STUDY ON SYNTHESIS OF p-TOLUIDINE-o-SULFONIC ACID

Synthesis of p toluidine o sulfonic acid from p toluidine by sulfonation in solvent was studied,and effects of various reaction conditions or factors on the reaction were discussed in detail.As a result,the following optimum process conditions are presented:50 mL dichlorobenzene,2%～5% oleum,molar ratio of sulfonating agent to p toluidine is 1.10～1.12,oleum is dropped in the reaction system in 10 min or so,sulfate formation time is 2 h,distillation lasts 8 h.Under the above conditions,the purity and the yield of p toluidine o sulfonic acid are better than that of the same product made in Japan.

The Photopolymerization Kinetics of Acryl amide Sensitized with Toluidine Blue-Alcoholamine Induced by He-Ne Laser

Toluidine blue(TB) is a good sensitizer for the polymerization of acrylnmide(AM) induced by He-Ne laser. With TB as a sensitizer and various alcoholamine as donors, the photoredox of TB and the polymerization kinetics of AM induced by He-Ne laser were investigated. It was found that either for the photoredox of TB or for the polymerization of AM, the activity of alcoholamine increases in the order of EOA<DEOA <TEOA in TB-alcoholamine sensitized system. The overall apparent kinetic equations of AM polymerization at 30℃ have been determined. In addition, the molecular weights under various conditions was measured.

Hydrogenation of Toluidines Catalyzed by Silica-supported Carboxymethylcellulose-platinum Complex

The hydrogenation of toluidines catalyzed by silica-supported carboxymethyl cellulose platinum complex forms methylcyclohexlamines in high yields, such as m-toluidine to 3-methylcyclohexylamine, o-toluidine to 2-methylcyclohexylamine, and p-toluidine to 4-methylcyclohexylamine in 97%, 96.7% and 98.2% yields, respectively, at 30 ℃ and under atmospheric hydrogen pressure. The yields were remarkably affected by the Pt content in the complex, the kind of solvent and the reaction temperature. The catalyst was very stable and could be reused several times without remarkable change in the catalytic activity.

Toluidine blue O and porphyrin-mediated photodynamic therapy on three main pathogenic bacteria of periodontitis using portable LED phototherapy device

Photodynamic therapy(PDT)has been commonly used in treating many diseases,such as cancer and infectious diseases.We investigated the different effects of PDT on three main pathogenic bacteria of periodontitis-Prevotella melaninogenica(P.m.),Porphyromonas gingitvalis(P.g.)and Aggregatibacter actinomycetercomitans(A.a-).The portable red light-ermitting diode(LED)phototherapy device was used to assess the exogenous PDT effects with different light doses and photosensitizer concentrations(Toluidine blue O,TBO).The portable blue LED phototherapy device was used to assess the endogenous PDT effects with the use of endogenous photosensit izers(porphyrin)under dfferent light doses.We found out that both exogenous and endogenous PDT were able to restrict the growth of all the three bacteria significantly.Moreover,the optimal PDT conditions for these bacteria were obtained through this in vitro screening and could guide the clinical PDT on periodontitis.

Effects of Different Toluidine Blue Dyes on Presenting Chicken Intestine Mast Cells

Chicken intestinal tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with the dyes of 1% toluidine blue, 0.5 % toluidine blue-ethanol and toluidine blue-potassium permanganate respectively. Chicken intestinal tissues stained by 1% toluidine blue showed that mast cells presented the lavender, while the staining was light and the structure was susceptible to be intervened, and it was difficult to observe the structures of mast cells. Chicken intestinal tissues stained by toluidine blue-potassium permanganate showed that the tissue sections presented the navy blue, the structures of mast cells could not be observed clearly. Chicken intestinal tissues stained by 0.5% toluidine blue-ethanol showed that the mast cells presented the blue-violet and the outlines were clear; the cytoplasm was hy- perchromatic and the staining of nucleus was light; the structures of mast cells could be clearly distinguished from the surrounding structures. In conclusion, the staining effect of 0.5% toluidine blue-ethanol on chicken intestine mast cells was good and the structure of mast cell could be observed clearly.

Toluidine Blue O-Gelatin Gel Dosimeter for Radiation Processing

In this study the spectrophotometric response of the Toluidine Blue O (TBO)-gelatin gel dosimeter irradiated with gamma rays was characterized. Preparation of dyed-gelatin gel takes place in neutral medium;to give eventually gel dosimeter has a sharp absorbance peak at 635 nm that bleaches quantitatively upon irradiation and the colour change can be measured with UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The useful dose range was 1 - 150 Gy. The radiation chemical yield (G-value) of gel dosimeter was calculated and found to increase by increasing concentration of dye. Post-irradiation storage on the response of gel is discussed. The dose response function, radiation sensitivity, and dependences of the response on environmental factors were studied.

Assessment of Spermatic Chromatin Decondensation by the Toluidine Blue Assay in Infertile Patients in Cotonou

Background: A high level of sperm chromatin decondensation results in loss of DNA quality and it is associated with poor embryonic prognosis in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). This had lead to introduction of sperm DNA compaction testing in assessment of clinical male infertility. Toluidine blue assay is one of most commonly used tests to measure chromatin decondensation in research studies and also in clinical routine use. So the objective of our study was to assess the level of sperm chromatin decondensation by toluidine blue assay in men dealing with couple infertility. Methods: The sperm samples of 96 patients referred for infertility, over a 4-month period from September 2020 to January 2021, were stained with toluidine blue and observed under an optical microscope. These were evaluated according to the World Health Organization. Results: The 25 - 34 age group was the most represented among infertile men. There was a non-significant correlation between age and the level of spermatic chromatin condensation (r = 0.0348). Spermatic parameters had averages above standards norms, apart from that of low vitality. Spermatic chromatin decondenization affected 96% of infertile patients. Asthenozoospermia was the most common abnormality. Among standard parameters of spermogram, only the concentration of spermatozoa in the semen was weakly correlated (r = 0.18) with sperm chromatin decondensation. Conclusion: The level of sperm chromatin condensation is, on the one hand, a parameter independent of the age of the subject; on the other hand, allows to evaluate male infertility, like the classic parameters of the spermogram and spermocytogram. However, in view of the high probability of changes in the nuclear quality of sperm intrinsic to the analysis process and sperm concentration, an improvement of the toluidine blue test using the swim-up technique and associated with image processing software is possible.

Associations of toluidine red unheated serum test response to the treatment of syphilis in pregnancy and congenital syphilis: a 10-year real-world study

Background: So far, there is a paucity of real-world data on the syphilis serological responses to the first-line treatment during pregnancy, and there is no relevant study on the necessity of anti-syphilis treatment during pregnancy for those patients who have been treated for syphilis before pregnancy for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, which might provide valuable insight into treatment effectiveness and optimal management of pregnant women with syphilis.Methods: A retrospective study on 10 years of real-world data was performed for accumulative 410 Chinese pregnant women with syphilis. The descriptive statistics were conducted in the study, and toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST) titer responses to penicillin treatment in syphilis-infected pregnant women, and the associations with congenital syphilis were investigated. We divided the patients into two groups according to the history of anti-syphilis treatment before pregnancy (patients diagnosed with syphilis who had received anti-syphilis treatment before pregnancy, and patients screened and diagnosed with syphilis during pregnancy who had no previous history of anti-syphilis treatment).Results: The rate of congenital syphilis in this study was 6.2% (25/406). There was no significant difference in the rate of congenital syphilis between patients who received anti-syphilis treatment before pregnancy and those who did not. Secondary syphilis and high baseline serum TRUST titer (≥1:8) in pregnant women were independent risk factors for congenital syphilis.Conclusions: For the prevention of congenital syphilis, anti-syphilis treatment during pregnancy for syphilis seropositive pregnant women is needed, regardless of whether the patient has received anti-syphilis treatment before pregnancy, especially for those patients with secondary syphilis or high baseline serum TRUST titer, thus, timely surveillance, early diagnosis to timely treatment, and close syphilis reexamination during posttreatment follow-up, may help to reduce the above-mentioned risk factors for congenital syphilis.

Electropolymerized poly(Toluidine Blue)-modified carbon felt for highly sensitive amperometric determination of NADH in flow injection analysis

Poly（pheniothiazine） films were prepared on a porous carbon felt（CF） electrode surface by an electrooxidative polymerization of three phenothiazine derivatives（i.e.,Tthionine（TN）,Toluidine Blue（TB） and Methylene Blue（MB）） from 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution（pH 7.0）.Among the three phenothiazies,the poly（TB） film-modified CF exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form（NADH） at ＋0.2 V vs.Ag/AgCl.The poly（TB） film-modified CF was successfully used as working electrode unit of highly sensitive amperometric flow-through detector for NADH.The peak currents（peak heights） were almost unchanged,irrespective of a carrier flow rate ranging from 2.0 to 4.1 mL/min,resulting in the measurement of NADH（ca.30 samples/hr） at 4.1 mL/min.The peak current responses of NADH showed linear relationship over the concentration range from 1 to 30 μmol/L（sensitivity：0.318 μA/（μmol/L）;correlation coefficient：0.997）.The lower detection limit was found to be 0.3 μmol/L（S/N = 3）.

Study on electrode process of myoglobin at a polymerized Toluidine Blue film electrode

This paper reports the use of an electrochemically polymerized Toluidine Blue (TB) film electrode.The film on platinum electrode surface was analyzed with ESCA.The heterogeneous electron transfer processes of myoglobin at the polymerized TB film electrode have been investigated using in situ UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry.The formal potential(E°′)and electron transfer number(n)of myoglobin were calculated as E°′=0.045 V(vs.NHE)and n=0.99.The exhaustive reduction and oxidation electrolyses are achieved in 130 s and 110 s respectively,during a potential step between-0.4 V and+0.4 V.A formal heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant(ksh)of 1.09× 10^(-4) cm/s and a transfer coefficient(α)of 0.47 were obtained by cyclic voltabsorptometry,which indicated that myoglobin underwent a quasi-reversible electrode process at the polymerized TB film electrode.

Optimal therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in cerebral ischemic injury

A preliminary study from our research group showed that picroside II inhibited neuronal apop- tosis in ischemic penumbra, reduced ischemic volume, and improved neurobehavioral function in rats with cerebral ischemia. The aim of the present study was to validate the neuroprotective effects of picroside II and optimize its therapeutic time window and dose in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. We found that picroside Ⅱ inhibited cell apoptosis and reduced the expression of neuron-specific enolase, a marker of neuronal damage, in rats after cerebral ischemic injury. The optimal treatment time after ischemic injury and dose were determined, respectively, as follows： （1） 2.0 hours and 10 mg/kg according to the results of toluidine blue staining; （2） 1.5 hours and 10 mg/kg according to early apoptotic ratio by flow cytometry; （3） 2.0 hours and 10 mg/kg according to immunohistochemical and western blot analysis; and （4） 1.5 hours and 10 mg/kg according to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The present findings suggest that an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg picroside II 1.5-2.0 hours after cerebral ischemic injury in rats is the optimal dose and time for therapeutic benefit.

CARTILAGE- LIKE PHENOMENON IN THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT

Objective. To detect histological characteristic of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL). Methods. In each of 20 skeletally mature male mongrels and 4 men, the ACL and MCL were examined by standard hematoxylin- eosin procedure and toluidine blue staining for histologic observation. Results. The fibroblasts in medial collateral are elongated to spindle shape and aligned in a row between the bundles of collagenous fibers. Toluidine blue staining is negative. The anterior cruciate ligament demonstrated more heterogenous cell types and arrangement. It had three major cell forms:spindle, round and ovoid type, which were shorter but greater than the cells in medial collateral ligament. Toluidine blue staining was positive in anterior cruciate ligament. Most cells in anterior cruciate ligament were enclosed within lacunae. Conclusion. This study suggests that the ACL has different histological characteristics from MCL, and is more cartilage- like in nature.

Facile Synthesis,Characterization of Flower-Like Vanadium Pentoxide Powders and Their Photocatalytic Behavior

In this paper, V2O5 sol was firstly prepared using vanadyl sulfate as a vanadium source by modified sol-gel method at room temperature. Then flower-like V2O5 powders were prepared by coagulating as-prepared sol with anhydrous ethanol and subsequent annealing crystallization. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that V2O5 powders exhibited orthorhombic crystal structure after annealing at 450 ℃. The experimental data obtained from both field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy identified that V2O5 powders were approximately flower-like in shape and about 5 μm in size. Besides, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of flowerlike V2O5 powders was 24.25 m^2/g. According to Uv-Vis spectroscopy, the degradation rate of toluidine blue O（TBO） on as-prepared flower-like V2O5 powders during 10 h of visible light irradiation with an intensity of 15.4 mW/m^2 was 88%,which was faster than those over P25（46%） as a comparison. In addition, the mineralization process of TBO was investigated, which primarily consisted of demethylation and ring-opening oxidation processes, and confirmed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry. The precipitation-oxidation-peptization, coagulation, and crystallization processes were proposed as the formation mechanism for the preparation of flower-like V2O5.