Total Harmonics Distortion Prediction at the Point of Common Coupling of industrial load with the grid using Artificial Neural Network

Power quality challenges have generated a lot of disputes between utilities,customers,network operators,and equipment manufacturers around the world as regards the share of responsibility for power quality solutions,this results in different levels of financial and technical losses for both the network operators and the customers.One of the major consequences of the operation of heavy-duty factories globally is the corruption of power quality at the point of common coupling(PCC).In order to quantify the harmonics contribution at the PCC by industrial consumers,this paper presents three-phase total harmonics distortion of current(THDi)prediction model at the PCC.The proposed artificial neural network(ANN)models use a multilayer perceptron neural network(MLPN)to predict three-phase total harmonic distortion.The input parameter used in the models is easily measured with basic power meters.The model was trained with input parameters captured at 33 kV and 132 kV voltage levels using power quality meters at five(5)different steel manufacturing plants.Eight(8)different models were designed,trained,validated,and tested with different combinations of input parameters,number of hidden layers,and number of neurons in the hidden layer.The results show that the model with two hidden layers which uses four major power parameters(Current,apparent power,reactive and active power)as input parameters in the training model had the best performance with a 95.5%coefficient of correlation between the measured THDi and the predicted THDi.

Harmonics Extraction Scheme for Power Quality Improvement Using Chbmli-Dstatcom Module

In recent day’s power distribution system is distress from acute power quality issues.In this work,for compensating Power Quality(PQ)disturbances a seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter is implemented in distribution static com-pensator which protects power quality problems in currents.Distribution Static Compensator(DSTATCOM)aid to enhances power factor and removes total har-monic distortion which is drawn from non-linear load.The D–Q reference theory based hysteresis current controller is employed to generate reference current for compensation of harmonics and reactive power,additionally Probabilistic Neural Network(PNN)classifier is used which easily separates exact harmonics.In the meantime fuzzy logic controller is also used to maintain capacitor DC-link poten-tial.When comparing to PI controller it decreases steady state time and reduces maximum peak overshoot.Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter converts direct current to Alternating current,through inductor opposite harmonics are injected in Power Control Centre reduces source current harmonics and reactive power.The implementation of CHBMLI in distribution STATic COMpensator simulation model is simulated by means of MATLAB.

Performance Assessment of a Real PV System Connected to a Low-Voltage Grid

The generation of photovoltaic(PV)solar energy is increasing continuously because it is renewable,unlimited,and clean energy.In the past,generation systems depended on non-renewable sources such as oil,coal,and gas.Therefore,this paper assesses the performance of a 51 kW PV solar power plant connected to a low-voltage grid to feed an administrative building in the 6th of October City,Egypt.The performance analysis of the considered grid-connected PV system is carried out using power system simulator for Engineering(PSS/E)software.Where the PSS/E program,monitors and uses the power analyzer that displays the parameters and measures some parameters such as current,voltage,total power,power factor,frequency,and current and voltage harmonics,the used inverter from the type of grid inverter for the considered system.The results conclude that when the maximum solar radiation is reached,the maximum current can be obtained from the solar panels,thus obtaining the maximum power and power factor.Decreasing total voltage harmonic distortion,a current harmonic distortion within permissible limits using active harmonic distortion because this type is fast in processing up to 300 microseconds.The connection between solar stations and the national grid makes the system more efficient.

Impact of welding equipment on power quality

In an industrial facility,many electrical consumers can affect the quality of electricity.Therefore,the freedom from interference sources of these devices and equipment can be crucial for quality and uninterrupted electricity supply.Electric welding equipment is also a possible source of interference.The electrical harmonic injections created by welding equipment into the electrical network can affect the operation of other consumers connected to the given distribution points and cause unjustified overheating and shutdowns of some network components.The aim of the research is to analyse the current harmonic injection of welding equipment of different types and modes of operation connected to the internal distribution network of the industrial facility.The effectiveness of the active harmonic filter built into the welding equipment was also examined in the paper.The results showed that the built-in active harmonic filter of the DC045 laser welding equipment was ineffective because the total harmonic distortion(THD)was about three times the 8%allowed by IEEE 519−2022 standard.The current harmonic injection of MIG 320 and MM403 type welding equipment was more than five times the permissible value of 5%.The current harmonic distortion of the PLAS140 type plasma-jet cutter equipment was below the 5% value allowed in the standard,thus it complied with it.Based on the measurement results,it can be concluded that the use of protection against harmonics is also necessary for welding equipment.Finally,proposals were made in the paper to reduce the effect of harmonics.

Online Learning Control for Harmonics Reduction Based on Current Controlled Voltage Source Power Inverters

Nonlinear loads in the power distribution system cause non-sinusoidal currents and voltages with harmonic components.Shunt active filters(SAF) with current controlled voltage source inverters(CCVSI) are usually used to obtain balanced and sinusoidal source currents by injecting compensation currents.However,CCVSI with traditional controllers have a limited transient and steady state performance.In this paper,we propose an adaptive dynamic programming(ADP) controller with online learning capability to improve transient response and harmonics.The proposed controller works alongside existing proportional integral(PI) controllers to efficiently track the reference currents in the d-q domain.It can generate adaptive control actions to compensate the PI controller.The proposed system was simulated under different nonlinear(three-phase full wave rectifier) load conditions.The performance of the proposed approach was compared with the traditional approach.We have also included the simulation results without connecting the traditional PI control based power inverter for reference comparison.The online learning based ADP controller not only reduced average total harmonic distortion by 18.41%,but also outperformed traditional PI controllers during transients.

Analysis on Harmonics of Distribution Network with Distributed Generators

In this paper, the authors analyze the influence that connection of many distributed generators （DGs） has on the harmonics of the distribution network from the viewpoints of harmonic current, harmonic voltage, and voltage total harmonic distortion （THD）, when it is assumed that the harmonic voltages or the harmonic currents in a distribution network increases by connection of many DGs through the inverters. The analysis on the influence of DGs is carried out by using a standard analytical model of distribution network with DGs based on the practical data. The authors evaluate quantitatively the influence which harmonics generated from DGs has on the harmonics of the distribution network, and analyze visually about propagation of harmonics within the distribution network. In addition, the authors also verify about the restraint effect of the harmonics in the network scale by the active filters installation.

Improved hyper-spherical search algorithm for voltage total harmonic distortion minimization in 27-level inverter

Multi-level inverters(MLIs)have become popular in different applications such as industrial power control systems and distributed generations.There are different forms of MLIs.The cascaded MLIs(CMLIs)have some special advantages among them such as more different output voltage levels using the same number of components and higher power quality.In this paper,a 27-level inverter switching algorithm considering total harmonic distortion(THD)minimization is investigated.Switching angles of the inverter switches are achieved by minimizing a THD-based objective function.In order to minimize the THD-based objective function,the hyper-spherical search(HSS)algorithm,as a novel optimization algorithm,is improved and the results of improved HSS(IHSS)are compared with HSS algorithm and other five evolutionary algorithms to show the advantages of IHSS algorithm.

Design and Analysis of Cascaded Hybrid-Bridge Multi-Cell Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Total Harmonic Distortion Profile

This multilevel inverter methodology is the center of focus among researchers in recent era.It has been focused due to its advantages over existing topologies,drawbacks and improvement of power quality,Multi-level inverter has the ability to generate nearly sinusoidal waves.This sinusoidal wave can be further improved by increasing the level of output voltage or with the help of filter design,and this manuscript presents single-phase Multi cell Multi-Level Inverter(MLI).It has been considered for reducing component count to get a higher number of output voltage levels and lower Total harmonics distortion profile.It comprises with four symmetric DC input voltage and 10 IGBT switches to produces stepped output of 9 level,and when deploy asymmetric Dc voltage source the same circuit will produce 31 level output with some changes in firing scheme,moreover this circuit is the family of cascaded hybrid bridge inverter so this circuit covered advantage of CHB MLI,This circuit uses lower no.of switch as compared to existing conventional MLIs such as FC-MLI,CHB-MLI,NPC-MLI,This paper also provides one of most pertinent controls and modulation mechanisms for a MLI using a hybrid reference/carrier-oriented sinusoidal PWM mechanism.At last,simulated outcomes are to validate the performance of both architectures in MLI structure as well as verify the concept.

Adaptive Nonlinear Sliding Mode Control for DC Power Distribution in Commercial Buildings

The developing populace and industrialization power demand prompted the requirement for power generation from elective sources.The desire for this pursuit is solid due to the ever-present common assets of petroleum deri-vatives and their predominant ecological issues.It is generally acknowledged that sustainable power sources are one of the best answers for the energy emergency.Among these,Photovoltaic(PV)sources have many benefits to bestow a very promising future.If integrated into the existing power distribution infrastructure,the solar source will be more successful,requiring efficient Direct Current(DC)-Alternating Current(AC)conversion.This paper mainly aims to improve control-lers’performance between AC/DC Energy sources and the DC loads using the Adaptive Nonlinear Sliding Mode(ANSM)control method.The proposed ANSM method efficiently controls power quality issues,such as transient response,powerflow reliability and Total Harmonics Distortion(THD).The proposed con-troller is applied for both AC/DC and DC/DC converters and the performance of the proposed controller is validated through simulation checking the above para-meters.The simulation results confirm ANSM configuration is more reliable and efficient than the existing fuzzy and sliding mode control methods.

Power-Sharing Enhancement Using Harmonized Membership Fuzzy Logic Droop Control Based Micro-Grid

The contribution of Renewable Energy Resources(RER)in the process of power generation is significantly high in the recent days since it paves the way for overcoming the issues like serious energy crisis and natural contamination.This paper deals with the renewable energy based micro-grid as it is regarded as the apt solution for integrating the RER with the electrical frameworks.As thefixed droop coefficients in conventional droop control approaches have caused various limitations like low power-sharing and sudden drops of grid voltage in the Direct Current(DC)side,the Harmonized Membership Fuzzy Logic(MFL)droop control is employed in this present study.This proposed droop control for the hybrid PV-wind-battery system with MFL assists in achieving proper power-sharing and minimizing Total Harmonic Distortion(THD)in the emer-gency micro-grid.It eradicates the deviations in voltage and frequency with itsflexible and robust operation.The THD is reduced and attains the value of 3.1%compared to the traditional droop control.The simulation results of harmo-nized MFL droop control are analogized with the conventional approaches to vali-date the performance of the proposed method.In addition,the experimental results provided by the Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA)based laboratory setup built using a solar photovoltaic(PV)and wind Permanent Magnet Synchro-nous Generator(PMSG)reaffirms the design.

Novel Double-Damped Tuned AC Filters in HVDC Systems

This paper presents a performance analysis of novel doubledampedtuned alternating current (AC) filters in high voltage direct current(HVDC) systems. The proposed double-damped tuned AC filters offer theadvantages of improved performance of HVDC systems in terms of betterpower quality, high power factor, and lower total harmonic distortion (THD).The system under analysis consists of an 878 km long HVDC transmissionline connecting converter stations at Matiari and Lahore, two major cities inPakistan. The main focus of this research is to design a novel AC filter usingthe equivalent impedance method of two single-tuned and double-dampedtuned AC filters. Additionally, the impact of the damping resistor on the ACchannel is examined. TheTHDof theHVDCsystem with and without currentAC filters was also compared in this research and a double-damped tuned ACfilter was proposed. The results of the simulation represent that the proposeddouble-damped tuned AC filter is far smaller in size, offers better powerquality, and has a much lower THD compared to the AC filters currently inplace in the converter station. The simulation analysis was carried out utilizingpower systems computer-aided design (PSCAD) software.

Control of Distributed Generation Using Non-Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

The islanded mode is one of the connection modes of the grid distributed generation resources.In this study,a distributed generation resource is connected to linear and nonlinear loads via a three-phase inverter where a control method needing no current sensors or compensator elements is applied to the distribute generation system in the islanded mode.This control method has two main loops in each phase.The first loop controls the voltage control loops that adjust the three-phase point of common coupling,the amplitude of the non-sinusoidal reference waveform and the near-state pulse width modulation(NSPWM)method.The next loop compensates the harmonic compensator loop that calculates the voltage harmonics of the point of common coupling in each phase,and injects them to compensate the non-sinusoidal reference waveforms of each phase.The simulation results in MATLAB/SIMULINK show that this method can generate balanced threephase sinusoidal voltage with an acceptable total harmonic distortion(THD)at the joint connection point.

Multi-Level Inverter Linear Predictive Phase Composition Strategy for UPQC

The power system is facing numerous issues when the distributed gen-eration is added to the existing system.The existing power system has not been planned with flawless power quality control.These restrictions in the power trans-mission generation system are compensated by the use of devices such as the Static Synchronous Compensator(STATCOM),the Unified Power Quality Con-ditioner(UPQC)series/shunt compensators,etc.In this work,UPQC’s plan with the joint activity of photovoltaic(PV)exhibits is proposed.The proposed system is made out of series and shunt regulators and PV.A boost converter connects the DC link to the PV source,allowing it to compensate for voltage sags,swells,vol-tage interferences,harmonics,and reactive power issues.In this paper,the fea-tures of a seven-level Cascaded H-Bridge Multi-Level idea are applied to shunt and series active filter changeovers to reduce Total Harmonic Distortion and com-pensate for voltage issues.Despite its power quality capacity for common cou-pling,the proposed system can inject the grid’s dynamic power.During voltage interference,it can also provide a piece of delicate burden power.The simulation is carried out with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK programming,and the results are compared to those of other conventional methods.

Optimized Design and Analysis of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Inverters for Efficient Power Conversion: A Comparative Study

A large amount of switching loss occurs in the inverter. From this point of view, an inverter design should be optimized for which size and cost will be minimum along with increasing efficiency. The main aim of this paper is the analysis and development of single-phase and three-phase inverter to design with MOSFET and IGBT as power elements by sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique using MATLAB Simulink software and compare their difference with the practical inverter. This work proposes different multilevel stages for the cascaded H-Bridge inverter to enhance the output voltages. Then compare their performance, harmonic distortion, and frequency spectrum. The hardware of an inverter circuit has been developed using the SG3524 microcontroller. The main goal of this design is to generate a sine wave with fewer harmonics, while keeping the cost and complexity of the circuit low. The designed inverter has undergone testing with different AC loads and is primarily intended for low-power applications, as lamps, fans, and chargers. This design aims to provide a reliable and efficient inverter solution for these specific applications.

IMPROVEMENT IN WAVEFORM OF SWITCHING POINT-PRESET SPWM INVERTERS

Total harmonic distortion (THD) is one of the key technical indexes of inverter output voltage. Optimization o f switching points and filter parameters could ensure the switching-point-preset sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) inverters with low harmonyic content in theory.The THD value would be increased by switching time delay of power devices and control circuit. A new control coecuit with delay time compensation is presented in this paper. With this control scheme, the output of the inverter could be basically identified with the theory given.Test results of experimental circuit verify that the control circuit presented in this paper is feasible. The THD of the inverter output voltage could be reduced to a certain extent by this method.

Examination for Experimental Verification of Improvement of Power Quality in Distribution System by PCS

In the future, the power quality will decrease by the introduction of a lot of renewable energy sources. The topic of this research is a new method of operation of PCS （power conditioning systems） in the future distribution system. The purpose of this research is development of PCS with a function of improvement of the distribution system. Therefore, the authors propose a method of the power quality improvement of the distribution system by PCS. In addition, the authors construct the control logic to use in PCS The control logic suggests adding harmonic restraint function to conventional control. These were verified by simulation and an experiment. As the results, we confirmed that basic operation of PCS being carried out, harmonics were restrained, and power quality had improved.

A new dimmer for alternating-current directly driven light-emitting-diode lamp

A new dimmer using a mental-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) for alternating-current (AC) directly driven light-emitting-diode (LED) lamp was presented. The control method of proposed dimmer is pulse width control (PWM) method. Compared with the conventional phase-controlled dimmer, the proposed PWM dimmer can produce sine wave and did not cause harmonics problem. Furthermore, the proposed control method did not amplify the light flicker due to the independence of input voltage. Therefore, the PWM dimmer can be used as the dimmer of the AC LED lamp instead of the conventional phase-controlled dimmer. The experimental result shows that the proposed PWM dimmer has good performances.

Implementation of PSOANN Optimized PI Control Algorithm for Shunt Active Filter

This paper proposes the optimum controller for shunt active filter(SAF)to mitigate the harmonics and maintain the power quality in the distribution system.It consists of shunt active filter,Voltage Source Inverter(VSI),series inductor and DC bus and nonlinear load.The proposed hybrid approach is a combination of Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)and Artificial Neural Network(ANN)termed as PSOANN.The PI controller gain parameters of kp and ki are optimized with the help of PSOANN.The PSOANN improves the accuracy of tuning the gain parameters under steady and dynamic load conditions;thereby it reduces the values of THD within the prescribed limits of IEEE 519.The PSO optimizes the dataset of terminal voltage and DC voltage present in shunt active filter for different load condition.The optimized dataset acts as the input for the controller to predict the optimal gain with minimal error and to generate the optimized control signal for the SAF.The proposed methodology is modelled and simulated with the help of MATLAB/Simulink platform and illustrated the few test cases considered for exhibiting the performance of proposed hybrid controller.The experimental results are measured with developed laboratory prototype and compared with the simulation results to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control methodology.

Microcontroller-Based Sinusoidal Voltage Generation for Electrical Bio-Impedance Spectroscopy Applications

A sinusoidal voltage wave generator is proposed based on the use of micro-processor digital signals with programmable duty-cycles, with application to real-time Electrical Cell-substrate Impedance Spectroscopy (ECIS) assays in cell cultures. The working principle relies on the time convolution of the programmed microcontroller (μC) digital signals. The expected frequency is easily tuned on the bio-impedance spectroscopy range [100 Hz, 1 MHz] thanks to the μC clock frequency selection. This system has been simulated and tested on the 8 bits μC ArduinoTM Uno with ATmega328 version. Results obtained prove that only three digital signals are required to fit the general specification in ECIS experiments, below 1% THD accuracy, and show the appropriateness of the system for the real-time monitoring of this type of biological experiments.

Intelligent Controller for UPQC Using Combined Neural Network

The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) plays an important role in the constrained delivery of electrical power from the source to an isolated pool of load or from a source to the grid. The proposed system can compensate voltage sag/swell, reactive power compensation and harmonics in the linear and nonlinear loads. In this work, the off line drained data from conventional fuzzy logic controller. A novel control system with a Combined Neural Network (CNN) is used instead of the traditionally four fuzzy logic controllers. The performance of combined neural network controller compared with Proportional Integral (PI) controller and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). The system performance is also verified experimentally.