In this paper, we propose a method for characterizing a musical signal by extracting a set of harmonic descriptors reflecting the maximum information contained in this signal. We focus our study on a signal of orienta...In this paper, we propose a method for characterizing a musical signal by extracting a set of harmonic descriptors reflecting the maximum information contained in this signal. We focus our study on a signal of oriental music characterized by its richness in tone that can be extended to 1/4 tone, taking into account the frequency and time characteristics of this type of music. To do so, the original signal is slotted and analyzed on a window of short duration. This signal is viewed as the result of a combined modulation of amplitude and frequency. For this result, we apply short-term the non-stationary sinusoidal modeling technique. In each segment, the signal is represented by a set of sinusoids characterized by their intrinsic parameters: amplitudes, frequencies and phases. The modeling approach adopted is closely related to the slot window;therefore great importance is devoted to the study and the choice of the kind of the window and its width. It must be of variable length in order to get better results in the practical implementation of our method. For this purpose, evaluation tests were carried out by synthesizing the signal from the estimated parameters. Interesting results have been identified concerning the comparison of the synthesized signal with the original signal.展开更多
This paper discusses the acquisition of Mandarin lexical tones by American second language(L2)learners.The analy sis of the tone errors in the reading p assa g e and the spontaneous speech showed that the surface Tone...This paper discusses the acquisition of Mandarin lexical tones by American second language(L2)learners.The analy sis of the tone errors in the reading p assa g e and the spontaneous speech showed that the surface Tone 4error is the most frequent at the prosodic word(P W)-initial position in both the intermediate and the advanced learner group s.Attempts were made to account for this tone error p attern within some second language acquisition(SLA)frameworks,but in vain.It was arg ued that this tone error pattern may be due to the high pitch tendency at the p hrase-or sentence-initial position in speech.Although this is more of ageneral pattern across languages,the production of such a tendency by L2 learners sup erseded the underly in g tones,hence the surface Tone 4errors.The sp ecial status of Tone 4in L2 sp eech corres ponds to the special status of the same tone in the first language(L1)speech(Wan,2007).However,it was cautioned that such similarity should not be taken as evidence for the similarity in L1 and L2acquisition in that different processes are involved in L1 and L2production.展开更多
文摘In this paper, we propose a method for characterizing a musical signal by extracting a set of harmonic descriptors reflecting the maximum information contained in this signal. We focus our study on a signal of oriental music characterized by its richness in tone that can be extended to 1/4 tone, taking into account the frequency and time characteristics of this type of music. To do so, the original signal is slotted and analyzed on a window of short duration. This signal is viewed as the result of a combined modulation of amplitude and frequency. For this result, we apply short-term the non-stationary sinusoidal modeling technique. In each segment, the signal is represented by a set of sinusoids characterized by their intrinsic parameters: amplitudes, frequencies and phases. The modeling approach adopted is closely related to the slot window;therefore great importance is devoted to the study and the choice of the kind of the window and its width. It must be of variable length in order to get better results in the practical implementation of our method. For this purpose, evaluation tests were carried out by synthesizing the signal from the estimated parameters. Interesting results have been identified concerning the comparison of the synthesized signal with the original signal.
文摘This paper discusses the acquisition of Mandarin lexical tones by American second language(L2)learners.The analy sis of the tone errors in the reading p assa g e and the spontaneous speech showed that the surface Tone 4error is the most frequent at the prosodic word(P W)-initial position in both the intermediate and the advanced learner group s.Attempts were made to account for this tone error p attern within some second language acquisition(SLA)frameworks,but in vain.It was arg ued that this tone error pattern may be due to the high pitch tendency at the p hrase-or sentence-initial position in speech.Although this is more of ageneral pattern across languages,the production of such a tendency by L2 learners sup erseded the underly in g tones,hence the surface Tone 4errors.The sp ecial status of Tone 4in L2 sp eech corres ponds to the special status of the same tone in the first language(L1)speech(Wan,2007).However,it was cautioned that such similarity should not be taken as evidence for the similarity in L1 and L2acquisition in that different processes are involved in L1 and L2production.
