The Application of The Top-down Approach in Teaching Extensive Reading

The top-down and bottom-up are two main approaches used in teaching extensive reading and both of them should be used alternatively so that students can not only understand the details but also the main ideas of reading materials.The importance of using top-down approach is emphasized and some suggestions are given on the problem that students pay so much attention on vocabulary and grammar rather than main idea in reading.

An application of Genre-based Teaching Approaches into the teaching of English reading and writing

There are several teaching approaches being used to instruct the reading and writing teaching, such as the product approach, the process approach and the genre approach. In a long period, the product approach and the process approach dominate the field of writing teaching. With the development of genre and genre-analysis theory, we begin to realize that genre-based approach is effective in improving students ’ reading comprehension and writing. Based on the analysis of the theory and on the present situations of college English teaching and personal teaching experience, the genre-based teaching approach is introduced to the writing and reading comprehension teaching.

Application of Task-based Approach in English Reading Classes in Senior Middle School

The traditional teaching approach is teacher-oriented,giving priority to grammar and lexical usage and neglecting the development of students’linguistic ability.The task-based approach is based on tasks and its prominent feature is"learning by doing and learning by using".By accomplishing tasks in target language,students can obtain linguistic knowledge and improve linguistic ability.This thesis is based on task-based approach,referring to English compulsory textbooks in senior middle school,exploring the application of task-based approach in intensive reading classes and providing case studies.

Three Approaches to Teaching EFL Reading

Many approaches to teaching reading are available now.However,what these approaches are and how to select one from them is still puzzling many English teachers.The paper analyses three current perspectives on how to teach reading and discusses how these affect the way reading is taught and gives an evaluation of these approaches.

The Application of Interactive Approach in Teaching Extensive Reading

Considering the status-quo of extensive reading and its indispensible role in English learning, this thesis sets out to make a brief study of teaching extensive reading to non-English majors by applying interactive teaching approach. Outlining the applications of the approach and introduction of portfolio assessment to test the learning outcomes, the author intends to explore the effectiveness of teaching extensive reading.

The Application of Genre-based Approach in Teaching English Reading in Mid-level Professional School

Reading is a complex process,and effective reading is preceded by discourse patterns,namely genre knowledge of the passage structure.Genre-based approach applies the theory of genre and genre analysis to the classroom,and develops teaching activities revolving around the schematic structure of a text.It is attempted by teaching genre knowledge to cultivate students' genre awareness under certain social and cultural environment for enhancing their reading comprehension.

Study on reading strategies in college English teaching： Top-down or bottom-up？

Reading comprehension ability is one of the key abilities trained in College English teaching in China. This paper first examines the theories behind top-down and bottom-up reading strategies, and then suggests top-down reading strategies are more effective than the bottom-up ones in training EFL learners to be efficient readers in English. In particular, taking into account the English proficiency and the cognitive ability of the Chinese university students （non-English major）, the author argues that more priorities should be given to the top-down reading strategies training in EFL reading class.

How to Teach Academic Reading More Effectively： Reading-Aloud Approach

In furtherance of their most recent research on the textbook of the course LC （language and communication） 4001 Reading Skills Development in English for Graduate Studies （2012）, the co-authors carried out a follow-up work on read-aloud approach as some students voiced a sense of dissatisfaction with regard to such means which was primarily used in the LC 4001 class taking place from August 8 to November 27, 2012. In the current study, the data were garnered from 37 students enrolling in LC 4001 from January 8 to May 7, 2013. Based on the questionnaire, the findings revealed that a large number of the English reading learners acknowledged the mounting importance of English as a linguafranca in the region of 84% and 16% at the ＂most＂ and ＂much＂ levels, respectively. Likewise, around 90% of the participants had a positive attitude toward such pedagogical method, while only 10% disliked it. Concerning the academic reading curriculum for higher English reading competence, students＇ different language learning backgrounds and personal excitement caused by reading-aloud activities should be taken on board. Any activity introduced into the classroom should be explicitly stated to the students at the beginning of the course. Using any instructional approach without clear explanations or precautions may seriously upset learners partially or even completely obstruct their effective learning

A Communicative Approach to Reading Comprehension Exercise Design-A Case Study of I Have a Dream

Reading competence is one of the basic skills of language acquisition.The teaching of reading skill has been attached great importance to in College English education in China.For decades,people have made efforts to improve the classroom teaching effects through various means,one of which is that of communicative approach.This paper attempts to explore the design of reading comprehension exercise through a case study in the light of communicative theory,thus providing an alternative to the conventional reading course teaching method.

Teaching EFL Reading in China through the Interactive Approach

Reading plays a crucial role in English teaching and learning in the Chinese context. The interactive approach is an ef-fective way to search for a solution to students' poor EFL reading comprehension and the improvement of China's EFL readingteaching. Therefore, there is a need to build reading strategies to teach EFL reading through the interactive approach. Meanwhile,some implications of the interactive approach to teaching reading in the EFL classes will be discussed.

On the Application of Task-Based Approach to Junior Middle School English Reading Teaching

In order to alter the reality of reading teaching, arouse students' reading interest and to improve their reading competence, the author conducted an empirical research on the application of Task-Based Approach to junior middle school English reading teaching. The research aims to encourage students to take an active part in class, stimulate their reading interest, and to improve their reading competence by students' complement of reading tasks; furthermore, it probes into the difficulties about the application of Task-Based Approach to practical teaching so that it can provide reference for teachers' improvement of teaching methods.

On the Application of Reading-to-Write Approach to English Writing Teaching in Senior Middle School

As one of the four basic skills of language teaching and an aspect of communicative competence,writing seems to be the weakest one among senior school students in China.Most of teachers have had such experiences that although we spend a lot of time marking on the students'writing,but only to find the corrections and comments ignored.The students pay little attention to responses and regard revision of their writing as a punishment.Starting from the perspectives of modern linguistic theory,the pressing demands of the new curriculum,and the practical needs of student development,the study analyses the prevalent misconceptions about writing.The author proposes an assumption of integrating the teaching materials with Reading-to-Write Approach in the senior school writing teaching.To examine the validity of the Approach,about one-year action research is carried out in an ordinary high school,adopting the methodology of literature survey,questionnaire survey,interview,testing and so on.The results of the experiment showed that the approach had a more positive impact on students'writing attitudes and habits than traditional teaching methods.This approach helped them much more in word usage,longer sentences,content,and text structure or development.Besides,the students'compe?tence of interaction and cooperation were enhanced,Therefore,the approach in writing teaching is effective.

An Interactive Strategies-based Approach To Reading Teaching

An interactive strategies-based approach to reading teaching involves both bottom-up and top-down skills,which if developed conjointly,will not only improve students'reading comprehension and reading rate but also facilitate their ability of writing.

An Action Research Project Aiming to Improve the Students' Reading Skills and Performance in an EFL Reading Class

As is universally acknowledged,educators have endeavored for ages to seek the more effective teaching method.Then action research has become a tool which is frequently applied to the teaching practice aiming to locate the teaching mode satisfactory to both teachers and students.The English majors are required to pass the TEM-4 exam when they are sophomores.It is essential for them to acquire the effective learning skills from reading classes.But it seems that vocabulary and grammar study—so called the traditional teaching method prove boring to students.Therefore,the tapestry approach is put forward.But the question is though the tapestry approach stimulates students’interest,can it can improve their English level?In order to figure out the result,two classes will be chosen in this research—one is controlled class,the other is experimental class.The traditional teaching method and the tapestry approach will be used in these two classes respectively.The experiment will last one semester.The students will be tested on two same TEM-4 papers at the beginning and at the end of the semester.The data will be collected for comparison.If the experimental class get the higher scores in the TEM-4 paper,it demonstrates that the tapestry approach is successful in balancing the need for interests and the need for English improvement.

Analysis of Reading Features and Strategies

In Chinese EFL context,reading course is considered as the most important way to acquire linguistic skills compared with other skills such as listening,speaking and writing.In university,the students whose majors are non-English need to take part in CET 4(College English Test Band 4)which is closely relevant to bachelor degree or a promising prospect if they are able to pass the test with a high score.Therefore,a large amount of time is devoted to reading by English learners,while what most of the teachers tend to do is focusing on drills of grammatical rules,sentence analyzing and word memorization,neglecting the part that the students actually have to apply in the real context.It should be noted that reading plays a vital role in the daily life,such as"to get information,to respond to curiosity about a topic,to follow instructions,to perform a task,for pleasure,amusement,and personal enjoyment;to keep in touch with friends and colleagues;to know what is happening in the world;and to find out when and where things are"Rivers&Temperley(1978:187).Additionally,readers can get enjoyment through reading,which can be embodied in various aspects such as reading stories,novels,or poems and so on.However,to some extent,reading has become a way to gain knowledge or pass examination for EFL learners.The common reading problems of the students in my context will be identified in this essay.Meanwhile,it is generally believed that most of the students have no motivation at all in terms of reading.How can reading be taught efficiently and effectively?Considering the features of the students in Chinese university context,what kind of approaches should be the most suitable?

“Top-down” and “Bottom-up” approaches to teaching listening,when and which approach may be more useful?

This paper mainly deals with two mainstreams in teaching listening comprehension:bottom-up processing approach and top-down processing approach.In the first part of the essay the importance of listening comprehension in language learning will be demonstrated briefly.Then the author will go on to explore the nature of top-down and bottom-up approaches in teaching listening.Lastly,at the third part of the essay,the author shall try to discuss the possibility of applying these approaches into practice,that is,when and why one of them is more useful.Furthermore in this section,a more integrated view will be introduced.

The Design and Implementation of New English Reading Teaching Model Under the Guidance of POA Theory

POA theory is a foreign language classroom teaching theoretical system with the Chinese characteristics,which was constructed by the foreign language education expert who named Wen Qiufang.The method takes output as the motivating target,introduces the teaching concept of"learning-using integrated principle",and adopts a new form of"motivating-enabling-assessing",which has reformed the mode of college foreign language classroom teaching.The traditional English reading teaching pays more attention to vocabulary interpretation,syntax analysis and reading skills,so it has been emerging a kind of"grammatical analysis"drawbacks.In view of this,the paper puts forward the thought of using"the production-oriented approach"to make innovation in the process of teaching design.The paper also discusses the application strategy of"production-oriented approach"in professional English reading teaching from three aspects.It requires designing the integral process of teaching,expanding a cooperative learning model and devising the specific tasks.Additionally,the paper points out that Professional English reading teaching should establish the learning task for students at the stage of"output-input".At the same time,the paper uses the development opportunity of"the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road"(B&R)as the starting point,which is combed with"cultural globalization"as the theme of reading teaching example.To activate the students'internal cognition and improve their reading ability,the author wants to explore effective strategies for establishing project in professional English reading teaching.The author has made a preliminary attempt in the guide of the method in the classroom,and has confirmed that it has practical feasibility.The teaching method is also applicable to professional English in military colleges and other languages teaching.It will help to promote the English teaching to realize the cultivation of students’comprehensive ability of using English,thinking ability,selflearning ability and comprehensive quality.

Prediction Skills and Its Influence on Learners’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension: A Case of Vihiga County, Kenya

Prediction is one of the comprehension processing skills encapsulated by the interactive approach instruction.Prediction skills enable learners to decode the meaning of comprehension passages by making guesses about the contents of texts to be read.Learners in Vihiga County perform poorer in English language examinations than their peers in neighbouring counties.The performance is weaker in comprehension than in grammar sections.Despite this,no study has assessed the nexus between the use of prediction skills and learners’achievement in reading comprehension.This study applied the Solomon Four-Group Design to obtain primary data from 279 primary school learners and eight teachers in 2017.Multiple Linear Regression was used to generate two models,one for the experimental group(Model 1)and one for the control group(Model 2).Results show that the influence of prediction skills on learners’achievement in reading comprehension was statistically significant the experimental group,but insignificant in the control group.However,the influence seemed to be stronger in the experimental than in the control group,which suggests that training English language teachers on how to correctly apply prediction skills is likely to improve learners’achievement in reading comprehension.The study recommends the need to:sensitise teachers to use textbooks cautiously,while supplementing with relevant resource materials;sensitise teachers on the need to guide learners through titles;as well as update the teacher training curriculum by integrating inter alia,new instructional methods based on information and communication technology and entrenching innovation to enable teachers diversify instructional resources.

Controllable Fabrication of GeSi Nanowires in Diameter of About 10 nm Using the Top-Down Approach

Ordered GeSi nanowires with a ～ 10nm cross section are fabricated utilizing top-down and Ge condensation techniques. In transmission electron microscopy measurements, the obtained GeSi nanowires exhibit a single-crystal structure and a smooth Ge/SiO2 interface. Due to the linear relationship between the cross-section area and the initial pattern size under the self-limited oxidation condition, the cross-section size of GeSi nanowires can be precisely controlled. The Raman spectra reveal a high Ge fraction （up to 97%） and a biaxial strain of the GeSi nanowires. This top-down technique is promising for fabrication of high-performance GeSi nanowire based optoelectronic devices.