Preparation of Hierarchically Interconnected Porous Banana Peel Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Adsorption

Hierarchically interconnected porous activated carbon have high specific surface areas, large numbers of dye adsorption sites, and interconnected pores for dye molecule diffusion and transportation. We prepared hierarchically interconnected porous banana peel activated carbons(BPACs) via a green method involving hydrothermal pretreatment and KOH activation, and systematically tested its methylene blue(MB) adsorption capacity. SEM showed that the BPACs had an interconnected porous structure and high-porosity surface. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area was 601.21 m^2/g, the adsorption average pore diameter was 2.11 nm, and the total pore volume was 0.32 cm^3/g. The MB adsorption capacity increased with increasing temperature, initial MB concentration, and pH value; it decreased with increasing adsorbent dosage. The adsorption isotherms and kinetic results for MB adsorption on BPACs were best described by the Langmuir adsorption and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, respectively. BPACs have a well-developed hierarchically interconnected porous structure, which increase the MB adsorption capacity and removal efficiency. Systematic MB adsorption tests show that BPAC is a highly efficient and easily available adsorbent.

Exploring the interconnectivity of biomimetic hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds for bone tissue engineering:Effects of pore size distribution on mechanical properties,degradation behavior and cell migration ability

Interconnectivity is the key characteristic of bone tissue engineering scaffold modulating cell migration,blood vessels invasion and transport of nutrient and waste.However,efforts and understanding of the interconnectivity of porous Mg is limited due to the diverse architectures of pore struts and pore size distribution of Mg scaffold systems.In this work,biomimetic hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds with tailored interconnectivity as well as pore size distribution were prepared by template replication of infiltration casting.Mg scaffold with better interconnectivity showed lower mechanical strength.Enlarging interconnected pores would enhance the interconnectivity of the whole scaffold and reduce the change of ion concentration,pH value and osmolality of the degradation microenvironment due to the lower specific surface area.Nevertheless,the degradation rates of five tested Mg scaffolds were no different because of the same geometry of strut unit.Direct cell culture and evaluation of cell density at both sides of four typical Mg scaffolds indicated that cell migration through hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds could be enhanced by not only bigger interconnected pore size but also larger main pore size.In summary,design of interconnectivity in terms of pore size distribution could regulate mechanical strength,microenvironment in cell culture condition and cell migration potential,and beyond that it shows great potential for personalized therapy which could facilitate the regeneration process.

Simulation of Structural Characteristics and Depth Filtration Elements in Interconnected Nanofibrous Membrane Based on Adaptive Image Analysis

Due to their unique structural features, electrospun membranes have gained considerable attention for use in applications where quality of depth filtration is a dominant performance factor. To elucidate the depth filtration phenomena it is important to quantify the intrinsic structural properties independent from the dynamics of transport media. Several methods have been proposed for structural characterization of such membranes. However, these methods do not meet the requirement for the quantification of intrinsic structural properties in depth filtration. This may be due to the complex influence of transport media dynamics and structural elements in the depth filtration process. In addition, the different morphological architectures of electrospun membranes present obstacles to precise quantification. This paper seeks to quantify the structural characteristics of electrospun membranes by introducing a robust image analysis technique and exploiting it to evaluate the permeation-filtration mechanism. To this end, a nanostructured fibrous network was simulated as an ideal membrane using adaptive local criteria in the image analysis. The reliability of the proposed approach was validated with measurements and comparison of structural characteristics in different morphological conditions. The results were found to be well compatible with empirical observations of perfect membrane structures. This approach, based on optimization of electrospinning parameters, may pave the way for producing optimal membrane structures for boosting the performance of electrospun membranes in end-use applications.

Macroscopic and microscopic trans-scale characteristics of pore structure of mine grouting materials

The pore structure and porosity of three kinds of mine grouting materials were characterized based on a thin-section analysis and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The macroscopic pore interconnectivity was investigated using binary images captured from thin sections and a random walk pore spectral dimension (RWPSD) algorithm. The experimental results show that the microstructure of the grouting materials used consisted of interlayer pores, gel pores, capillary pores, circular air holes, and small fractures, and tailings can fill some gaps in the hydration product structure and dense hydration products. There is a positive correlation between pore interconnectivity and curing time. In addition, there is a relationship between pore interconnectivity and porosity. With increasing porosity and pore interconnectivity, a non-uniform pore structure occurs in mine grouting materials with an accelerator and results in reduced setting time and later strength.

多孔沥青混合料渗水性能的方向差异性及其受孔隙结构的影响

为了分析多孔沥青混合料渗水性能的方向差异特征及其受连通孔隙结构的影响规律,通过自行研发的渗水仪测试了4个空隙率下OGFC-13和OGFC-10混合料试件空间24个方向上的渗水系数.结合CT扫描和图像处理方法,重构了4个空隙率下OGFC-13混合料试件的三维孔隙结构.提取连通孔隙后,分析了影响混合料渗水方向差异性的孔隙结构指标.结果表明:多孔沥青混合料渗水系数存在明显的方向差异性,竖向截面内水平方向上的渗水系数最大;水平截面也存在方向差异性,但其与方向之间的关系不明确;空隙率越大,采用集料的公称最大粒径越大,则方向差异性越小;相比水平向连通孔隙,混合料内部竖向孔隙的水力直径虽略大,但数量少且总长度短,这是影响渗水系数方向差异性的主要原因.

用于高性能超级电容器电极的栓皮栎基多孔活性炭的制备

本研究以空腔细胞组成的栓皮栎为原料,KOH为活化剂制备了具有多孔结构的栓皮栎软木基多孔活性炭。以此方法制得的活性炭呈薄片状外形,最大比表面积达到2312m^2/g,具有特殊的微孔?介孔结构。在呈碱性的KOH三电极体系中,0.1A/g电流密度时比电容达296F/g;两电极体系中,5A/g时的比电容达到201F/g,循环5000次后电容保持率达99.5%。在呈中性的Na2SO4两电极体系中,电流密度0.5A/g(174F/g)至50A/g(140F/g)时电容保持率达80.5%,倍率性能良好,能量密度高达19.62Wh/kg。

连通孔在电液负载模拟器中的应用

本文提出了利用零开口流量阀和在两负载腔之间安装连通孔的加载马达组成的电液负载模拟器加载系统，详细分析了连通孔在消除多余力和拓宽频带的效果，通过仿真和实验，验证了连通孔的有效性。

透水型尾气降解沥青混合料性能评价

为研究透水功能对沥青混合料尾气降解性能的影响,研发透水路面光催化降解尾气测试系统,提出基于光降解试验确定TiO_2掺配方式、粒径和掺量的方法。建立基于连通空隙率的降解性能回归模型,定量分析静态饱水率和动态透水过程对尾气降解效果的影响。研究结果表明:在OGFC-16级配条件下,采用湿法工艺,TiO_2粒径为25 nm,掺量为沥青质量10%时降解效果最优。除100%的饱水率,其他各级饱水率下累积降解率的排序为TAC-16>OGFC-16>AC-16,累积降解率随饱水率升高而下降;动态透水阶段累积降解率先缓慢升高后快速升高,最后趋于稳定,全过程累积降解率排序为TAC-16>OGFC-16>AC-16,推荐透水型大孔隙级配作为尾气降解混合料载体;基于混合料降解效果和水稳定性,建议连通空隙率越大越好,但不超过18.7%。

多孔铝合金连通孔对压缩性能的影响

根据多孔铝渗流制备过程中孔结构的形成规律建立了单元模型,其中改变渗流压力引起的通孔度变化所产生的孔隙率变化规律符合物理模型.通过对不同孔隙率的孔结构单元模型计算,结合实验研究了孔隙率变化引起的孔结构变化,并计算了通孔多孔铝力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,模型计算得到的材料弹性模量、塑性变形平台应力与实验结果基本相符,孔与孔之间通孔度的变化决定了通孔多孔铝的孔隙率变化,受压缩时在连通孔处的应力集中是其力学性能对孔隙率敏感的直接因素.

磷酸钙生物陶瓷的孔性、内部连通性及表面形态对骨质再生的影响

磷酸钙生物陶瓷是一类具有良好生物相容性和骨传导性的生物活性材料,由于其成分与骨的无机组分基本相当,是目前公认的最具前途的硬组织修复材料,将该材料制成多孔结构,更有利于新生骨组织生长所需的物质交流,促进新生骨形成,因而成为近年来生物材料的研究热点之一。本文从多孔磷酸钙生物陶瓷与组织的响应关系角度出发,评述了近年来磷酸钙生物陶瓷的孔性、孔和孔间的内部连通性及孔的表面形态对骨质再生影响的研究进展。

生物陶瓷内部成孔与贯通方式的研究

多孔羟基磷灰石(H A)陶瓷内部结构满足细胞向内部渗透、迁移、粘附和生长的条件。实验探讨了H A陶瓷内部成孔与孔道连结的机理与技术,采用添加制孔剂和固化纤维2种方法制备系列样品,测算了样品气孔率,并对微观结构进行扫描电镜观察,最终确定可人工调控内部结构的H A陶瓷成孔与贯通技术。

基于三维空间表征的高阶煤连通孔隙发育特征

为了探讨高阶煤孔裂隙连通特征,以沁水盆地南部3号无烟煤层为研究对象,基于煤储层结构三维数字化建模方法,构建了煤层多级次孔裂隙网络结构模型并提取了关键参数,同时结合扫描电子显微镜观测,进一步确认了孔裂隙连通关系以及不同成因类型的孔隙对煤储层连通性的贡献。结果表明:高阶煤孔喉细小,以孔径小于50 nm的中孔为主;孔隙迂曲度较低,截面以方形和正三角形为主,毛管阻力较小;孔隙连通性较差,对连通性起主要作用的是孔径小于50 nm的中孔;差异收缩孔是主要的纳米连通孔隙,该孔隙的发育,形成了具有一定网络拓扑性质的渗流网络结构。孔裂隙网络结构模型表征了孔裂隙分布特征与拓扑关系,能够实现煤岩内部空间的数字化、可视化表征。

高孔隙连通性β-磷酸三钙细胞支架的制备

目的改进多孔β-TCP支架的制备方法,提高支架的孔隙连通性、孔隙结构的均匀性以及支架的抗压特性。方法利用两阶段中和反应工艺,制备β-TCP粉末原料;将粘结剂均匀涂布在致孔剂表面后与β-TCP粉末混合,添加高温液相传质介质,再次混合形成致孔剂与β-TCP粉末的均匀混合体,加压成型、煅烧制备三维多孔细胞支架;X-衍射检测原料和支架的成分,扫描电镜观察支架的孔隙结构,力学实验仪测定支架的抗压性能。结果原料和支架化学成分均为β-TCP;支架的孔隙呈球形、分布均匀、孔隙间几乎完全连通,大孔平均孔径781．38±70．47(n=12)μm,连通孔径297．88±66．86(n=13)μm;孔隙率、吸水率和抗压强度分别为52．27±0．11(n=6)Vol％、31．82±0．13(n=6)Wt％和11．40+0．07(n= 6)MPa。结论两阶段中和反应工艺能够制备出纯的β-TCP粉末,改进的支架制备技术,可以制备出孔隙率高、强度大、孔隙大小可控、孔隙分布均匀、孔隙间几乎完全连通的β-TCP支架,具备了组织工程要求的结构特征。

高性能超级电容器用N/S共掺杂多孔炭纳米片电极材料

如何采用无酸工艺合成高性能超级电容器(SCs)用多孔炭纳米片电极材料是一个大的挑战。本文报道了一种简便且无酸的由煤焦油沥青(CTP)构建N/S共掺杂相互连接的多孔炭纳米片(NS-IPCNs)的新方法。制备的NS-IPCN_(800)具有相互连接的三维结构,这些三维结构由含有大量分级孔的二维炭纳米片组成。其中,丰富的微孔增加了离子吸附所需的活性位点,而短的中孔为离子传输提供了通道。此外,相互连接的三维结构为电子的快速传递提供了通道;掺杂的杂原子为NS-IPCNs电极提供了额外的赝电容。受益于这些优点,NS-IPCN_(800)电极在6 mol L^(−1) KOH电解液中,在0.05 A g^(−1)电流密度下的比电容达302 F g^(−1)。另外,NS-IPCN_(800)电容器在功率密度为25.98 W kg^(−1)下其能量密度达9.71 Wh kg^(−1)。更重要的是,NS-IPCN_(800)电容器在10000次循环充放电后电容保持率为94.2%,表现出优异的循环稳定性。这项工作为由CTP构建高性能储能装置用NS-IPCNs开辟了一种危害较小的策略。

The Frost-resisting Durability of High Strength Self-Compacting Pervious Concrete in Deicing Salt Environment

A high strength self-compacting pervious concrete(SCPC) with top-bottom interconnected pores was prepared in this paper. The frost-resisting durability of such SCPC in different deicing salt concentrations(0%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) was investigated. The mass-loss rate, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, flexural strength and hydraulic conductivity of SCPC after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were measured to evaluate the frost-resisting durability. In addition, the microstructures of SCPC near the top-bottom interconnected pores after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were observed by SEM. The results show that the high strength SCPC possesses much better frost-resisting durability than traditional pervious concrete(TPC) after 300 freeze-thaw cycles, which can be used in heavy loading roads. The most serious freeze-thaw damage emerges in the SCPC immersed in the 3% of Na Cl solution, while there is no obvious damage in 20% of Na Cl solution. Furthermore, it can be deduced that the high strength SCPC can be used for 100 years in a cold environment.

具有三维贯通多级孔道结构大孔氧化铝的制备与表征

采用铝溶胶晶种引入、结合相分离的方法制备了具有三维贯通多级孔道结构的大孔氧化铝材料。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附、压汞、核磁共振波谱(NMR)等测试方法对所得材料进行了表征。结果表明,该氧化铝材料具有200-600 nm的均匀分布且贯通的连续大孔孔道,经550℃焙烧即可得到结晶态γ-氧化铝。大孔氧化铝比表面积达到366 m2/g,具有以5 nm及400 nm为中心的较为集中的介孔-大孔多级孔道分布。焙烧后的样品中,铝具有四、六两种配位状态。制备过程中,聚环氧乙烷(PEO)作为诱导剂引发固-液两相分离,形成具有三维贯通多级孔道结构大孔氧化铝,而凝胶中引入铝溶胶时,Al OOH晶粒与铝交联水合物均相伴生,在凝胶过程诱导铝交联水合物转变为Al OOH,最终使大孔氧化铝在较低的焙烧温度即可转化为γ-氧化铝。

陶瓷涂层穿透孔隙率的电化学测量

本文介绍用电化学原理来定量测量等离子喷涂陶瓷涂层穿透孔隙率的简便易行方法,并利用这种方法测试分析了在不同喷涂参数下孔隙率的变化规律。

Effects of pore interconnectivity on bone regeneration in carbonate apatite blocks

Porous architecture in bone substitutes,notably the interconnectivity of pores,is a critical factor for bone ingrowth.However,controlling the pore interconnectivity while maintaining the microarchitecture has not yet been achieved using conventional methods,such as sintering.Herein,we fabricated a porous block using the crystal growth of calcium sulfate dihydrate,and controlled the pore interconnectivity by limiting the region of crystal growth.The calcium sulfate dihydrate blocks were transformed to bone apatite,carbonate apatite(CO_(3)Ap)through dissolution–precipitation reactions.Thus,CO_(3)Ap blocks with 15%and 30%interconnected pore volumes were obtained while maintaining the microarchitecture:they were designated as CO_(3)Ap-15 and CO_(3)Ap-30,respectively.At 4 weeks after implantation in a rabbit femur defect,new bone formed throughout CO_(3)Ap-30,whereas little bone was formed in the center region of CO_(3)Ap-15.At 12 weeks after implantation,a large portion of CO_(3)Ap-30 was replaced with new bone and the boundary with the host bone became blurred.In contrast,CO_(3)Ap-15 remained in the defect and the boundary with the host bone was still clear.Thus,the interconnected pores promote bone ingrowth,followed by replacement of the material with new bone.These findings provide a useful guide for designing bone substitutes for rapid bone regeneration.

The effect of hierarchical single-crystal ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios on its pore structure and catalytic performance

Hierarchical single-crystal ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios(Hier-ZSM-5-x,where x=50,100,150 and 200)were synthesized using an ordered mesoporous carbon-silica composite as hard template.Hier-ZSM-5-x exhibits improved mass transport properties,excellent mechanical and hydrothermal stability,and higher catalytic activity than commercial bulk zeolites in the benzyl alcohol self-etherification reaction.Results show that a decrease in the Si/Al ratio in hierarchical single-crystal ZSM-5 zeolites leads to a significant increase in the acidity and the density of micropores,which increases the final catalytic conversion.The effect of porous hierarchy on the diffusion of active sites and the final catalytic activity was also studied by comparing the catalytic conversion after selectively designed poisoned acid sites.These poisoned Hier-ZSM-5-x shows much higher catalytic conversion than the poisoned commercial ZSM-5 zeolite,which indicates that the numerous intracrystalline mesopores significantly reduce the diffusion path of the reactant,leading to the faster diffusion inside the zeolite to contact with the acid sites in the micropores predominating in ZSM-5 zeolites.This study can be extended to develop a series of hierarchical single-crystal zeolites with expected catalytic performance.

浸渍法制备多孔镍钛生物材料及性能

选用等原子比NiTi预合金粉末作为原料,以聚氨酯泡沫为模板,采用浸渍法制备了一种具有高孔隙率、孔径可控、孔隙三维连通且生物力学相容性优良的多孔镍钛合金材料。通过X射线衍射仪、体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及力学试验机,研究分析了两种不同型号有机模板（R2D25和DP91308）制备的多孔镍钛合金的物相组成、微观结构和力学性能。结果表明：有机模板浸渍法可以制备出高孔隙率且具有三维连通孔隙结构的多孔镍钛合金。两种模板对应的孔隙率分别为71.8%和63.8%,孔径分布在250~500μm和150~400μm之间,抗压强度分别为16.37和73.52MPa,弹性模量为0.51和2.45GPa,与人体骨组织的结构与性能相匹配。