、ET-1、CTGF、TGF-β1水平、TLR4、NF-κB表达量下降(P<0.05),NO水平上升(P<0.05)。结论沉默miR-21可缓解糖尿病肾病大鼠炎性反应、肾纤维化,改善内皮功能,其机制可能与TLR4/NF-κB信号通路被抑制有关。

蛛网膜下腔出血患者TLR4/NF-κB信号通路变化及意义

目的探究蛛网膜下腔出血患者Toll样受体4(Toll like receptor 4,TLR4)/核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)信号通路变化及意义。方法选取作者医院2018-05/2021-06月收治的60例蛛网膜下腔出血患者作为观察组,另选取同期体检健康者60例作为对照组。比较两组TLR4/NF-κB信号通路相关因子表达,分析蛛网膜下腔出血患者TLR4/NF-κB信号通路相关因子与神经功能损害美国国立卫生院卒中量表(national institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分的关系。比较不同预后患者发病第1、3、7、14天外周血TLR4/NF-κB信号通路相关因子,绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,评价TLR4/NF-κB信号通路相关因子对蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的预测价值,分析TLR4/NF-κB信号通路相关因子与蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后不良风险的关系。结果观察组TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA表达均高于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。蛛网膜下腔出血患者入院当天NIHSS评分为(11.24±3.12)分,根据Pearson相关性模型分析可知,蛛网膜下腔出血患者TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA表达均与NIHSS评分呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。不同组别间患者TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA相对表达量差异有统计学意义(F组间=8.037、19.348,P均<0.001),不同时间点患者TLR4 mRNA相对表达量差异有统计学意义(F时间=5.128、16.207,P均<0.001),且时间与组间存在交互效应(F交互=6.497、18.032,P=0.015、<0.001)。预后不良组患者发病第1天TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA相对表达量较预后良好组患者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。预后不良组患者发病第3天、7天、14天TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA相对表达量均高于预后良好组患者(P均<0.05)。预后不良组患者、预后良好组患者发病第3天TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA相对表达量升至最高(P均<0.05);发病第7天、14天TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA相对表达量均较发病第3天明显下降,且发病第14天降至最低(P均<0.05)。以预后不良作为阳性样本,预后良好作为阴性样本,绘制ROC曲线,结果显示,发病第3、7、14天TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA联合预测蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的AUC分别为0.854、0.894、0.915,较各指标单独诊断价值明显提高。Logistic回归分析显示,TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA仍与蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后不良有关(P均<0.05)。结论蛛网膜下腔出血后TLR4/NF-κB信号通路被激活,TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA表达明显上调,且TLR4/NF-κB信号通路与蛛网膜下腔出血患者早期脑损伤有关,为临床治疗提供了新思路,有助于改善患者预后。