Brief History of Xu-style Gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties

This paper studied the gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties by combining ancient literature with the study of Han Dynasty stone reliefs.The results showed that by Qin and Han Dynasties,the imperial(royal)gardens and private gardens in ancient Xuzhou had developed in parallel.Imperial(royal)gardens were built by or for vassal kings,First Emperor of Qin Dynasty,Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty Liu Bang,for example,Pei Palace,Yanqi Tai,Xima Tai,Hanzu Temple,Lingguang Palace of Lu and so on.As for private gardens,stone reliefs in medium or small tombs owned by the bigwigs or the rich were collected from ancient Xuzhou,and from which we can see clearly the development of private garden from the court,the yard to the garden,rich garden plants and animal species,garden architecture types such as hall,building,pavilion,platform,boat,corridor,gate,gatetower,ornamental column etc.,particularly,hanging waterside pavilion was a unique architectural form of Xu-style garden.These achievements showed that Xu-style garden architecture had been transformed from the pre-Qin incubation period to the generation period.

Frontier of Military Defense Buildings in the Western Regions of the Han and Tang Dynasties Based on CiteSpace

Under the guidance of the “the Belt and Road” policy, the academic community continues to study the historical relics of the western regions and military facilities along the silk road in recent years. Focusing on the military defense buildings in the western regions of the Han and Tang Dynasties, CiteSpace software is used to conduct statistical and visual analysis on the hot issues of relevant literature in the military buildings on the silk road. Based on the analysis of frontier hot issues, the research trend of future topics is analyzed and predicted. The research shows that the frontier hot spots of military architecture in the western regions of Han and Tang Dynasties are extensive, and the research trend is steadily rising.

The Influence of the Southern Silk Road on the Social Development of the Southwestern Yi in the Qin and Han Dynasties

The Southern Silk Road ran through Sichuan,Yunnan,and other provinces of China.It was a vital transport artery that linked the region of the southwestern Yi(barbarian tribes)to the Central Plains and influenced politics,economy,and culture in the region of the southwestern Yi in ancient times.The imperial governments of the Qin and Han dynasties kept developing regions along the Southern Silk Road.Their relentless efforts brought about social development in the region of the southwestern Yi in three aspects.Politically,they established the county system and step by step integrated the southwestern frontier and the inland into an administrative whole;economically,they implemented“presenting generous gifts and tax exemption,”spread the advanced production technology from the Central Plains,and promoted local economic growth;ideologically,they spread Confucianism and culture,and promoted cultural exchange and development.

Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Built between 1368 and 1911, The Imperial Tombs of the Ming （1368- 1644） and Qing （1644-1911） dynaslies includes Xianling Tombs of theMing Dynast）. Eastern and Western Qing Tornbs, Xiaoling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty.

Glimpse of the Han Dynasty from Han Stone Relief——Take the Han stone relief in Tengzhou For Example

Han stone relief is a kind of unique burial art in China and has a far-reaching influence in the whole history of art.Han stone relief is discovered in quite a few districts in China.Tengzhou is one of the districts that discovers Han stone relief at the earliest and has relatively abundant remains.The article takes Han stone relief that is in Tengzhou Shandong as an example,analyzes the subjects and contents of it,as well as its values,and explores the mainstream ideology which is reflected by these stone portraits at that time.

Aesthetic Research of Xu-style Gardens in Han Dynasty

From the aesthetic point of view,this paper summarized the artistic style of Xu-style gardens in Han Dynasty,and through the analysis of the historical and cultural background of Xuzhou in this period,explained the formation of the style of Xu-style gardens in Han Dynasty and its cultural origin.Through the interpretation of landscape,architecture,plants and other garden elements and typical examples,the connotation of the garden art style of Xu-style was analyzed.Clarifying humble beauty of Xu-style gardens would help to better apply local artistic style in future garden construction and promote the development of regional gardens.

Simulated Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Climate Change in China during the Han Dynasty(1–200 A.D.)

In this study,a 2000-year simulation forced by transient,external forcings is carried out with the Community Earth System Model.The authors investigate the spatiotemporal features of climate change in the Han Dynasty(1–200 A.D.)using the empirical orthogonal function(EOF)method.The leading EOF mode of the annua mean temperature anomalies shows a uniform variation of temperature over the whole of China,while the second EOF mode indicates opposite variations of temperature between western and eastern China.For the annual mean precipitation anomalies,the first EOF mode indicates a meridional dipole pattern over eastern China,with increased(decreased)precipitation to the south of the Yangtze River and decreased(increased)precipitation to the north.The leading mode of the 850 h Pa winds and sea level pressure in summer exhibits a southwesterly(northeasterly)anomaly over South China,which is associated with a strengthened(reduced)meridional sea level pressure gradient.Compared to reconstructions,the model can capture the majority of features of climate changes in the Han Dynasty,though it underestimates the magnitude.

Comparative Analysis of Imperial Gardens in the Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty was the foundation period of Chinese feudal society and an important period for the growth and development of imperial gardens.Therefore,the Han Dynasty has always been a hot topic in the study of Chinese classical garden history.This study analyzed the background and mainstream thoughts of the Han Dynasty,compared creative ideas,construction techniques,and garden construction achievements of imperial gardens in the Han Dynasty,and elaborated on the similarities and differences between creative ideas,gardening techniques,and social functions of imperial gardens in the Han Dynasty.It is hoped that through this study,the status of the gardening art of the Han Dynasty in the history of Chinese classical gardens can be evaluated more scientifically and objectively,and some reliable theoretical basis for modern garden design is provided.

The History of the Former Han Dynasty:A Critical Translation with Annotations Translated by Homer Hasenpflug Dubs

Translation is an important medium of cultural communication.It is not a mere transfer of two languages,but the interaction of two cultures.Cultural misreading,which results from cultural discrepancy and translator’s subjectivity,truly reflects where the blockade and conflict in the cultural communication is.Cultural misreading is an objective phenomenon that exists in the entire process of translation.This paper intends to make a comprehensive analysis and discussion on The History of the Former Han Dynasty:a Critical Translation with Annotations translated by Homer Hasenpflug Dubs.As for the reasons of cultural misreading,this paper divides them into three types—language,thinking habit,traditional culture.It is to be hoped that this paper will draw more attention from the translation circle to the phenomena,and make contribution to the development of literary translation.

Changxin Palace Lamp A Beam of Light from the Han Dynasty

A palace maid in the Western Han Dynasty sat on her bare.feet, eyebrows slender, face plump, wearing headdress and dressed in curving-front robe. For more than two thousand years, she has never moved a step by herself However, she has set out from the Western Han Dynasty, bringing a distant beam of light. She was born for the light, holding the lamp in both hands and projecting the light forward. When you watch this lamp, it seems that you can see the era which it illuminated.

Xu-style Garden Architecture of the Han Dynasty: Hanging Waterside Pavilion

Based on the Han Dynasty stone reliefs unearthed in the ancient Xuzhou area,a kind of pavilion above the water—hanging waterside pavilion(Xuan Shui Xie,built above the water with stilts and brackets as the base and seeming hanging on the water)was systematically collected and classifi ed into 2 major categories:single-bracket column hanging waterside pavilion and multiple-bracket column hanging waterside pavilion.The research showed that hanging waterside pavilion got ride of traditional pavilion’s reliance on rammed earth foundation.In addition to working as a connection part,brackets,or bucket arches(Dougong)had also tremendous load-bearing capacity,straight and curved brackets co-formed a giant multiple bracket system,staircases and one-side hanging structure were used to support the upper construction,so that a new towering but light wooden structure hanging above the water was created,which was an innovation of bracket technique of the Han Dynasty,and also a creative design in the development of wooden architecture.

A Brief Analysis of Competitive Sports Depicted on the Portrait Bricks and Stones of the Han Dynasty

The emergence of competitive sports in ancient China is closely related to military activities.With the evolution and development of society,many sporting events have been introduced to and accepted by,the people and later carried forward from generation to generation.In the Han Dynasty,thanks to the strong national strength and booming economy,competitive sports witnessed rapid development.People at that time,from imperial officials to common people,were all keen on various competitive sports and such sports were also very popular among the folk.Along with this,there emerged multiple monographs on sports.Portrait bricks are the remnants of the lavish burial rituals of the Han Dynasty.As the economy grew and social wealth amassed,the lavish burial custom prevailing since the Spring and Autumn Period reached its peak in the Han Dynasty,especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty.People would bury in tombs along with various articles they used before they died.They would also paint the life of the tomb owner on bricks to decorate the tomb by embedding them in the tomb chamber.The images on the portrait bricks unearthed from the tombs of the Han Dynasty are the most intuitive and convincing physical evidence to reflect the development of competitive sports at that time.We conduct a preliminary study on competitive sports in the Han Dynasty by using the portrait bricks of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Sichuan province and the Yellow River basin as examples,aiming to do our bit to build a sporting powerhouse and a healthy China.

Study on the Brocades of Han Dynasty in Philadelphia Museum of Art

The brocades (jin 锦) in Han Dynasty is very precious for the study of the history of ancient Chinese textiles. This paper introduces the study on the brocades of Han Dynasty, which excavated from the tumuli of the ancient nomadic tribe “Xiong-nu” (Hun 匈 奴) in the Noin-Ula Mountains in Mongolia. The detailed analyses of the brocades in the collection of Philadelphia Museum of Art are given in this paper and a logical, reasonable conjecture for ancient weaving technology is proposed.

An Elementary Study of the Unearthed Mathematics Book, Suanshu Shu

The transcription of the Suanshu Shu算數書(a bamboo book of mathematics)in simplified Chinese characters offers a new opportunity to explore the history of Chinese mathematics in ancient times.This paper analyzes the style and structure of the Suanshu Shu and makes comparisons with the Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures and a number of other texts in various social contexts.It will be shown that the Suanshu Shu was compiled from at least two sources,and that no direct textual interplay exists between the Suanshu Shu and the Nine Chapters,although both share the same origins in the Pre-Qin period when the major mathematical methods in the Nine Chapters came into being.It will also be shown that the Suanshu Shu was accomplished with the methods used in certain mathematical books in the Pre-Qin period or their results,which later led to the Nine Chapters,and by accommodating the actual conditions of the lower government administration.The Suanshu Shu is significant for establishing the evolution of algorithmic mathematics from the Warring States period to the Han dynasty.