Stress Analysis of Top Tensioned Riser Under Random Waves and Vessel Motions

The bending stresses of top tensioned riser(TTR) under combined excitations of currents,random waves and vessel motions are presented in this paper,and the effect of the internal flowing fluid on the riser stresses is also considered.The computation programs which are used to solve the differential equations in the time domain are compiled and the principal factors of concern including the angular movements at the upper and lower ends of the riser,lateral displacements and bending stresses are presented.Then the effects of current velocity,random wave,top tension,vessel mean offset,low frequency motion and internal flow velocity on the bending stresses of the riser are analyzed in detail.

Fatigue Life Assessment of Top Tensioned Risers Under Vortex-Induced Vibrations

The fatigue life of top tensioned risers under vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) with consideration of the effect of internal flowing fluid on the riser is analyzed in the time domain.The long-term stress histories of the riser under VIVs are calculated and the mean stresses,the number of stress cycles and amplitudes are determined by the rainflow counting method.The Palmgren-Miner rule for cumulative damage theory with a specified S-N curve is used to estimate the fatigue life of the riser.The corresponding numerical programs numerical simulation of vortex-induced vibrations (NSVIV) which can be used to calculate the VIV response and fatigue life of the riser are compiled.Finally the influences of the riser's parameters such as flexural rigidity,top tension and internal flow velocity on the fatigue life of the riser are analyzed in detail and some conclusions are drawn.

Design and Analysis of Tapered Stress Joint for Top Tensioned Riser System

Stress Joint （SJ） plays a key role in the Top Tensioned Riser （TTR） system for deep water engineering. A preliminary design method of tapered SJ is proposed in the paper, which could help designers obtain accurate design data. After a further sensitive analysis is carried out, the related parameters choice and control methods are recommended in the engineering practice. By taking the extreme environment conditions into consideration, the effects of bending stress reduction and curve control are analyzed, and the 3-D FE models are established by ABQOUS for numerical evaluation to verify the correctness of design results. At last, dynamic analysis and fatigue analysis, based on actual project, are carried out with designed stress joint. The analysis results prove the feasibility and guidance of this method in the practical engineering applications.

Numerical Prediction of Vortex-Induced Vibrations on Top Tensioned Riser in Consideration of Internal Flow

In consideration of the effect of the internal flowing fluid and the external marine environmental condition on the vortex-induced vibration （VIV） of top tensioned riser （Till）, the differential equation is derived based on work-energy principles and the riser near wake dynamics is modeled by Facchinetti＇ s wake oscillator model. Then Galerkin＇ s finite element approximation is implemented to derive the nonlinear matrix equation of the coupled equations and file corresponding numerical programs are compiled which solve the coupled equations directly in the time domain. The comparison of the predicted results with the recent experimental results and the prediction of SHEAR7 is performed. The results show the validity of the proposed method on the prediction of VIV of deep water risers. The effect of internal flow on the dynamic characteristics and dynmnic response of the riser is analyzed and several valuable conelusions are drawn.

Nonlinear Coupled in-Line and Cross-Flow Vortex-Induced Vibration Analysis of Top Tensioned Riser

The fluctuating furces of the fluid exerted on the top terrsioned riser （＇FIR） in the in-line and cross-flow directions are both modeled by van del Pol wake oscillator model and the nonlinear coupled dynamics of the in-line and cross-flow vortex-induced vibrations （VIV） of the riser are analyzed in time domain in this papar. The numencal shnulation results of the riser＇s in-line and cross-flow displacements and curvatures are compared with experimental measurements and the comparison shows the validity of this method in modeling some main features of the riser＇s VIV. Finally, the effects of the riser＇s top tensions and internal flow velocities on the coupled vibrations of the riser are investigated.

Parametric Instability Analysis of Deepwater Top-Tensioned Risers Considering Variable Tension Along the Length

Parametric instability of a riser is caused by fluctuation of its tension in time due to the heave motion of floating platform. Many studies have tackled the problem of parametric instability of a riser with constant tension. However, tension in the riser actually varies linearly from the top to the bottom due to the effect of gravity. This paper presents the parametric instability analysis of deepwater top-tensioned risers(TTR) considering the linearly varying tension along the length. Firstly, the governing equation of transverse motion of TTR under parametric excitation is established. This equation is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations by using the Galerkin method. Then the parametric instability of TTR for three calculation models are investigated by applying the Floquet theory. The results show that the natural frequencies of TTR with variable tension are evidently reduced, the parametric instability zones are significantly increased and the maximum allowable amplitude of platform heave is much smaller under the same damping; The nodes and antinodes of mode shape are no longer uniformly distributed along the axial direction and the amplitude also changes with depth, which leads to coupling between the modes. The combination resonance phenomenon occurs as a result of mode coupling, which causes more serious damage.

Simplified Prediction Model for Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Top Tensioned Risers

According to the characteristics of deepwater top tensioned risers, a simplified model is presented to predict the multi-modal response of vortex-induced vibration （VIV） in non-uniform flow based on energy equilibrium theory and the exporimental data from VIV self-excited and forced oscillations of rigid cylinders. The response amplitude of each mode is determined by a balance between the energy fed into the riser over the lock-in regions and the energy dissipated by the fluid damping over the remainders. Compared with the previous prediction models, this method can take fully account of the intrinsic nature of VIV for low mass ratio structures on lock-in regions, added mass and nonlinear fluid damping effect, etc. Moreover, it is the first time to propose the accurate calculating procedure for VIV amplitude correction factor by solving energy equilibrium equation and a closed form solution is presented for the case of a riser of uniform mass and cross-section oscillating in a uniform flow. The predicted values show a reasonable agreement with VIV experiments of riser models in stepped and sheared currents.

Hydrodynamic Response of A Fully Coupled TLP Hull-TTR System with Detailed Modeling of A Hydraulic Pneumatic Tensioner and Riser Joints

Tension Leg Platform(TLP)in deepwater oil and gas field development usually consists of a hull,tendons,and top tension risers(TTRs).To maintain its top tension,each TTR is connected with a tensioner system to the hull.Owing to the complicated configuration of the tensioners,the hull and TTRs form a strong coupled system.Traditionally,some simplified tensioner models are applied to analyze the TLP structures.There is a large discrepancy between their analysis results and the actual mechanism behaviors of a tensioner.It is very necessary to develop a more detailed tensioner model to consider the coupling effects between TLP and TTRs.In the present study,a fully coupled TLP hull-TTR system for hydrodynamic numerical simulation is established.A specific hydraulic pneumatic tensioner is modeled by considering 4 cylinders.The production TTR model is stacked up by specific riser joints.The simulation is also extended to analyze an array of TTRs.Different regular and irregular waves are considered.The behaviors of different cylinders are presented.The results show that it is important to consider the specific configurations of the tensioner and TTRs,which may lead to obviously different response behaviors,compared with those from a simplified model.

Critical Top Tension for Static Equilibrium Configuration of A Steel Catenary Riser

This paper aims to present the critical top tension for static equilibrium configurations of a steel catenary riser（SCR） by using the finite element method. The critical top tension is the minimum top tension that can maintain the equilibrium of the SCR. If the top tension is smaller than the critical value, the equilibrium of the SCR does not exist. If the top tension is larger than the critical value, there are two possible equilibrium configurations. These two configurations exhibit the nonlinear large displacement. The configuration with the smaller displacement is stable, while the one with larger displacement is unstable. The numerical results show that the increases in the riser＇s vertical distances, horizontal offsets, riser＇s weights, internal flow velocities, and current velocities increase the critical top tensions of the SCR. In addition, the parametric studies are also performed in order to investigate the limit states for the analysis and design of the SCR.

Design and Analysis of Typical Buoyancy Tank Riser Tensioner Systems

The method for design and analysis of a buoyancy tank riser tensioner system （BTRTS） was put forward in this paper, taking the free standing hybrid riser＇s top buoyancy tank as an example. The design procedure was discussed and was also illustrated in a flowchart, after a short description of the global arrangement, structure configuration, and the function of different types of buoyancy tanks （BT）. The objective of this paper is to describe a way of developing a BT with minimal hydro force, maximal net lift, and no redundancy of compartments. The method of determining the main dimensions of the BT, namely the length and the outer diameter, was outlined. A series of investigations was conducted for a West Africa FSHR BT design, and the effect of the ratio of the length to the outer diameter （L/D） on the hydrodynamics and the weight of the BT was discussed. The methodology of designing the internal structure of the BT was presented. The effects of the number of compartments and the dimension of the inner stem on the BT weight and strength were compared. The relationship between inner structure and the number one index of the BT as well as the riser＇s top tension factor （TTF） were illustrated for normal operating conditions and conditions with one or more compartments （or inner stem） damaged. A design instance was given in this paper, when L/D is 4-6, the BT weight and the drag force are compromised. When the BT is divided into 10 compartments, the riser TTF will reach the maximum value, and the ratio of the stem OD to shell OD is about 0.3. A global strength analysis method of the BT and the main load case matrix was also included in the paper, together with the local strength analysis of the buoyancy tank＇s pad-eye assembly.

深海TTR立管涡激-参激耦合振动特性

针对深海立管在参数激励与涡激振动联合作用下的响应分析问题,本文基于复杂梁弯曲理论和尾流振子方程,提出深海顶张力立管的涡激-参激耦合振动模型。采用Newmark-β法求解系统响应,根据有限元理论和模型求解的数值计算原理,采用Matlab软件编制深海顶张力立管涡激-参激耦合振动响应程序DRPVR,对四阶振动方程进行求解,研究结果表明:参数激励频率的变化导致立管横流向振幅、振型变化明显,同时在涡激-参激耦合作用下阶梯流振动频率远高于剪切流。

深水TTR立管管中管结构非线性时域分析

在借鉴国外工程实践经验的基础上,采用多层管模型来模拟管中管结构,进行了顶张紧式立管管中管结构的非线性时域分析。多层管模型与传统的等效组合模型相比,其主要的优点在于:它可以模拟内外管之间的相互作用,而且可以通过改变扶正器的相关参数,对扶正器的大小和位置进行优化设计,以此保证内外管之间不会发生碰撞和摩擦;此外,文章还对张紧力在内外管之间的分配进行了研究,采用的管中管结构模拟技术对TTR立管在位强度分析技术的发展具有一定的指导意义。

CT-Spar平台及其系泊与立管系统优化

以CT-Spar平台及其系泊与立管系统为对象,识别出平台垂荡板数目、张紧式系泊缆预张力、钢悬链线立管上浮子位置及浮力大小为CT-Spar平台-系泊-立管系统设计时的关键参数。基于SESAM运用频域分析、时域耦合分析等手段,以系统运动响应及受力为指标,对这些关键参数进行分析与优化,结果表明,垂荡板数目由4调整为3、张紧式系泊缆预张力为1800 kN、3600 kN的浮子安装在距钢悬链线立管距顶端悬垂长度段的60%处的参数设计是适应1500 m深海风-浪-流复杂动力环境的优选方案。对该方案在极端动力条件及平台系统部分破损状态下进行时域耦合分析,发现该方案也能满足石油平台安全相关规范要求,并显著改善系泊缆、立管受力状态。

半潜式平台隔水管张紧器现场应用分析

半潜式平台张紧器可以抵消平台升沉运动,为设备提供恒定的上提拉力。平台上主要采用两种形式的张紧器:滑轮钢丝绳式和油缸式。主要通过分析南海某平台张紧器的布置形式及其应用实例,提出滑轮钢丝绳式张紧器布置及设计的注意事项。

单频与多频激励下深海TTR立管参激特性分析

为深入研究深海TTR立管参激振动的本质特征,论文基于单自由度马修方程理论,利用摄动法研究了TTR立管在单频激励下的稳定性。基于复杂梁弯曲理论推导了希尔方程,分析对比了立管在单频和多频激励下的稳定性和各工况下的动态响应,以及极端海况下立管的振动特性,提出了一种引入额外阻尼来抑振的措施。得到了可以用来预报TTR参激稳定性的希尔稳定性图,立管在极端海况下希尔不稳定性可能会被激发,且激发的模态数增加。

Mechanical analysis of deepwater drilling riser system based on multibody system dynamics

A multibody system including a drilling riser system,tensioners and a floating platform is key equipment for offshore oil and gas drilling.Most of the previous studies only focus on the drilling riser system rather than the multibody system.Mechanical characteristics of the deepwater drilling riser system cannot be analyzed accurately in a simplified model.Therefore,a three-dimensional multibody analysis program is developed.The static and dynamic characteristics of the deepwater drilling riser system under different platform motions are analyzed based on the developed program.The results show that the static displacement of the riser system with tensioners is smaller than that without tensioners,which means the tensioners can suppress the deformation of the riser system.Under surge and sway motions of the platform,the dynamic displacement of the riser system with tensioners is also smaller than that without tensioners due to the tensioner suppression effect.Besides,the heave motion induces a uniform axial vibration of the riser system,while roll and pitch motions excite the riser system to vibrate laterally.Compared with the stress amplitude due to surge and sway motions,the stress amplitude of the riser system due to heave,roll and pitch motions is relatively small but cannot be neglected.

Nonlinear Analysis of Flexible and Steel Catenary Risers with Internal Flow and Seabed Interaction Effects

Flexible risers and steel catenary risers often provide unique riser solutions for today’s deepwater field development. Accurate analysis of these slender structures, in which there are high-speed HP/HT internal flows, is critical to ensure personnel and asset safety. In this study, a special global coordinate-based FEM rod model was adopted to identify and quantify the effects of internal flow and hydrostatic pressure on both flexible and deepwater steel catenary risers, with emphasis on the latter. By incorporating internal flow induced forces into the model, it was found that the internal flow contributes a new term to the effective tension expression. For flexible risers in shallow water, internal flow and hydrostatic pressure made virtually no change to effective tension by merely altering the riser wall tension. In deep water the internal pressure wielded a dominant role in governing the riser effective tension and furthering the static configuration, while the effect of inflow velocity was negligible. With respect to the riser seabed interaction, both the seabed support and friction effect were considered, with the former modeled by a nonlinear quadratic spring, allowing for a consistent derivation of the tangent stiffness matrix. The presented application examples show that the nonlinear quadratic spring is, when using the catenary solution as an initial static profile, an efficient way to model the quasi-Winkler-type elastic seabed foundation in this finite element scheme.

天然气水合物开采立管力学特性研究

深水天然气水合物开采立管是开采水合物的关键通道,管内由于水合物分解形成多相内流会导致其受力变形更为复杂,在内外流综合作用下水合物开采立管易发生失效事故。为分析水合物开采立管的力学特性,考虑管内水合物的分解与流动,并将其引入立管动力学方程,建立了海洋环境与管内多相流共同作用下的水合物开采立管动力学模型,采用有限单元法对模型进行离散求解,以固态流化试采工艺为例,分析了浆体密度、排量与出口回压对水合物开采立管力学响应特性影响规律。结果表明,立管内水合物分解形成多相流使得立管系统质量减小,导致立管沿程截面张力增大,水合物开采立管的形变位移、弯矩与偏转角度均比纯液立管小;无浮力块配置的水合物开采立管最大位移出现立管中下段,最大弯矩与偏转角度出现在立管底端;水合物开采立管的弯曲位移、弯矩与偏转角度随着浆体密度、浆体排量和立管出口回压的增大而增大;适当增加水合物开采立管顶部张力或配置浮力块,减小浆体密度与排量,降低立管出口压力均有利于减小立管的弯曲变形。研究结果可以为水合物开采立管的安全控制提供理论指导。

多频参激—涡激联合作用下顶张力立管分岔分析

复杂海洋环境中,顶张力立管顶部平台受到不同分量叠加的波浪作用,导致其轴向张力与多个频率相关,系统产生多频参激与涡激的联合振动,其动力学行为变得更为复杂,尤其是分岔和混沌等非线性振动特性有待进一步分析。首先,基于欧拉—伯努利梁理论,引入范德波尔尾流振子,建立和推导受多频参激—涡激联合作用下立管的动力学模型及其运动微分方程;接着,利用伽辽金法得到离散后的常微分方程组,采用多尺度法得到系统共振响应的调谐方程;最后,通过数值算例探究系统在多源和多频载荷联合作用下的共振响应。结果表明:对于多频参数激励,其中一个参数激励幅值在立管振动中起主导作用,而另一个会引起分岔的位置、数量和性质发生改变;随质量—阻尼参数增大,系统共振响应幅值整体先增大后减小,各分岔点出现的位置整体先向泄涡频率较大处移动,随后向泄涡频率较小处移动;质量—阻尼参数的变化还可能诱使系统发生倍周期分岔和混沌现象,危害结构安全。此外,采用直接数值积分求解微分方程组,验证近似分析结果,两者吻合较好。

液压式张紧器对顶张力立管静动力响应的影响

为准确了解张紧器对立管静动力响应的影响以及处理传统分析时立管顶部简化处理的问题,本文充分考虑张紧器的作用,基于向量式有限元(VFIFE)法建立立管动力学模型,研究张紧器对立管静动力响应的影响以及对平台运动传递的规律。研究结果表明:本文建立的立管动力学分析模型能够有效考虑张紧器的影响;海流作用下立管的静力分析中,张紧器能提供更大的顶张力,从而减小立管的横向位移以及最大弯矩;波浪以及平台作用下的动态分析中,张紧器对平台纵荡的传递影响较小,对垂荡的补偿效应明显,补偿后的立管顶端位移远远小于平台运动幅值,并且在张紧器对顶部平台运动的缓冲作用下立管的位移和弯矩受平台运动影响不大。因此在分析中考虑张紧器对平台运动的传递补偿作用能更准确合理地施加顶张力以及平台运动,从而能更加有效的预测立管的响应。