Objectives Understanding past trends and forecasting future changes in health spending is vital for planning and reducing reliance on out-of-pocket(OOP)expenses.The current study analyzed health expenditure patterns i...Objectives Understanding past trends and forecasting future changes in health spending is vital for planning and reducing reliance on out-of-pocket(OOP)expenses.The current study analyzed health expenditure patterns in India and forecasted future trends and patterns until 2035.Methods Data on health expenditure in India from 2000 to 2019 was collected from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)iLibrary and National Health Accounts 2019 databases.Gross domestic product(GDP)data from the World Bank was also utilized.Descriptive statistics analyzed the composition and pattern,while the exponential smoothing model forecasted future health expenditures.Results The findings revealed that expenditure made by OOP is the primary health financing source,followed by government and pre-paid private spending.The percentage of GDP allocated to total health expenditure remains stable,while the per capita health expenditure fluctuates.Variations in expenditure among states are observed,with Karnataka relying heavily on pre-paid private coverage.Future projections suggest a decline in per capita and total health expenditure as a share of GDP,with a slight increase in the government’s share.Pre-paid private expenditure per capita and OOP health expenditure as a share of the total is projected to remain relatively constant but still high in absolute terms.Conclusion The study highlights variations in health spending in India,characterized by high OOP spending,limited public coverage,and a need for investments,and reforms to improve healthcare access and equity.展开更多
Turkey launched a project in 2003 known as ＂Health Transformation Programme＂ （HTP）, which enabled Turkey to make considerable progress and radical changes to the health care system. The programme in 2003 included ...Turkey launched a project in 2003 known as ＂Health Transformation Programme＂ （HTP）, which enabled Turkey to make considerable progress and radical changes to the health care system. The programme in 2003 included the effectiveness and the efficiency factors within the process by setting them as the primary objectives to increase the health status of the population （effectiveness） and to use resources in the best possible manner and at the lowest possible cost （efficiency）. Accessing services according to the need of patients and state benefits according to their ability to pay would be viable under these objectives. In this study, initially, Turkish National Health System will be articulated on a literature-study basis approach to measure the efficiency of public expenditure on health. Then, the measured level of the efficiency will be analysed in Turkey, The paper serves a purpose to analyse the efficiency based on the outcomes of heath service such as satisfaction with public health services over the period of 2003-2013. A simple linear regression was employed to test the degree of statistical relation between public health expenditure and satisfaction with public health care services.展开更多
To get a clear sense of the“appropriate”individual payout,based on the literature reviews and the World Health Organization(WHO)reports,the study analyzes the data from two aspects:191 WHO member states and 76 super...To get a clear sense of the“appropriate”individual payout,based on the literature reviews and the World Health Organization(WHO)reports,the study analyzes the data from two aspects:191 WHO member states and 76 superior states(the health performance is better than that of China)by using the Panel data model,which was further validated by intention questionnaire.The results show that Chineseappropriate individual payout intervals are respectively around 30%from the WHO angle and the superior state angle in 2020,which have been well proved by the survey of intention.For the realization of the feasible structure of total expenditure on health,we need not only the efforts from government,society and individuals but also the cooperation among hospitals,drug supply security system,health care systems and other health systems.展开更多
The health inequities remain high in India with government and private health expenditures clearly favoring the rich, urban population and organized sector workers and the Out Of Pocket (OOP) spending as high as 80%, ...The health inequities remain high in India with government and private health expenditures clearly favoring the rich, urban population and organized sector workers and the Out Of Pocket (OOP) spending as high as 80%, afflicting the poor in the worst manner. The focus of the paper is to examine the potential Community Based Health Insurance (CBHI) offers to improve the healthcare access to rural, low-income population and the people in unorganized sector. This is done by drawing empirical evidence from various countries on their experiences of implementing CBHI schemes and its potential for applications to India, problems and challenges faced and the policy and management lessons that may be applicable to India. It can be concluded that CBHI schemes have proved to be effective in reducing the Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE) of people. But success of such schemes depends on its design, benefit package it offers, its management, economic and non-economic benefits perceived by enrollees and solidarity among community members. Collaboration of government, NGO’s and donor agencies is very crucial in extending coverage;similarly overcoming the mistrust that people have from such schemes and subsidizing the insurance for the many who cannot pay the premiums are important factors for success of CBHI in India. One of the biggest challenges for the health system is to address the piecemeal approach of CBHI schemes in extending health insurance and inability of such schemes to cover a large number of poor and the unorganized sector workers. Also, there is a need for a stronger policy research to demonstrate: 1) how such schemes can create a larger risk pool, 2) how such schemes can enroll a large number of people in the unorganized sector, 3) the interaction of CBHI schemes with other financing schemes and its link to the health system.展开更多
目的:了解中国卫生筹资转型的主要特征及历史沿革。方法:数据来源于全球卫生支出数据库(Global Health Expenditure Database,GHED)、《中国卫生健康统计年鉴》、《全国卫生健康财务年报》、《中国卫生总费用研究报告》等。采用描述性...目的:了解中国卫生筹资转型的主要特征及历史沿革。方法:数据来源于全球卫生支出数据库(Global Health Expenditure Database,GHED)、《中国卫生健康统计年鉴》、《全国卫生健康财务年报》、《中国卫生总费用研究报告》等。采用描述性统计和文献研究法进行分析。结果:21世纪以来,全球多数国家出现了卫生筹资转型现象,表现为卫生筹资规模扩大和公共筹资责任强化。中国的卫生筹资转型特征十分鲜明:一是卫生筹资规模扩大的速度更快,2000—2019年人均卫生总费用按可比价格水平增长了816.6%,明显快于全球其他国家的平均增长速度(102.1%);二是公共筹资责任强化的力度更大,2000—2019年个人现金卫生支出占卫生总费用的比例下降了30.6个百分点,降幅明显大于全球其他国家的平均水平(5.6个百分点);三是公共筹资中政府卫生支出的流向发生了重要转变,“补需方”占比逐渐提高,并于2011年超过“补供方”,同时,在“补供方”内部“补医院”占比持续增加,明显高于“补基层”和“补公卫”。据此可将中国卫生筹资转型扩展为规模维度、结构维度和流向维度三个维度。运用分析框架,将中国卫生筹资转型大致分为计划经济时期、经济转型时期、“后非典”时期和“新医改”以来4个阶段,并对每个阶段的主要特点和演变逻辑进行了分析。结论:应从系统结构功能层面提高卫生筹资体系的纵向“嵌入性”和横向“互补性”;更加突出卫生筹资转型对维护隐性价值和防范公共风险的作用,完善价值与风险的双向权衡机制;统筹兼顾卫生筹资转型所涉及的卫生健康伦理原则,优化政府实际治理模式下的预算决策机制;高度重视现代医学发展的全局性和深层次影响,探索中国卫生筹资转型的长期战略和路径选择。展开更多
Background:Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a major public health concern in India,and entails a severe burden in terms of disability,death,and economic cost.This study examined the out-of-pocket health expenditure(OOPE)and fi...Background:Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a major public health concern in India,and entails a severe burden in terms of disability,death,and economic cost.This study examined the out-of-pocket health expenditure(OOPE)and financial burden associated with DM care in India.Methods:The study used data from the latest round of the National Sample Survey on health,which covered 555,115 individuals from 113,823 households in India.In the present study,data of 1216 individuals who sought inpatient treatment and 6527 individuals who sought outpatient care for DM were analysed.Results:In India,10.04 per 1000 persons reported having DM during the last 15 days before the survey date,varying from 6.94/1000 in rural areas to 17.45/1000 in urban areas.Nearly 38%of Indian households with diabetic members experienced catastrophic health expenditure(at the 10%threshold)and approximately 10%of DM-affected households were pushed below the poverty line because of OOPE,irrespective of the type of care sought.48.5%of households used distressed sources to finance the inpatient costs of DM.Medicines constituted one of the largest proportion of total health expenditure,regardless of the type of care sought or type of healthcare facility visited.The average monthly OOPE was over 4.5-fold and 2.5-fold higher for households who sought inpatient and outpatient care,respectively,from private health facilities,compared with those treated at public facilities.Notably,the financial burden was more severe for households residing in rural areas,those in lower economic quintiles,those belonging to marginalised social groups,and those using private health facilities.Conclusion:The burden of DM and its associated financial ramifications necessitate policy measures,such as prioritising health promotion and disease prevention strategies,strengthening public healthcare facilities,improved regulation of private healthcare providers,and bringing outpatient services under the purview of health insurance,to manage the diabetes epidemic and mitigate its financial impact.展开更多
文摘Objectives Understanding past trends and forecasting future changes in health spending is vital for planning and reducing reliance on out-of-pocket(OOP)expenses.The current study analyzed health expenditure patterns in India and forecasted future trends and patterns until 2035.Methods Data on health expenditure in India from 2000 to 2019 was collected from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)iLibrary and National Health Accounts 2019 databases.Gross domestic product(GDP)data from the World Bank was also utilized.Descriptive statistics analyzed the composition and pattern,while the exponential smoothing model forecasted future health expenditures.Results The findings revealed that expenditure made by OOP is the primary health financing source,followed by government and pre-paid private spending.The percentage of GDP allocated to total health expenditure remains stable,while the per capita health expenditure fluctuates.Variations in expenditure among states are observed,with Karnataka relying heavily on pre-paid private coverage.Future projections suggest a decline in per capita and total health expenditure as a share of GDP,with a slight increase in the government’s share.Pre-paid private expenditure per capita and OOP health expenditure as a share of the total is projected to remain relatively constant but still high in absolute terms.Conclusion The study highlights variations in health spending in India,characterized by high OOP spending,limited public coverage,and a need for investments,and reforms to improve healthcare access and equity.
文摘Turkey launched a project in 2003 known as ＂Health Transformation Programme＂ （HTP）, which enabled Turkey to make considerable progress and radical changes to the health care system. The programme in 2003 included the effectiveness and the efficiency factors within the process by setting them as the primary objectives to increase the health status of the population （effectiveness） and to use resources in the best possible manner and at the lowest possible cost （efficiency）. Accessing services according to the need of patients and state benefits according to their ability to pay would be viable under these objectives. In this study, initially, Turkish National Health System will be articulated on a literature-study basis approach to measure the efficiency of public expenditure on health. Then, the measured level of the efficiency will be analysed in Turkey, The paper serves a purpose to analyse the efficiency based on the outcomes of heath service such as satisfaction with public health services over the period of 2003-2013. A simple linear regression was employed to test the degree of statistical relation between public health expenditure and satisfaction with public health care services.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant numbers 71172131,71403185,71531010 and 71325003.
文摘To get a clear sense of the“appropriate”individual payout,based on the literature reviews and the World Health Organization(WHO)reports,the study analyzes the data from two aspects:191 WHO member states and 76 superior states(the health performance is better than that of China)by using the Panel data model,which was further validated by intention questionnaire.The results show that Chineseappropriate individual payout intervals are respectively around 30%from the WHO angle and the superior state angle in 2020,which have been well proved by the survey of intention.For the realization of the feasible structure of total expenditure on health,we need not only the efforts from government,society and individuals but also the cooperation among hospitals,drug supply security system,health care systems and other health systems.
文摘The health inequities remain high in India with government and private health expenditures clearly favoring the rich, urban population and organized sector workers and the Out Of Pocket (OOP) spending as high as 80%, afflicting the poor in the worst manner. The focus of the paper is to examine the potential Community Based Health Insurance (CBHI) offers to improve the healthcare access to rural, low-income population and the people in unorganized sector. This is done by drawing empirical evidence from various countries on their experiences of implementing CBHI schemes and its potential for applications to India, problems and challenges faced and the policy and management lessons that may be applicable to India. It can be concluded that CBHI schemes have proved to be effective in reducing the Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE) of people. But success of such schemes depends on its design, benefit package it offers, its management, economic and non-economic benefits perceived by enrollees and solidarity among community members. Collaboration of government, NGO’s and donor agencies is very crucial in extending coverage;similarly overcoming the mistrust that people have from such schemes and subsidizing the insurance for the many who cannot pay the premiums are important factors for success of CBHI in India. One of the biggest challenges for the health system is to address the piecemeal approach of CBHI schemes in extending health insurance and inability of such schemes to cover a large number of poor and the unorganized sector workers. Also, there is a need for a stronger policy research to demonstrate: 1) how such schemes can create a larger risk pool, 2) how such schemes can enroll a large number of people in the unorganized sector, 3) the interaction of CBHI schemes with other financing schemes and its link to the health system.
文摘目的:了解中国卫生筹资转型的主要特征及历史沿革。方法:数据来源于全球卫生支出数据库(Global Health Expenditure Database,GHED)、《中国卫生健康统计年鉴》、《全国卫生健康财务年报》、《中国卫生总费用研究报告》等。采用描述性统计和文献研究法进行分析。结果:21世纪以来,全球多数国家出现了卫生筹资转型现象,表现为卫生筹资规模扩大和公共筹资责任强化。中国的卫生筹资转型特征十分鲜明:一是卫生筹资规模扩大的速度更快,2000—2019年人均卫生总费用按可比价格水平增长了816.6%,明显快于全球其他国家的平均增长速度(102.1%);二是公共筹资责任强化的力度更大,2000—2019年个人现金卫生支出占卫生总费用的比例下降了30.6个百分点,降幅明显大于全球其他国家的平均水平(5.6个百分点);三是公共筹资中政府卫生支出的流向发生了重要转变,“补需方”占比逐渐提高,并于2011年超过“补供方”,同时,在“补供方”内部“补医院”占比持续增加,明显高于“补基层”和“补公卫”。据此可将中国卫生筹资转型扩展为规模维度、结构维度和流向维度三个维度。运用分析框架,将中国卫生筹资转型大致分为计划经济时期、经济转型时期、“后非典”时期和“新医改”以来4个阶段,并对每个阶段的主要特点和演变逻辑进行了分析。结论:应从系统结构功能层面提高卫生筹资体系的纵向“嵌入性”和横向“互补性”;更加突出卫生筹资转型对维护隐性价值和防范公共风险的作用,完善价值与风险的双向权衡机制;统筹兼顾卫生筹资转型所涉及的卫生健康伦理原则,优化政府实际治理模式下的预算决策机制;高度重视现代医学发展的全局性和深层次影响,探索中国卫生筹资转型的长期战略和路径选择。
文摘Background:Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a major public health concern in India,and entails a severe burden in terms of disability,death,and economic cost.This study examined the out-of-pocket health expenditure(OOPE)and financial burden associated with DM care in India.Methods:The study used data from the latest round of the National Sample Survey on health,which covered 555,115 individuals from 113,823 households in India.In the present study,data of 1216 individuals who sought inpatient treatment and 6527 individuals who sought outpatient care for DM were analysed.Results:In India,10.04 per 1000 persons reported having DM during the last 15 days before the survey date,varying from 6.94/1000 in rural areas to 17.45/1000 in urban areas.Nearly 38%of Indian households with diabetic members experienced catastrophic health expenditure(at the 10%threshold)and approximately 10%of DM-affected households were pushed below the poverty line because of OOPE,irrespective of the type of care sought.48.5%of households used distressed sources to finance the inpatient costs of DM.Medicines constituted one of the largest proportion of total health expenditure,regardless of the type of care sought or type of healthcare facility visited.The average monthly OOPE was over 4.5-fold and 2.5-fold higher for households who sought inpatient and outpatient care,respectively,from private health facilities,compared with those treated at public facilities.Notably,the financial burden was more severe for households residing in rural areas,those in lower economic quintiles,those belonging to marginalised social groups,and those using private health facilities.Conclusion:The burden of DM and its associated financial ramifications necessitate policy measures,such as prioritising health promotion and disease prevention strategies,strengthening public healthcare facilities,improved regulation of private healthcare providers,and bringing outpatient services under the purview of health insurance,to manage the diabetes epidemic and mitigate its financial impact.
