Effects of different planes of milk feeding and milk total solids concentration on growth,ruminal fermentation,health,and behavior of late weaned dairy calves during summer

Background:In recent years,there has been an increasing interest in using high quantities of milk or milk replacer(MR)in heat-stressed calves to alleviate the negative effects of high environmental temperatures on their performance.However,observations have indicated a decline in growth performance in the weaning and postweaning period,which might be optimized with increasing total solids(TS)in milk and weaning age.This study aims to optimize the effects of higher quantities of milk on late weaned calves'performance by increasing TS concentration or delivery route in summer conditions.Method:Forty-eight newborn Holstein calves were used in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with the factors of preweaning total plane of milk(PM)intake(low vs.high)and milk TS content(12%vs.17%).The treatments were(1)low PM(LPM)intake with 12%TS(TS intake=45.9 kg),(2)LPM intake with 17%TS(TS intake=65.1 kg),(3)high PM(HPM)intake with 12%TS(TS intake=63.7 kg);and(4)HPM intake with 17%TS(TS intake=90.3 kg).Calves were weaned at d 83,and the study was terminated at d 103 of age.Performance data(every 10 day),skeletal growth(d 80 and 100),ruminal fermentation parameters(d 48 and 91),and behavioral measurements(d 69,70,93 and 94)were analyzed as repeated measurements with PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4(SAS Institute Inc.,Cary,NC).Results:Calves receiving HPM consumed less PMR from d 44 to 83 of age,but they had higher ADG from d 24 to 53 of age compared to those fed LPM(PM×age,P<0.001).In addition,calves receiving milk with 17%TS had lower PMR intake from d 14 to 83 of age,but greater ADG from d 34 to 53 compared to those receiving milk with 12%TS(TS×age,P<0.001).Calves that received HPM had greater skeletal growth parameters compared to LPMfed calves,with a similar effect evident for calves fed milk with 17%TS compared with those fed milk with 12%TS.Calves receiving milk with 17%TS had greater fecal scores and diarrhea occurrence than those fed milk with 12%TS in HPM,but not LPM.Conclusions:Increasing PM and milk TS concentration improved growth in summer-exposed calves as demonstrated by increased pre-weaning ADG,pre-and post-weaning BW,and structural growth.

Impacts of Climate Change on Seawater Temperature and Total Dissolved Solids: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions for Reverse Osmosis Desalination in the Arabian Gulf Region

This article examines the influence of seawater temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) on reverse osmosis (RO) desalination in the Arabian Gulf region, with a focus on the impact of climate change. The study highlights the changes in seawater temperature and TDS levels over the years and discusses their effects on the efficiency and productivity of RO desalination plants. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring TDS levels and controlling seawater temperature to optimize water production. The article also suggests various solutions, including intensive pre-treatment, development of high-performance membranes, exploration of alternative water sources, and regulation of discharges into the Gulf, to ensure sustainable water supply in the face of rising TDS levels and seawater temperature. Further research and comprehensive monitoring are recommended to understand the implications of these findings and develop effective strategies for the management of marine resources in the Arabian Gulf.

Study of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Concentrations Factor of SWCC Al-Khobar Plant Seawater Intakes

This study presents a significant contribution to the field of water quality assessment and sustainable water management practices. By evaluating the levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) in seawater intakes within Al-Khobar desalination production system, the study addresses a crucial aspect of water treatment and environmental impact assessment. The findings provide valuable insights into the variations and trends of TDS levels across different phases of the system, highlighting the importance of monitoring and management strategies. The study provided both gravimetric total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements to analyze TDS calculation factor and evaluate measurement accuracy. Results revealed significant variations in TDS levels across the sampling locations, with phase-2 exhibiting higher levels and greater fluctuations. Phase-3 displayed similar trends but with lower TDS levels, while phase-4 showed slightly different behavior with higher average TDS levels. EC measurements demonstrated a strong correlation with TDS, providing a reliable estimation. However, additional methods such as gravimetric analysis should be employed to confirm TDS measurements. The findings contribute to understanding water quality in the Al-Khobar desalination system, aiding in monitoring, management, and decision-making processes for water treatment and environmental impact assessment. The study enhances the credibility of water quality assessments and supports sustainable water management practices.

The dissolution of total suspended solids and treatment strategy of tailwater in a Litopenaeus vannamei recirculating aquaculture system

In recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs),the effective treatment of aquaculture tailwater is essential to maintain the health of the RAS.This study investigated the optimal time and method for tailwater treatment during three periods of the aquaculture of the Litopenaeus vannamei:nursery(0–26 d),middle(27–57 d),and later(57–104 d).The variation of several water parameters during the dissolution of total suspended solid(TSS)in tailwater,applied with the effects of ozone on the microorganism and water quality parameters were investigated.Results showed that the TSS concentrations in tailwater decreased with time,although not significantly(P>0.05),whereas total ammonia nitrogen(TAN),nitrite(NO-2-N),and nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N)increased significantly(P<0.05).Therefore,TSS should be removed from the tailwater as early as possible,being most optimal within 4 h.Ozone removed 38.24%–48.95%of TSS,17.78%–90.14%of TAN,and 87.50%–98.90%of NO-2-N after 4 h of treatment.However,it resulted in the significant accumulation of NO_(3)^(-)-N.Moreover,the total number of Vibrio and bacterial counts in aquaculture tailwater was reduced completely by ozone within 4 h.Thus,these results provided technical details and data support for the effective treatment of tailwater from shrimp RAS.

The migration of total dissolved solids during natural freezing process in Ulansuhai Lake

High total dissolved solids （TDS） content is one of the most important pollution contributors in lakes in arid and semiarid areas. Ulansuhai Lake, located in Urad Qianqi, Inner Mongolia, China, was selected as the object of study. Temperatures and TDS contents of both ice and under-ice water were collected together with corresponding ice thickness. TDS profiles were drawn to show the distribution of TDS and to describe TDS migration. The results showed that about 80% （that is 3.602x108 kg） of TDS migrated from ice to water during the whole growth period of ice. Within ice layer, TDS migration only occurred during initial ice-on period, and then perished. The TDS in ice decreased with increasing ice thickness, following a negative exponential-like trend. Within un- der-ice water, the TDS migrated from ice-water interface to the entire water column under the effect of concentra- tion gradient until the water TDS content was uniform. In winter, 6.044x 107 kg （16.78% of total TDS） TDS migrated from water to sedirnent, which indicated that winter is the best time for dredging sediment. The migration effect gives rise to TDS concentration in under-ice water and sediment that is likely to affect ecosystem and water quality of the Yellow River. The trend of transfer flux of ice-water and water-sediment interfaces is similar to that of ice growth rate, which reveals that ice growth rate is one of the determinants of TDS migration. The process and mechanism of TDS migration can be referenced by research on other lakes with similar TDS content in cold and arid areas.

Preparation and characterisation of solid dispersions of tanshinone ⅡA, cryptotanshinone and total tanshinones

Total tanshinones are lipophilic active constituents extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.Tanshinone ⅡA and cryptotanshinone are the major components in total tanshinones.However, the bioavailability of both compounds is low due to poor water solubility. To enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of tanshinone ⅡA, cryptotanshinone and total tanshinones,three common used hydrophilic carriers including PEG 6000, poloxamer 188 and PVP K30 were used to prepare the solid dispersions at different ratios, respectively. The solid dispersions were characterised by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). The results of powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the microcrystal state of total tanshinones in solid dispersions and no chemical interaction between total tanshinones and carriers was observed in FTIR spectra. The solubility and dissolution rate of tanshinone ⅡA and cryptotanshinone were significantly increased in all solid dispersions. Regarding tanshinone ⅡA, the solubility and dissolution rate of in solid dispersions prepared with poloxamer 188 were significantly higher than that with PEG 6000 and PVP K30. The higher solubility and dissolution rate of cryptotanshinone were obtained in solid dispersion of PVP K30 than that of PEG 6000 solid dispersions but no significant difference from poloxamer 188 solid dispersions. The results indicate that the superior carrier for preparation of tanshinone ⅡA and total tanshinones solid dispersions is poloxamer 188, and that for cryptotanshinone is PVP K30.

Changes in Total Dissolved Solids Concentration during Infiltration through Soils (Rain, Fresh Groundwater and Treated Wastewater)

Water quality deterioration took place during infiltration process. Quality of the source water, climate conditions and amounts of added water are the major role players of the differentiation measures. Treated wastewater, rainwater and fresh groundwater were described within this study. It was found that the rainwater has an aggressive behavior with a high ability to dissolve soil salts. The amounts of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) increase with infiltration process. Electrical conductivity (EC) increased by 600%. Plotting the fresh groundwater to the same conditions and experiment reflects the ability of this water to dissolve soil salts and increases the TDS by increasing the EC by a percentage of around 200%;while applying lower quality of water, the percentage of the EC of the treated wastewater increases to about 230% for the depth of 20 cm, which indicates the accumulation of the salts within this part of the soil, which leads to the deterioration of the soil quality, and decreases to about 160% for a depth of 60 cm. This differentiation could be a result of low permeability soils which tend to accumulate salts as a result of evaporation and then increase the salinity in the topsoil. Dissolution and plant uptake in the infiltrated take of minerals save the soil’s water from evaporation and do not allow salts to concentrate in soils. Moreover, plant uptake of soil water chemicals causes a decrease in some salt concentrations such as NO3, PO4, K, Na, and Cl and may conserve others.

Biological Treatability of Low Total Dissolved Solids (LTDS) Using SBR as a Pre-Treatment for Reverse Osmosis

Huge quantity of effluents is generated from pharmaceutical industries attributed to their wide array of manufacturing and maintenance processes. Wastewaters from pharmaceuticals are characterized by the presence of solids, pH, temperature, biodegradable organic compounds, unusual turbidity, hardness and conductivity. Wastewater from pharmaceutical industry arising from various units is categorised as low total dissolved solids (LTDS) and high total dissolved solids (HTDS) based on the concentration of total dissolved solids. The present study focuses on treatment of LTDS using a combination of biological treatment followed by membrane process, reverse osmosis. This research presents the results from the pilot-scale studies focussed on biological treatment using SBR as pre-treatment for RO towards the removal of LTDS effluent. Three-month data on a daily basis is presented. The efficiency of the process was tested with a reduction in parameters like total dissolved solids and chemical oxygen demand. SBR tested for its suitability as a preliminary treatment for the Reverse Osmosis process during the months of August-October. The highest and lowest TDS reduction was recorded as 9.72% and ?4.67% in the month of August. The highest and least COD reduction was recorded as 87.28% and 80.66% in the same month. The highest and lowest TDS reduction was recorded as 0.84% and ?7.92% in the month of September. The highest and least COD reduction was recorded as 87.07% and 83.28% in the same month. The performance of RO tested for its efficiency in removing the TDS and COD after SBR as pre-treatment. The highest and lowest TDS reduction was recorded as 94.93% and 93.27% in the month of August. The highest and least COD reduction was recorded as 96.84% and 90.19% in the same month. The highest and lowest TDS reduction was recorded at 96.53% and 91.25% in the month of October. The highest and least COD reduction was recorded as 94.31% and 72.57% in the same month. SBR has proved to be a promising solution for pre-treatment removing all substances that might result in membrane fouling. Hence, the present study concludes that a combination of SBR and RO will be a promising solution for effective removal of TDS and COD from pharmaceutical wastewaters.

Influence of Groundwater Hypothetical Salts on Electrical Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids

A relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) was tested for solutions of same salinity levels with respect to different artificial salts with their combinations. Results showed remarkable jumping at the order of the artificial salt sequence specially that of the magnesium type. A computer model is designed with an input of EC and TDS. The output will be the possible prevailing artificial salts. The accuracy of the model was tested by using the groundwater data of Safwan-Zubair area south of Iraq and it proved to be significant at 95% matching. The 5% unmatched results are due to the possibility of having more than one type of prevailing salt.

脱萼剂对“浙梨6号”果实品质与着果率的影响

针对“浙梨6号”因部分萼片宿存或残存、果顶尖凸等而影响果实品相问题,选择PBO、氟硅唑、丙环唑3种脱萼剂,以清水为对照进行试验。结果表明:与对照相比,3种脱萼剂处理果实的脱萼率提高23.27~26.01百分点,果顶尖凸率降低24.55~26.44百分点,扁圆果占比、单果质量、可溶性固形物含量分别增加33.19~37.66百分点、37.9~57.1 g和0.68~0.94百分点,但果实偏斜度、全锈果率分别偏高0.54~0.74和18.36~19.23百分点,端正果率、着果率分别下降15.89~21.07和5.43~6.62百分点,差异达显著或极显著水平。上述3种脱萼剂分别选择4000、333.3、444.4 mg·L^(-1)和花序分离期进行喷施,在保证脱萼防凸效果的同时,可有效降低对着果率及果形端正度等的不利影响。

Immediate-release Mechanism of Dehydrotrametenolic Acid and Dehydroeburicoic Acid in Poriae Cutis Total Triterpenoids Tablets Based on Liquid-solid Compact Technique

[Objectives]To study the immediate-release mechanism of dehydrotrametenolic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid in Poriae Cutis total triterpenoids tablets by liquid-solid compacts technique.[Methods] Taking dehydrotrametenolic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid as indicators,differences in dissolution were compared between liquid-solid compressed tablets and crude drug of total triterpenoids in Poriae Cutis;crude drug,powder of liquid-solid compressed tablets and excipients of liquid-solid compressed tablets were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry( DSC).[Results]Liquid-solid compact technique could significantly improve dissolution rate of dehydrotrametenolic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid. The total dissolution rate of dehydrotrametenolic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid in Poriae Cutis total triterpenoids tablets was 92%,t50( time for 50% total dissolution rate) and t_D( time for 63. 2% total dissolution rate) were 11. 18 min and 22. 71 min; the total dissolution rate of dehydrotrametenolic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid in crude drug of total triterpenoids was 29%,and t50 and t_D were231. 06 min and 359. 23 min. DSC showed that there was no mutual interaction between excipients and total triterpenoids in Poriae Cutis; on the DSC curve for powder of liquid-solid compressed tablets,the absorption peak vanished completely,indicating that the drug exists in the amorphous form in the liquid-solid powder.[Conclusions] Liquid-solid compact technique can increase the dissolution rate of total triterpenoids in Poriae Cutis and allow rapid release of poorly water soluble drugs.

脉冲超声对灰枣片理化及超声液特性的影响

为探究脉冲超声持续时间对枣片理化及超声液特性的影响,以灰枣为原料,设置脉冲超声持续时间为15,30,60 s,并分别于1,2,3,4,5 h对灰枣片和超声液进行取样分析。追踪检测灰枣片的色泽、水分状态、质构和微观结构,以及超声液可溶性固形物(TSS)、色泽、浊度和电导率的变化。结果表明,随着脉冲超声处理时间的延长,灰枣片中的主要水分由结合水转变为自由水,灰枣片组织吸水膨胀,色泽L*值(42.88~50.71)和△E值(3.69~9.85)呈显著增加的趋势,a*值(由19.88降至14.70)和b*值(由22.39降至19.03)呈显著降低的趋势。脉冲超声处理可诱导灰枣片组织内微通道的形成,随着循环次数的增加和脉冲时间的延长,微通道发生扩张,数量增加,同时伴随咀嚼性、弹性和回复性降低。超声液分析结果表明,高强度脉冲持续时间(30 s和60 s)可使灰枣片与超声液在处理前期(1~2 h)发生快速传质,超声液色泽(△E值:0~26.69)、TSS(0~6.1°Brix)、电导率(0~257.54μs/cm)、浊度(0~8.81 NTU)等显著增加,处理后期(3~5 h),15 s处理组超声液特性呈现出最显著的特性变化;至处理完成,各处理组超声液色泽L*值均达到100,a*值与b*值接近于原始状态;同时30 s和60 s处理组超声液中TSS为0°Brix,传质趋于平衡。结论:可根据灰枣片和超声液特性的改变来判断传质的程度,从而适应不同的加工需求。

秦岭北麓地下水水文地球化学演化规律及模式

秦岭北麓是黄河重要的水源涵养区,分析其水文地球化学特征及演化模式对于加强秦岭地下水资源的开发与保护、推进关中平原乃至黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展具有重要意义。利用2019—2021年在渭河流域开展水文地质调查所获取的资料,运用数理统计、水文地球化学反向模拟等方法,分析了秦岭至渭河河谷地下水的水文地球化学演化规律及模式。结果表明:由基岩区至细土平原区,地下水水化学类型由HCO3-Ca型向HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na型转变,溶解性固体总量(TDS)浓度由254 mg/L增至889 mg/L,分带性不强;随着地下水流动,水-岩作用主要由碳酸盐岩风化溶滤控制向硅酸盐岩与岩盐风化溶滤控制转变,同时阳离子交换作用增强;14C测年显示研究区地下水年龄多在2 450 a以内,地下水循环更新快,蒸发浓缩作用不显著;山前洪积扇作为地下水重要的涵养区与径流通道,对于关中平原潜水和承压水水质保障有关键作用,由于洪积扇含水层防污性能差,在地下水开发利用和工农业活动中要加强地下水资源的保护。

近红外光谱检测油莎豆乳中蛋白质和总固形物含量研究

利用近红外光谱技术快速检测油莎豆乳中蛋白质含量、总固形物含量,实验分别采用凯氏定氮法和考马斯亮蓝法测定蛋白质含量,采用常压干燥法测定总固形物含量;分析比较S-G平滑法、标准正态变量变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、一阶微分(FD)、二阶微分(SD)5种光谱预处理方法,利用分段建模法筛选出最佳光谱建模区域,采用留一法交叉验证主成分分析方法确定的主成分数量,结果表明平滑S-G+二阶导数的光谱预处理效果最佳,以1200~1800 nm范围为PLS建模光谱波段,采用考马斯亮蓝法、凯氏定氮法构建的蛋白质含量近红外模型的预测相关系数R分别为0.9755,0.9692,预测均方根误差分别为0.276,0.287;总固形物含量模型的预测相关系数R为0.9699,预测均方根误差为0.326,独立测试集样品的预测值和实测值之间的残差值均较小,接近0,残差和分别为-0.02,0.01,-0.02,研究结果表明建立的近红外光谱快速检测油莎豆乳蛋白质含量、总固形物含量的方法能够满足检测要求,可为油莎豆乳行业健康发展提供技术支撑。

青浦区出厂水中总硬度和溶解性总固体分析

目的:了解青浦区出厂水中总硬度和溶解性总固体水平,为改善饮用水水质提供科学依据。方法:对2014-2022年青浦区市政水厂出厂水总硬度和溶解性总固体进行统计分析。结果:294份水样中,总硬度中位数为127 mg·L^(-1),溶解性总固体中位数为278 mg·L^(-1),合格率为100%。趋势性检验发现,两指标在2014-2022年均呈下降趋势(Rs=-0.357,P<0.01;Rs=-0.374,P<0.01)。3家水厂出厂水的总硬度均在枯水期、平水期和丰水期依次下降(P<0.05)。比较不同水源,以淀山湖水系为水源的出厂水中溶解性总固体高于以青草沙水库为水源的出厂水(P<0.05)。结论:青浦区出厂水口感好,但总硬度略低,建议居民增加钙镁的摄入。

山东省巨野县浅层地下水咸化特征及成因

为了深入了解浅层地下水的水化学特征及形成原因,在山东省巨野县采集20组浅层地下水样品,采用数理统计、Durov图、主成分分析、离子比值以及矿物饱和指数等方法,对地下水样检测结果进行统计分析,研究该地区地下水咸化特征及产生机制。结果表明:研究区浅层地下水总体呈弱碱性,溶解性总固体的质量浓度为1680~14000 mg/L,地下水化学类型主要分为SO_(4)·Cl-Na·Mg、HCO_(3)·SO_(4)·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg、HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Na·Mg以及HCO_(3)·SO_(4)·Cl-Na·Mg型;浅层地下水的咸化程度主要受蒸发浓缩作用影响,水中离子主要来自硅酸盐、岩盐矿物的溶解,钾盐、石膏、岩盐、硬石膏是溶解性总固体的主要来源,造成研究区地下水咸化的最主要矿物是钾盐、岩盐。

质量法测定植物营养液中电导率可行性

通过与测定电导率的传统电极法对比,探讨运用质量法测定植物营养液电导率的可行性。结果表明:采用质量法测定植物营养液中的电导率,测定值与采用高精度电导率/总溶解性固体水质测试笔测定结果极为接近,分别为19.85,19.30 mS·cm^(-1);溶液中的颗粒物仅贡献2.4%的电导率,悬浮物和胶体对电导率贡献更低(0.5%),络合态的有机物对电导率贡献也有限;解络后,植物营养液的电导率由19.30 mS·cm^(-1)急剧增至66.68 mS·cm^(-1)。

移动床生物膜反应器内典型水质因素对氧转移能力的影响

在污水处理节能降耗与“双碳”战略背景下,为进一步实现污水处理环节的提质增效与节能降碳,从提高氧转移能力的角度出发,在移动床生物膜反应器内,开展了水质因素对氧转移能力的影响研究,并从气泡Sauter平均直径、气泡平均上升速度和气含率等方面,定量分析了氧转移能力影响机制。结果表明:当十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)浓度由0增大至10 mg/L时,不同载体填充率条件下的氧转移能力均降低;但当SDS浓度由12增大为20 mg/L时,氧转移能力逐渐提高;生物膜载体的存在削弱了SDS对氧转移能力的影响。当总溶解性固体(TDS)值由2000增大至12000 mg/L时,提高了氧转移能力;当TDS值大于12000 mg/L后,氧转移能力趋于不变。随着pH值增大,提高了氧转移能力。在实际污水处理过程中,根据不同水质条件下的氧转移能力变化,通过调节曝气强度等方式,可降低污水处理环节的能耗与成本。

黑苦荞固态发酵富集总酚、总黄酮工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

探究固态发酵促进黑苦荞生物活性成分多酚和黄酮的高效释放,并提高其抗氧化活性。以总酚、总黄酮含量为评价指标,先筛选发酵菌种,然后以发酵时间、装料量、接种量为变量,采用单因素和响应面试验对黑苦荞固态发酵工艺进行优化,分析在最优菌种及最佳发酵条件下固态发酵对黑苦荞营养成分及体外抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:最优发酵菌种为米曲霉,固态发酵黑苦荞最佳工艺条件为接种量11.0 mL/100 g、装料量28.6 g、发酵时间3.6 d,在此条件下,总酚和总黄酮含量最高,为(27.00±0.43)mg/g和(2.50±0.02)mg/g,分别是空白组、对照组的2.61、2.72倍和2.02、2.16倍,淀粉含量显著降低,蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量显著升高(P<0.05);发酵黑苦荞多酚清除DPPH和ABTS自由基的IC50((33.08±2.21)μg/mL、(16.41±2.21)μg/mL)显著低于发酵前((50.67±3.13)μg/mL、(28.07±3.42)μg/mL),总抗氧化和总还原能力显著提高(P<0.05)。固态发酵可以显著提高黑苦荞总酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化活性,为开发黑苦荞功能性食品提供理论依据。

原子荧光光度法测定固体废弃物中总锡量的研究

建立以氢氟酸—盐酸—硝酸为消解体系,运用原子荧光光度计测定固体废弃物中总锡质量分数的分析方法。比较不同酸介质、还原剂及掩蔽剂的试验效果,得出最佳的工作条件下,该方法锡元素校准曲线的相关系数稳定在0.9998,检出限为0.06 mg/kg。对GSS-4a平行测定8次计算得RSD=3.58%;选取从低到高4种不同锡质量分数的标准样品测得结果的相对误差为-3.85%~4.11%;在8、4和2μg/L 3种加标量下,方法的加标回收率在93.7%~107.0%之间。该方法检出限低、稳定性高、操作性强,可满足实验室检测固体废弃物中总锡的质量分数,提高检测效率,适用于日常大批量分析样品的要求。