ANALYSIS OF A TORNADO-LIKE SEVERE STORM IN THE OUTER REGION OF THE 2007 SUPER TYPHOON SEPAT

When super typhoon Sepat came close to the Fujian coastline on the night of 18 August 2007 (coded as 0709 in Chinese convention), an associated tornado-like severe storm developed at 2307–2320 Beijing Standard Time in Longgang, Cangnan County, Wenzhou Prefecture, Zhejiang Province approximately 300 km away in the forward direction of the typhoon. The storm caused heavy losses in lives and property. Studying the background of the formation of the storm, this paper identifies some of its typical characteristics after analyzing its retrieval of Doppler radar data, vertical wind shear and so on. Synoptic conditions, such as unstable weather processes and TBB, are also studied.

Analysis of the severe group dust storms in eastern part of Northwest China

Based on the available original dust storm records from 60 meteorological stations, we discussed the identification standard of severe dust storms at a single station and constructed a quite complete time series of severe group dust storms in the eastern part of Northwest China in 1954–2001. The result shows that there were 99 severe group dust storms in this region in recent 48 years. The spatial distribution indicates that the Alax Plateau, most parts of the Ordos Plateau and most parts of the Hexi Corridor are the main areas influenced by severe group dust storms. In addition, the season and the month with the most frequent severe group dust storms are spring and April, accounting for 78.8% and 41.4% of the total events respectively. During the past 48 years the lowest rate of severe group dust storms occurred in the 1990s. Compared with the other 4 decades, on the average, the duration and the affected area of severe group dust storms are relatively short and small during the 1990s. In 2000 and 2001, there were separately 4 severe group dust storms as the higher value after 1983 in the eastern part of Northwest China.

A Linear Diagnostic Equation for the Nonhydrostatic Vertical Motion W in Severe Storms

A linear diagnostic equation for the nonhydrostatic vertical motion W in severe storms is derived in the Cartesian-earth-spherical coordinates. This W diagnostic equation reveals explicitly how forcing factors work together to exert influence on the nonhydrostatic vertical motion in severe storms. If high-resolution global data are available in Cartesian coordinates with guaranteed quality, the Lax-Crank-Nicolson scheme and the Thomas algorithm might provide a promising numerical solution of this diagnostic equation. As a result, quantitative analyses are expected for the evolution mechanisms of severe storms.

Numerical Study on a Severe Downburst-Producing Thunderstorm on 23 August 2001 in Beijing

A thunderstorm that produced severe wind, heavy rain and hail on 23 August 2001 in Beijing was studied by a three-dimensional cloud model including hail-bin microphysics. This model can provide important information for hail size at the surface, which is not available in hail parameterization cloud models. The results shows that the cloud model, using hail-bin microphysics, could reasonably reflect the storm＇s characteristics such as life cycle, rainfall distribution and the diameter of the hailstones and also can reproduce developing processes of downbursts, where they can then be compared with the observed features of the storm. The downburst formation mechanism was investigated based on the cloud microphysics of the simulated storm and it was found that the downburst was primarily produced by hail-loading and enhanced by cooling processes that were due to hail melting and rain evaporation. The loading and melting of hail played crucial roles in the formation of downbursts within the storm.

Organizational Modes and Environmental Conditions of the Severe Convective Weathers Produced by the Mesoscale Convective Systems in South China

Composite radar reflectivity data during April-September 2011-2015 are used to investigate and classify storms in south China(18-27°N;105-120°E). The storms appear most frequently in May. They are either linear;cellular or nonlinear systems, taking up 29.45%, 24.51% and 46.04%, respectively, in terms of morphology. Linear systems are subdivided into six morphologies: trailing stratiform precipitation(TS), bow echoes(BE), leading stratiform precipitation(LS), embedded line(EL), no stratiform precipitation(NS) and parallel stratiform precipitation(PS). The TS and NS modes have the highest frequencies but there are only small samples of LS(0.61%) and PS(0.79%) modes.Severe convective wind(≥17m s-1at surface level) accounts for the highest percentage(35%) of severe convective weather events produced by cellular systems including individual cells(IC) and clusters of cells(CC). Short-duration heavy rainfall(≥50 mm h-1) and severe convective wind are the most common severe weather associated with TS and BE modes. Comparison of environmental physical parameters shows that cellular convection systems tend to occur in the environment with favorable thermal condition, substantial unstable energy and low precipitable water from the surface to300 hPa(PWAT). However, the environmental conditions favoring the initiation of linear systems feature strong vertical wind shear, high PWAT, and intense convective inhibition. The environmental parameters favoring the initiation of nonlinear systems are between those of the other two types of morphology.

Liver dysfunction as a cytokine storm manifestation and prognostic factor for severe COVID-19

patients with or without preexisting liver disorders,posing a significant complication and mortality risk.During coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),abnormal liver function is typically observed.However,liver injury may occur because of the treatment as well.Ischemia,cytokine storm,and hypoxia were identified as the three major factors contributing to liver damage during COVID-19.Indeed,raised liver enzymes during hospitalizations may be attributed to medications used,as well as sepsis and shock.As a result,the proportion of hospitalized patients afflicted with COVID-19 and pathological liver biomarkers varies from 14%to 53%.Aminotransferases and bilirubin are found most often elevated.Usually,increased gamma-glutamyltransferase,alkaline phosphatase,and decreased serum albumin levels are demonstrated.Additionally,although there is no specific treatment for COVID-19,many of the drugs used to treat the infection are hepatotoxic.In this mini-review,we focus on how liver dysfunction can be one of the features associated with the COVID-19 cytokine storm.Furthermore,data show that liver injury can be an independent predictor of severe COVID-19,the need for hospitalization,and death.

Impacts of Two Ice Parameterization Schemes on the Cloud Microphysical Processes and Precipitation of a Severe Storm in Northern China

A severe storm that occurred over Beijing in northern China on 23 June 2011 was simulated with two different ice crystal parameterization schemes(the DeMott scheme and Meyers scheme) by using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. Compared with the DeMott scheme, the simulation results with the Meyers scheme have the following characteristics:(1) Updrafts are stronger and more numerous;(2) The cloud is better organized and contains a greater peak of ice-phase hydrometeor mixing ratios;(3) Cloud water and hail mixing ratios increase while graupel mixing ratios decrease;(4) The surface precipitation is initially greater. However, at the end of the simulation, less precipitation is produced. In short, the differences between the two schemes are not obvious, but the De Mott scheme has a relatively more reasonable result.

Extremes of Severe Storm Environments under a Changing Climate

One of the more critical issues in a changing climate is the behavior of extreme weather events, such as severe tornadic storms as seen recently in Moore and El Reno, Oklahoma. It is generally thought that such events would increase under a changing climate. How to evaluate this extreme behavior is a topic currently under much debate and investigation. One approach is to look at the behavior of large scale indicators of severe weather. The use of the generalized extreme value distribution for annual maxima is explored for a combination product of convective available potential energy and wind shear. Results from this initial study show successful modeling and high quantile prediction using extreme value methods. Predicted large scale values are consistent across different extreme value modeling frameworks, and a general increase over time in predicted values is indicated. A case study utilizing this methodology considers the large scale atmospheric indicators for the region of Moore, Oklahoma for Class EF5 tornadoes on May 3, 1999 and more recently on May 20, 2013, and for the class EF5 storm in El Reno, Oklahoma on May 31, 2013.

ANALYSIS OF CAUSATION OF ASYMMETRIC PRECIPITATION ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE TYPHOON DAMREY

Severe typhoon Damrey moved across Hainan Island from 00:00 UTC 25 September to 00:00 UTC 27 September in 2005 and gave rise to a significant rain process during its 48-h passage.The precipitation intensity on the southern part of the island is stronger than that on the northern,showing obvious asymmetric distribution.Using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) data,the associated mesoscale characteristics of the precipitation were analyzed and the formation of asymmetric rainfall distribution was investigated in the context of a subsynoptic scale disturbance,vertical wind shear and orographic factors.The results are shown as follows.(1) The subsynoptic scale system provided favorable dynamic conditions to the genesis of mesoscale rain clusters and rainbands.(2) The southern Hainan Island was located to the left of the leeward direction of downshear all the time,being favorable to the development of convection and leading to the asymmetric rainfall distribution.(3) Mountain terrain in the southern Hainan Island stimulated the genesis,combination and development of convective cells,promoting the formation of mesoscale precipitation systems and ultimately resulting in rainfall increase in the southern island.

Advanced Method for Forecasting and Warning of Severe Convective Weather and Local-scale Hazards

Hurricane Ida ferociously affected many south-eastern and eastern parts of the United States,making it one of the strongest hurricanes in recent years.Advanced forecast and warning tool has been used to track the path of the ex-Hurricane,Ida,as it left New Orleans on its way towards the northeast,accurately predicting significant supercell development above New York City on September 01,2021.This advanced method accurately detected the area with the highest possible level of convective instability with 24-h lead time and even Level 5,devised in the categorical outlooks legend of the system.Therefore,an extreme level implied a very high probability of the local-scale hazard occurring above the NYC.Cloud model output fields(updrafts and downdrafts,wind shear,near-surface convergence,the vertical component of relative vorticity)show the rapid development of a strong supercell storm with rotating updrafts and a mesocyclone.The characteristic hook-shaped echo signature visible in the reflectivity patterns indicates a signal for a highly precipitable(HP)supercell with the possibility of tornado initiation.Open boundary conditions represent a good basis for simulating a tornado that evolved from a supercell storm,initialized with initial data obtained from a real-time simulation in the period when the bow echo and tornado-like signature occurred.Тhe modeled results agree well with the observations.

糖尿病患者合并新型冠状病毒感染的研究进展

糖尿病患者不仅是新型冠状病毒(新冠)的易感人群,并且在感染新冠后容易出现免疫失衡、过度炎症反应、多脏器功能损伤等并发症,导致病情更为复杂,危重症的概率显著升高,应引起临床医师重视。本文通过回顾国内外相关文献,总结了新冠导致糖代谢异常的机制,以及糖尿病患者感染新冠的临床特点和血糖管理的原则,以提高对此类患者的临床认知和治疗成功率。

2000—2022年严重影响珠江口的台风暴潮增水规律分析

台风暴潮严重影响社会经济发展,近年来在珠江口呈愈发严重的趋势。结合珠江口风暴潮特点定义了严重影响的风暴潮等级,筛选2000—2022年严重影响珠江口的热带气旋,对时空分布、路径、结构、极端风暴潮等特性进行分析,结果表明:①严重影响珠江口的台风暴潮每年发生0~2次,7—9月尤其是8、9月为珠江口防台关键期;②珠江口风暴潮遭遇天文潮概率具有一定随机性;③西北或西北偏西方向路径行进,珠江口以西、尤其是珠海至茂名一带登陆、登陆时中心风力达12级或以上的台风最易给珠江口带来严重风暴潮;④珠江口以西登陆的12级或以上的台风,登陆点距珠江口近的,即使风圈结构较小,也易导致严重风暴潮,但登陆点距离更远的,若风圈很大,同样会导致严重风暴潮;⑤珠江口极端风暴潮强度呈增强趋势,台风结构和路径特点存在一些共性和差异,其风暴潮增水过程特点其结构路径变化特点相一致,上游来水、天文潮状态和遭遇降雨情况均会影响风暴潮上溯过程。研究成果可为珠江口未来的风暴潮预报及防御工作提供借鉴。

急性重症感染后炎症细胞因子风暴下心肌状态及超声心动图心脏检测的价值

目的探讨急性重症感染后炎症细胞因子风暴下的心肌状态及超声心动图心脏检测的价值。方法选取2020年1月—2023年2月在海南西部中心医院就诊的急性重症感染患者110例,其中,合并细胞因子风暴患者45例(观察组),无细胞因子风暴患者65例(对照组)。比较两组患者的临床资料、心肌损伤标志物、心电图、超声心动图参数等差异。结果观察组患者年龄高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌钙蛋白T、肌钙蛋白I和N-末端B型脑钠肽原高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组白细胞计数和中性粒细胞计数高于对照组(P<0.05),而血小板计数和红细胞计数低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组心房颤动、室性期前收缩、房性期前收缩和异常Q波占比高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组左心室舒张末期内径、左心室收缩末期内径、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室收缩末期容积、E峰、三尖瓣反流压差和肺动脉收缩压高于对照组(P<0.05),而左室射血分数和A峰低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论急性重症感染后炎症细胞因子风暴下患者心肌损伤明显,超声心动图可直观检测心脏情况。

Characteristics and Possible Formation Mechanisms of Severe Storms in the Outer Rainbands of Typhoon Mujigae(1522)

To better understand how severe storms form and evolve in the outer rainbands of typhoons, in this study, we in- vestigate the evolutionary characteristics and possible formation mechanisms for severe storms in the rainbands of Typhoon Mujigae, which occurred during 2-5 October 2015, based on the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data, conventional observations, and Doppler radar data. For the rainbands far from the inner core （eye and eyewall） of Mujigae （dis- tance of approximately 70-800 kin）, wind speed first increased with the radius expanding from the inner core, and then decreased as the radius continued to expand. The Rankine Vortex Model was used to explore such variations in wind speed. The areas of strong stormy rainbands were mainly located in the northeast quadrant of Mujigae, and overlapped with the areas of high winds within approximately 300-550 km away from the inner core, where the strong winds were conducive to the development of strong storms. A severe convective cell in the rainbands de- veloped into waterspout at approximately 500 km to the northeast of the inner core, when Mujigae was strengthening before it made landfall. Two severe convective cells in the rainbands developed into two tornadoes at approximately 350 km to the northeast of the inner core after Mujigae made landfall. The radar echo bands enhanced to 60 dBZ when mesocyclones occurred in the rainbands and induced tornadoes. The radar echoes gradually weakened after the mesocyclones weakened. The tops of parent clouds of the mesocyclones elevated at first, and then suddenly dropped about 20 min before the tornadoes appeared. Thereby, the cloud top variation has the potential to be used as an early warning of tornado occurrence.

Typical severe dust storms in northern China during 1954—2002

Based on China抯 available daily observation data from 681 national meteorological stations from 1954 to 2002, a time series of typical severe dust storms in northern China is constructed in terms of the weather process, and the temporal and spatial distribution, and their evolution ten-dency is analyzed. The results indicate that there were 223 relatively typical severe dust storms in northern China from 1954 to 2002, among which the event on April 10—12, 1979 had the largest affected area. Closely associated with the geographical distribution of deserts, sandy lands and the tracks of strong cold air outbreaks, severe dust storms mainly occurred in the Tarim Basin, the eastern part of Northwest China and the northern part of North China. The season with the most frequent severe dust storms was spring, in which the frequency accounts for 82.5% in the whole year, while the least occurrence was in summer and autumn. Dur-ing the past 49 years, the highest frequency of severe dust storms occurred in the 1950s and the lowest was in the 1990s with a general descending tendency, but during 2000—2002 the occurrence was relatively increasing. On the average, the duration of severe dust storms was shortest in the 1990s, about 0.5—1 h shorter than that in the other 4 decades.

Coronavirus disease 2019 severity in obesity:Metabolic dysfunctionassociated fatty liver disease in the spotlight

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak has drawn the scientific community's attention to pre-existing metabolic conditions that could aggravate the infection,causing extended viral shedding,prolonged hospitalization,and high death rates.Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)emerges as a surrogate for COVID-19 severity due to the constellation of metabolic alterations it entails.This review outlines the impact MAFLD exerts on COVID-19 severity in obese subjects,besides the possible mechanistic links to the poor outcomes.The data collected showed that MAFLD patients had poorer COVID-19 outcomes than non-MAFLD obese subjects.MAFLD is generally accompanied by impaired glycemic control and systemic arterial hypertension,both of which can decompensate during the COVID-19 clinical course.Also,MAFLD subjects had higher plasma inflammatory marker concentrations than non-MAFLD subjects,which might be related to an intensified cytokine storm syndrome frequently associated with the need for mechanical ventilation and death.In conclusion,MAFLD represents a higher risk than obesity for COVID-19 severity,resulting in poor outcomes and even progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.Hepatologists should include MAFLD subjects in the high-risk group,intensify preventive measurements,and prioritize their vaccination.

Correlation Structures between Satellite All-Sky Infrared Brightness Temperatures and the Atmospheric State at Storm Scales

This study explores the structures of the correlations between infrared(IR)brightness temperatures(BTs)from the three water vapor channels of the Advanced Baseline Imager(ABI)onboard the GOES-16 satellite and the atmospheric state.Ensemble-based data assimilation techniques such as the ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF)rely on correlations to propagate innovations of BTs to increments of model state variables.Because the three water vapor channels are sensitive to moisture in different layers of the troposphere,the heights of the strongest correlations between these channels and moisture in clear-sky regions are closely related to the peaks of their respective weighting functions.In cloudy regions,the strongest correlations appear at the cloud tops of deep clouds,and ice hydrometeors generally have stronger correlations with BT than liquid hydrometeors.The magnitudes of the correlations decrease from the peak value in a column with both vertical and horizontal distance.Just how the correlations decrease depend on both the cloud scenes and the cloud structures,as well as the model variables.Horizontal correlations between BTs and moisture,as well as hydrometeors,in fully cloudy regions decrease to almost 0 at about 30 km.The horizontal correlations with atmospheric state variables in clear-sky regions are broader,maintaining non-zero values out to~100 km.The results in this study provide information on the proper choice of cut-off radii in horizontal and vertical localization schemes for the assimilation of BTs.They also provide insights on the most efficient and effective use of the different water vapor channels.

High scored thyroid storm after stomach cancer perforation: A case report

BACKGROUND Thyroid storm is a life-threatening emergency.Reportedly,the prevalence of thyroid storm is 1%-2%among patients admitted to the hospital for thyrotoxicosis.Burch and Wartofsky(1993)introduced a scoring system using precise clinical criteria to identify thyroid storms.Only 17 cases of thyroid storm with a score>70 points have been reported.Although thyroid storms are uncommon,their clinical findings resemble those of sepsis.CASE SUMMARY A 48-year-old man was referred to the emergency room from a local clinic owing to suspicion of gastric ulcer perforation;medications for hypertension,diabetes mellitus,and hyperthyroidism had been suspended 1 year prior to this visit.We performed an emergency distal gastrectomy with Billroth II anastomosis for gastric cardia cancer perforation,and the patient was referred to the surgical intensive care unit(ICU).On the 2nd d in the ICU,his body temperature(BT)increased to 41.3℃ at 19:00,with the thyroid storm score(90 points)peaking at 18:00(BT;41.2℃,pulse rate;138/min,irritable status).The patient was administered propylthiouracil,intravenous glucocorticoids,acetaminophen,and Lugol’s solution daily.Subsequently,we performed bladder irrigation with cold saline using a Foley catheter and applied a hypothermic blanket to decrease the patient's BT.His vital signs were stable on the 8th day in the ICU.CONCLUSION Thyroid storms are uncommon,with few reports in the literature;however,their clinical findings resemble those of sepsis and require further investigation.Since an untreated thyroid storm results in a high mortality rate,it should be investigated when managing sepsis.

考虑地磁暴期间电网电压下降的GIC-Q计算及易损区域识别

地磁暴诱发的GIC及其次生GIC-Q对电网的不同变电站影响程度不同,目前计算GIC-Q没有考虑电网电压下降,因此有必要提高GIC-Q的准确性和识别出易损区域以指导电网安全运行。文中提出了考虑地磁暴期间电网电压下降的GIC-Q计算方法,以新疆电网为算例计算了角度为90°,大小为1 V/km的地电场作用时各变电站变压器GIC;根据潮流计算模型,比较了是否考虑地磁暴期间电网电压下降的各变电站GIC-Q和电压的计算结果,以及喀什站GIC-Q和电压随地电场强度变化趋势;分析了地磁暴期间发电机无功储备对电网电压影响,以及线路有功功率和无功功率分布变化;分别提出了GIC严重度和电压越限严重度描述GIC对变压器的影响程度和GIC-Q对电网电压的影响程度,根据提出的变电站易损严重度来描述地电场对变电站的危害程度,并识别了新疆电网易损区域。结果表明,考虑地磁暴期间电网电压下降可以修正GIC-Q和节点电压计算结果,电网易损区域一般位于网络边缘。

新型冠状病毒刺突蛋白对单核巨噬细胞分泌炎症因子的影响

目的 探讨SARS-CoV-2对单核巨噬细胞分泌炎症因子的作用及机制。方法 纳入石家庄市第五医院2020年1月21日至2月10日以及2021年1月3日至1月7日住院的COVID-19确诊患者(病例组)与健康对照者(对照组)各53例,收集病例资料与血常规检测结果。采用SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白刺激单核巨噬细胞,细胞增殖-毒性检测细胞活力,荧光定量PCR法检测炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β和CCL2与信号通路分子JAK1、STAT1和NF-κB的表达。结果 COVID-19患者的单核细胞比值与中性粒细胞比值高于对照组,而淋巴细胞比值、淋巴细胞计数、嗜酸性粒细胞比值、嗜酸性粒细胞计数与红细胞压积低于对照组。SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白刺激单核巨噬细胞后,在100ng/ml与300ng/ml的浓度下细胞活力高于对照组(P=0.046),在浓度为500ng/ml时IL-6、IL-1β与CCL2的mRNA表达含量最高(P<0.01,P=0.036,P <0.001),在浓度100ng/ml时JAK1与STAT1的mRNA表达明显升高(P <0.001),在300ng/ml与500ng/ml刺激下,NF-κB表达增高(P<0.001)。结论 COVID-19患者的单核细胞升高,SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白可能通过JAK1/STAT1信号通路促进单核巨噬细胞分泌炎症因子,在细胞因子风暴中发挥作用。