Impacts of Climate Change on Seawater Temperature and Total Dissolved Solids: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions for Reverse Osmosis Desalination in the Arabian Gulf Region

This article examines the influence of seawater temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) on reverse osmosis (RO) desalination in the Arabian Gulf region, with a focus on the impact of climate change. The study highlights the changes in seawater temperature and TDS levels over the years and discusses their effects on the efficiency and productivity of RO desalination plants. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring TDS levels and controlling seawater temperature to optimize water production. The article also suggests various solutions, including intensive pre-treatment, development of high-performance membranes, exploration of alternative water sources, and regulation of discharges into the Gulf, to ensure sustainable water supply in the face of rising TDS levels and seawater temperature. Further research and comprehensive monitoring are recommended to understand the implications of these findings and develop effective strategies for the management of marine resources in the Arabian Gulf.

Study of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Concentrations Factor of SWCC Al-Khobar Plant Seawater Intakes

This study presents a significant contribution to the field of water quality assessment and sustainable water management practices. By evaluating the levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) in seawater intakes within Al-Khobar desalination production system, the study addresses a crucial aspect of water treatment and environmental impact assessment. The findings provide valuable insights into the variations and trends of TDS levels across different phases of the system, highlighting the importance of monitoring and management strategies. The study provided both gravimetric total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements to analyze TDS calculation factor and evaluate measurement accuracy. Results revealed significant variations in TDS levels across the sampling locations, with phase-2 exhibiting higher levels and greater fluctuations. Phase-3 displayed similar trends but with lower TDS levels, while phase-4 showed slightly different behavior with higher average TDS levels. EC measurements demonstrated a strong correlation with TDS, providing a reliable estimation. However, additional methods such as gravimetric analysis should be employed to confirm TDS measurements. The findings contribute to understanding water quality in the Al-Khobar desalination system, aiding in monitoring, management, and decision-making processes for water treatment and environmental impact assessment. The study enhances the credibility of water quality assessments and supports sustainable water management practices.

The dissolution of total suspended solids and treatment strategy of tailwater in a Litopenaeus vannamei recirculating aquaculture system

In recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs),the effective treatment of aquaculture tailwater is essential to maintain the health of the RAS.This study investigated the optimal time and method for tailwater treatment during three periods of the aquaculture of the Litopenaeus vannamei:nursery(0–26 d),middle(27–57 d),and later(57–104 d).The variation of several water parameters during the dissolution of total suspended solid(TSS)in tailwater,applied with the effects of ozone on the microorganism and water quality parameters were investigated.Results showed that the TSS concentrations in tailwater decreased with time,although not significantly(P>0.05),whereas total ammonia nitrogen(TAN),nitrite(NO-2-N),and nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N)increased significantly(P<0.05).Therefore,TSS should be removed from the tailwater as early as possible,being most optimal within 4 h.Ozone removed 38.24%–48.95%of TSS,17.78%–90.14%of TAN,and 87.50%–98.90%of NO-2-N after 4 h of treatment.However,it resulted in the significant accumulation of NO_(3)^(-)-N.Moreover,the total number of Vibrio and bacterial counts in aquaculture tailwater was reduced completely by ozone within 4 h.Thus,these results provided technical details and data support for the effective treatment of tailwater from shrimp RAS.

Effects of different planes of milk feeding and milk total solids concentration on growth,ruminal fermentation,health,and behavior of late weaned dairy calves during summer

Background:In recent years,there has been an increasing interest in using high quantities of milk or milk replacer(MR)in heat-stressed calves to alleviate the negative effects of high environmental temperatures on their performance.However,observations have indicated a decline in growth performance in the weaning and postweaning period,which might be optimized with increasing total solids(TS)in milk and weaning age.This study aims to optimize the effects of higher quantities of milk on late weaned calves'performance by increasing TS concentration or delivery route in summer conditions.Method:Forty-eight newborn Holstein calves were used in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with the factors of preweaning total plane of milk(PM)intake(low vs.high)and milk TS content(12%vs.17%).The treatments were(1)low PM(LPM)intake with 12%TS(TS intake=45.9 kg),(2)LPM intake with 17%TS(TS intake=65.1 kg),(3)high PM(HPM)intake with 12%TS(TS intake=63.7 kg);and(4)HPM intake with 17%TS(TS intake=90.3 kg).Calves were weaned at d 83,and the study was terminated at d 103 of age.Performance data(every 10 day),skeletal growth(d 80 and 100),ruminal fermentation parameters(d 48 and 91),and behavioral measurements(d 69,70,93 and 94)were analyzed as repeated measurements with PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4(SAS Institute Inc.,Cary,NC).Results:Calves receiving HPM consumed less PMR from d 44 to 83 of age,but they had higher ADG from d 24 to 53 of age compared to those fed LPM(PM×age,P<0.001).In addition,calves receiving milk with 17%TS had lower PMR intake from d 14 to 83 of age,but greater ADG from d 34 to 53 compared to those receiving milk with 12%TS(TS×age,P<0.001).Calves that received HPM had greater skeletal growth parameters compared to LPMfed calves,with a similar effect evident for calves fed milk with 17%TS compared with those fed milk with 12%TS.Calves receiving milk with 17%TS had greater fecal scores and diarrhea occurrence than those fed milk with 12%TS in HPM,but not LPM.Conclusions:Increasing PM and milk TS concentration improved growth in summer-exposed calves as demonstrated by increased pre-weaning ADG,pre-and post-weaning BW,and structural growth.

高光谱结合深度学习的桑椹采后TSS含量无损检测

桑椹起源于中国,是我国最具历史的“药食同源”水果之一。但桑椹采后快速变质和皮薄易腐败的特点制约了其产业化发展。总可溶性固形物(TSS)是决定桑椹风味和品质的重要成分,是其商业化的最基本品质特性之一。借助于近红外高光谱成像技术和深度学习方法优化桑椹采后TSS含量的预测模型,同时评估采后常见储运温度条件对定量模型的影响,为桑椹采后品质快速评价提供依据。选用具有一致商业成熟度的桑椹分别在常温(25℃)和低温(4℃)储藏,然后在不同储藏阶段对样本进行光谱数据采集和TSS含量测定直至桑椹腐败不适宜食用。基于校正后的高光谱图像提供的空间信息提取感兴趣区域以获得无背景的代表性光谱,然后将标准正态变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、Savizkg-Golag(SG)平滑用于光谱的预处理,以提升光谱信噪比。利用深度学习方法实现了桑椹采后TSS含量的预测。对于常温和低温桑椹样本,最优CNN模型剩余预测偏差(RPD)值分别达到5.828和5.449,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)值分别为1.082和1.099°Brix,可见低温条件储藏降低了CNN模型的预测性能。为进一步验证CNN模型的效果,建立了基于传统经典机器学习方法偏最小二乘(PLS)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的TSS含量预测模型。结果表明,非线性模型LS-SVM更适合桑椹的TSS含量预测。对于两个不同储藏温度,最优LS-SVM模型RPD值分别为4.221和4.423,表明CNN优于经典机器学习方法。综上所述,高光谱成像结合深度学习CNN的桑椹采后TSS预测具有较大潜力,这为桑椹品质快速检测提供了技术支撑。

Influence of Groundwater Hypothetical Salts on Electrical Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids

A relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) was tested for solutions of same salinity levels with respect to different artificial salts with their combinations. Results showed remarkable jumping at the order of the artificial salt sequence specially that of the magnesium type. A computer model is designed with an input of EC and TDS. The output will be the possible prevailing artificial salts. The accuracy of the model was tested by using the groundwater data of Safwan-Zubair area south of Iraq and it proved to be significant at 95% matching. The 5% unmatched results are due to the possibility of having more than one type of prevailing salt.

Immediate-release Mechanism of Dehydrotrametenolic Acid and Dehydroeburicoic Acid in Poriae Cutis Total Triterpenoids Tablets Based on Liquid-solid Compact Technique

[Objectives]To study the immediate-release mechanism of dehydrotrametenolic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid in Poriae Cutis total triterpenoids tablets by liquid-solid compacts technique.[Methods] Taking dehydrotrametenolic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid as indicators,differences in dissolution were compared between liquid-solid compressed tablets and crude drug of total triterpenoids in Poriae Cutis;crude drug,powder of liquid-solid compressed tablets and excipients of liquid-solid compressed tablets were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry( DSC).[Results]Liquid-solid compact technique could significantly improve dissolution rate of dehydrotrametenolic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid. The total dissolution rate of dehydrotrametenolic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid in Poriae Cutis total triterpenoids tablets was 92%,t50( time for 50% total dissolution rate) and t_D( time for 63. 2% total dissolution rate) were 11. 18 min and 22. 71 min; the total dissolution rate of dehydrotrametenolic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid in crude drug of total triterpenoids was 29%,and t50 and t_D were231. 06 min and 359. 23 min. DSC showed that there was no mutual interaction between excipients and total triterpenoids in Poriae Cutis; on the DSC curve for powder of liquid-solid compressed tablets,the absorption peak vanished completely,indicating that the drug exists in the amorphous form in the liquid-solid powder.[Conclusions] Liquid-solid compact technique can increase the dissolution rate of total triterpenoids in Poriae Cutis and allow rapid release of poorly water soluble drugs.

The migration of total dissolved solids during natural freezing process in Ulansuhai Lake

High total dissolved solids （TDS） content is one of the most important pollution contributors in lakes in arid and semiarid areas. Ulansuhai Lake, located in Urad Qianqi, Inner Mongolia, China, was selected as the object of study. Temperatures and TDS contents of both ice and under-ice water were collected together with corresponding ice thickness. TDS profiles were drawn to show the distribution of TDS and to describe TDS migration. The results showed that about 80% （that is 3.602x108 kg） of TDS migrated from ice to water during the whole growth period of ice. Within ice layer, TDS migration only occurred during initial ice-on period, and then perished. The TDS in ice decreased with increasing ice thickness, following a negative exponential-like trend. Within un- der-ice water, the TDS migrated from ice-water interface to the entire water column under the effect of concentra- tion gradient until the water TDS content was uniform. In winter, 6.044x 107 kg （16.78% of total TDS） TDS migrated from water to sedirnent, which indicated that winter is the best time for dredging sediment. The migration effect gives rise to TDS concentration in under-ice water and sediment that is likely to affect ecosystem and water quality of the Yellow River. The trend of transfer flux of ice-water and water-sediment interfaces is similar to that of ice growth rate, which reveals that ice growth rate is one of the determinants of TDS migration. The process and mechanism of TDS migration can be referenced by research on other lakes with similar TDS content in cold and arid areas.

Preparation and characterisation of solid dispersions of tanshinone ⅡA, cryptotanshinone and total tanshinones

Total tanshinones are lipophilic active constituents extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.Tanshinone ⅡA and cryptotanshinone are the major components in total tanshinones.However, the bioavailability of both compounds is low due to poor water solubility. To enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of tanshinone ⅡA, cryptotanshinone and total tanshinones,three common used hydrophilic carriers including PEG 6000, poloxamer 188 and PVP K30 were used to prepare the solid dispersions at different ratios, respectively. The solid dispersions were characterised by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). The results of powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the microcrystal state of total tanshinones in solid dispersions and no chemical interaction between total tanshinones and carriers was observed in FTIR spectra. The solubility and dissolution rate of tanshinone ⅡA and cryptotanshinone were significantly increased in all solid dispersions. Regarding tanshinone ⅡA, the solubility and dissolution rate of in solid dispersions prepared with poloxamer 188 were significantly higher than that with PEG 6000 and PVP K30. The higher solubility and dissolution rate of cryptotanshinone were obtained in solid dispersion of PVP K30 than that of PEG 6000 solid dispersions but no significant difference from poloxamer 188 solid dispersions. The results indicate that the superior carrier for preparation of tanshinone ⅡA and total tanshinones solid dispersions is poloxamer 188, and that for cryptotanshinone is PVP K30.

Biological Treatability of Low Total Dissolved Solids (LTDS) Using SBR as a Pre-Treatment for Reverse Osmosis

Huge quantity of effluents is generated from pharmaceutical industries attributed to their wide array of manufacturing and maintenance processes. Wastewaters from pharmaceuticals are characterized by the presence of solids, pH, temperature, biodegradable organic compounds, unusual turbidity, hardness and conductivity. Wastewater from pharmaceutical industry arising from various units is categorised as low total dissolved solids (LTDS) and high total dissolved solids (HTDS) based on the concentration of total dissolved solids. The present study focuses on treatment of LTDS using a combination of biological treatment followed by membrane process, reverse osmosis. This research presents the results from the pilot-scale studies focussed on biological treatment using SBR as pre-treatment for RO towards the removal of LTDS effluent. Three-month data on a daily basis is presented. The efficiency of the process was tested with a reduction in parameters like total dissolved solids and chemical oxygen demand. SBR tested for its suitability as a preliminary treatment for the Reverse Osmosis process during the months of August-October. The highest and lowest TDS reduction was recorded as 9.72% and ?4.67% in the month of August. The highest and least COD reduction was recorded as 87.28% and 80.66% in the same month. The highest and lowest TDS reduction was recorded as 0.84% and ?7.92% in the month of September. The highest and least COD reduction was recorded as 87.07% and 83.28% in the same month. The performance of RO tested for its efficiency in removing the TDS and COD after SBR as pre-treatment. The highest and lowest TDS reduction was recorded as 94.93% and 93.27% in the month of August. The highest and least COD reduction was recorded as 96.84% and 90.19% in the same month. The highest and lowest TDS reduction was recorded at 96.53% and 91.25% in the month of October. The highest and least COD reduction was recorded as 94.31% and 72.57% in the same month. SBR has proved to be a promising solution for pre-treatment removing all substances that might result in membrane fouling. Hence, the present study concludes that a combination of SBR and RO will be a promising solution for effective removal of TDS and COD from pharmaceutical wastewaters.

Changes in Total Dissolved Solids Concentration during Infiltration through Soils (Rain, Fresh Groundwater and Treated Wastewater)

Water quality deterioration took place during infiltration process. Quality of the source water, climate conditions and amounts of added water are the major role players of the differentiation measures. Treated wastewater, rainwater and fresh groundwater were described within this study. It was found that the rainwater has an aggressive behavior with a high ability to dissolve soil salts. The amounts of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) increase with infiltration process. Electrical conductivity (EC) increased by 600%. Plotting the fresh groundwater to the same conditions and experiment reflects the ability of this water to dissolve soil salts and increases the TDS by increasing the EC by a percentage of around 200%;while applying lower quality of water, the percentage of the EC of the treated wastewater increases to about 230% for the depth of 20 cm, which indicates the accumulation of the salts within this part of the soil, which leads to the deterioration of the soil quality, and decreases to about 160% for a depth of 60 cm. This differentiation could be a result of low permeability soils which tend to accumulate salts as a result of evaporation and then increase the salinity in the topsoil. Dissolution and plant uptake in the infiltrated take of minerals save the soil’s water from evaporation and do not allow salts to concentrate in soils. Moreover, plant uptake of soil water chemicals causes a decrease in some salt concentrations such as NO3, PO4, K, Na, and Cl and may conserve others.

Determination of Volatile Constituents,Total Flavonoids and Total Polysaccharides in the Roots of Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van. var.argyi cv. Qiai

[Objectives] To analyze the volatile components,the contents of total flavonoids and total polysaccharides of the roots of Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van. var. argyi cv. Qiai,and to provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of the resources.[Methods]The volatile components of the roots were extracted by solid phase micro-extraction( SPME),and its volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS); the contents of total flavonoids and total polysaccharides in the samples were measured by UV-spectrophotometry. [Results] 44 peaks were isolated from the roots and 30 components were identified,accounting for 80. 9% of the total volatile components; the content of total flavonoids in the roots was 9. 42%; the content of total polysaccharides in the roots was 11. 05%.[Conclusions] After a comprehensive investigation,the olefins in the roots generally have antibacterial activity,the contents of the total flavonoids and total polysaccharides contained in the roots were relatively high,the roots of Artemisia argyi do have broad prospects for the development.

脱萼剂对“浙梨6号”果实品质与着果率的影响

针对“浙梨6号”因部分萼片宿存或残存、果顶尖凸等而影响果实品相问题,选择PBO、氟硅唑、丙环唑3种脱萼剂,以清水为对照进行试验。结果表明:与对照相比,3种脱萼剂处理果实的脱萼率提高23.27~26.01百分点,果顶尖凸率降低24.55~26.44百分点,扁圆果占比、单果质量、可溶性固形物含量分别增加33.19~37.66百分点、37.9~57.1 g和0.68~0.94百分点,但果实偏斜度、全锈果率分别偏高0.54~0.74和18.36~19.23百分点,端正果率、着果率分别下降15.89~21.07和5.43~6.62百分点,差异达显著或极显著水平。上述3种脱萼剂分别选择4000、333.3、444.4 mg·L^(-1)和花序分离期进行喷施,在保证脱萼防凸效果的同时,可有效降低对着果率及果形端正度等的不利影响。

TS对青贮玉米秸秆与牛粪混合消化产气特性影响

为优化筛选青贮玉米秸秆与牛粪混合消化时的总固体浓度(TS),在37℃中温条件下,系统研究TS分别为10%、12%和14%时的产沼气性能、发酵液性质以及秸秆消化前后的理化特征。结果表明:青贮玉米秸秆与牛粪在TS为12%时的混合发酵产气效果优于10%和14%时,该条件下秸秆中纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别为17.05%和45.13%。秸秆发酵前后的微观形貌和纤维素结晶度分析发现,秸秆的木质纤维结构变化明显,纤维素结晶度减小,且TS为12%时秸秆消化降解最严重,结晶指数最小。总之,适宜青贮玉米秸秆与牛粪混合发酵的TS值为12%,且消化过程中半纤维素最易于分解,但木质素几乎不被降解。

脉冲超声对灰枣片理化及超声液特性的影响

为探究脉冲超声持续时间对枣片理化及超声液特性的影响,以灰枣为原料,设置脉冲超声持续时间为15,30,60 s,并分别于1,2,3,4,5 h对灰枣片和超声液进行取样分析。追踪检测灰枣片的色泽、水分状态、质构和微观结构,以及超声液可溶性固形物(TSS)、色泽、浊度和电导率的变化。结果表明,随着脉冲超声处理时间的延长,灰枣片中的主要水分由结合水转变为自由水,灰枣片组织吸水膨胀,色泽L*值(42.88~50.71)和?驻E值(3.69~9.85)呈显著增加的趋势,a*值(由19.88降至14.70)和b*值(由22.39降至19.03)呈显著降低的趋势。脉冲超声处理可诱导灰枣片组织内微通道的形成,随着循环次数的增加和脉冲时间的延长,微通道发生扩张,数量增加,同时伴随咀嚼性、弹性和回复性降低。超声液分析结果表明,高强度脉冲持续时间(30 s和60 s)可使灰枣片与超声液在处理前期(1~2 h)发生快速传质,超声液色泽(△E值:0~26.69)、TSS(0~6.1°Brix)、电导率(0~257.54μs/cm)、浊度(0~8.81 NTU)等显著增加,处理后期(3~5 h),15 s处理组超声液特性呈现出最显著的特性变化;至处理完成,各处理组超声液色泽L*值均达到100,a*值与b*值接近于原始状态;同时30 s和60 s处理组超声液中TSS为0°Brix,传质趋于平衡。结论:可根据灰枣片和超声液特性的改变来判断传质的程度,从而适应不同的加工需求。

秦岭北麓地下水水文地球化学演化规律及模式

秦岭北麓是黄河重要的水源涵养区,分析其水文地球化学特征及演化模式对于加强秦岭地下水资源的开发与保护、推进关中平原乃至黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展具有重要意义。利用2019—2021年在渭河流域开展水文地质调查所获取的资料,运用数理统计、水文地球化学反向模拟等方法,分析了秦岭至渭河河谷地下水的水文地球化学演化规律及模式。结果表明:由基岩区至细土平原区,地下水水化学类型由HCO3-Ca型向HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na型转变,溶解性固体总量(TDS)浓度由254 mg/L增至889 mg/L,分带性不强;随着地下水流动,水-岩作用主要由碳酸盐岩风化溶滤控制向硅酸盐岩与岩盐风化溶滤控制转变,同时阳离子交换作用增强;14C测年显示研究区地下水年龄多在2 450 a以内,地下水循环更新快,蒸发浓缩作用不显著;山前洪积扇作为地下水重要的涵养区与径流通道,对于关中平原潜水和承压水水质保障有关键作用,由于洪积扇含水层防污性能差,在地下水开发利用和工农业活动中要加强地下水资源的保护。

质量法测定植物营养液中电导率可行性

通过与测定电导率的传统电极法对比,探讨运用质量法测定植物营养液电导率的可行性。结果表明:采用质量法测定植物营养液中的电导率,测定值与采用高精度电导率/总溶解性固体水质测试笔测定结果极为接近,分别为19.85,19.30 mS·cm^(-1);溶液中的颗粒物仅贡献2.4%的电导率,悬浮物和胶体对电导率贡献更低(0.5%),络合态的有机物对电导率贡献也有限;解络后,植物营养液的电导率由19.30 mS·cm^(-1)急剧增至66.68 mS·cm^(-1)。

人参发酵产物中总皂苷的纯化研究

以人参总皂苷为评价指标,考察洗脱液体积、上样液质量浓度、上样液体积等因素,测定纯化过程的最佳参数。结果表明,最佳的提纯工艺是采用D101大孔树脂,湿法填装,药液的质量浓度0.8 g/mL,上样时所用的速度2 BV/h,静置1 h吸附药液,洗脱时先用蒸馏水将未吸附杂质洗去,再用5 BV的75%乙醇溶液洗去有效成分。最终确定的纯化工艺既简单又高效,可以适用于大生产。

植被过滤带对城区道路径流的延滞效果及TSS、Zn削减效率影响

本项目研究目的是测量上海市城区道路植被带对径流延迟效果和对污染的净化效率,为城区道路路边绿化提供依据。对裸地、野生杂草狗尾草、人工草坪高羊茅、高羊茅/狗尾草植被过滤带测定表明,随着植物覆盖率增加,在夏季径流的优势流速（Up）从0.750m/min降低到0.411m/min,对径流出流时间（Tc）延滞约0.90～11.63 min,对径流终止时间（Ts）延滞约3.61～13.60min;对TSS的平均净化率从16.02%上升到90.53%,对Zn的平均净化率从9.70%上升到93.98%;冬季植物枯落时期,延滞效应、TSS和Zn净化率均有所下降。提高径流进水的污染物浓度条件（TSS=542mg/L,Zn=0.541mg/L）,有植被覆盖的过滤带的TSS净化率略有提高,而Zn的净化率都没有明显改善,裸地的TSS和Zn净化率均没有提高。进水的污染物浓度为TSS=827mg/L,Zn=0.803mg/L时,植被覆盖对TSS的净化率没有进一步提高,而Zn的净化率则增加,裸地仍没明显变化。

TS质量分数对甜瓜茎叶厌氧发酵特性的影响

以甜瓜茎叶为厌氧发酵的试验原料,在(35±1)℃、沼气菌种的体积分数为30%的条件下,研究不同TS质量分数(60、80和100g/kg)对甜瓜茎叶单相批量厌氧发酵产沼气的影响。结果表明,总固体(TS)质量分数为60、80和100g/kg的料液日平均产气量分别为202.9、303.5和345.4mL/d,累积产气量随TS质量分数的升高而增大,分别为6 087.0、10 016.5和12 435.5mL。但三者的TS产气率、新鲜原料产气率、挥发性固体(VS)产气率均表现为80g/kg>100g/kg>60g/kg,TS降解率与此变化一致。CH4体积分数均是先增大而后维持在50%以上,峰值均在64%以上。