The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,batter...The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.展开更多
Direct recycling is a novel approach to overcoming the drawbacks of conventional lithium-ion battery(LIB)recycling processes and has gained considerable attention from the academic and industrial sectors in recent yea...Direct recycling is a novel approach to overcoming the drawbacks of conventional lithium-ion battery(LIB)recycling processes and has gained considerable attention from the academic and industrial sectors in recent years.The primary objective of directly recycling LIBs is to efficiently recover and restore the active electrode materials and other components in the solid phase while retaining electrochemical performance.This technology's advantages over traditional pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy are costeffectiveness,energy efficiency,and sustainability,and it preserves the material structure and morphology and can shorten the overall recycling path.This review extensively discusses the advancements in the direct recycling of LIBs,including battery sorting,pretreatment processes,separation of cathode and anode materials,and regeneration and quality enhancement of electrode materials.It encompasses various approaches to successfully regenerate high-value electrode materials and streamlining the recovery process without compromising their electrochemical properties.Furthermore,we highlight key challenges in direct recycling when scaled from lab to industries in four perspectives:(1)battery design,(2)disassembling,(3)electrode delamination,and(4)commercialization and sustainability.Based on these challenges and changing market trends,a few strategies are discussed to aid direct recycling efforts,such as binders,electrolyte selection,and alternative battery designs;and recent transitions and technological advancements in the battery industry are presented.展开更多
In January 2018,construction wrapped on Salesforce Tower(Fig.1),a 61-story office building that now dominates the skyline of San Francisco,CA,USA.In addition to being the tallest building in the city,Salesforce Tower ...In January 2018,construction wrapped on Salesforce Tower(Fig.1),a 61-story office building that now dominates the skyline of San Francisco,CA,USA.In addition to being the tallest building in the city,Salesforce Tower is the largest structure in the world with an onsite water recycling system.Built by the Australian com-pany Aquacell(Milton,NSW,Australia),the system cleans 113 m^(3)of sewage,sink,shower,and other wastewater each day for use in irrigation and flushing toilets,saving an estimated 35000 m?of water anmually[1].The building is just one of dozens in San Fran-cisco outitted with their own water recycling systems,thanks to a city mandate enacted in 2015[1].展开更多
The global importance of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has been increasingly underscored with the advancement of high-performance energy storage technologies.However,the end-of-life of these batteries poses significant c...The global importance of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has been increasingly underscored with the advancement of high-performance energy storage technologies.However,the end-of-life of these batteries poses significant challenges from environmental,economic,and resource management perspectives.This review paper focuses on the pyrometallurgy-based recycling process of lithium-ion batteries,exploring the fundamental understanding of this process and the importance of its optimization.Centering on the high energy consumption and emission gas issues of the pyrometallurgical recycling process,we systematically analyzed the capital-intensive nature of this process and the resulting technological characteristics.Furthermore,we conducted an in-depth discussion on the future research directions to overcome the existing technological barriers and limitations.This review will provide valuable insights for researchers and industry stakeholders in the battery recycling field.展开更多
Melamine formaldehyde foam(MFF)generates many poisonous chemicals through the traditional recycling methods for organic resin wastes.Herein,a high MFF degradation ratio of ca.97 wt.%was achieved under the mild conditi...Melamine formaldehyde foam(MFF)generates many poisonous chemicals through the traditional recycling methods for organic resin wastes.Herein,a high MFF degradation ratio of ca.97 wt.%was achieved under the mild conditions(160℃)in a NaOH–H2O system with ammelide and ammeline as the main degradation products.The alkaline solvent had an obvious corrosion effect for MFF,as indicated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The reaction process and products distribution were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and ^(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).Besides,the MFF degradation products that have the similar chemical structures and bonding performances to those of melamine can be directly used as the raw material for synthesis of melamine urea-formaldehyde resins(MUFs).Moreover,the degradation system demonstrated here showed the high degradation efficiency after reusing for 7 times.The degradation process generated few harmful pollutants and no pre-or post-treatments were required,which proves its feasibility in the safe removal or recovery of waste MFF.展开更多
The isolation of minor components from complex natural product matrices presents a significant challenge in the field of purification science due to their low concentrations and the presence of structurally similar co...The isolation of minor components from complex natural product matrices presents a significant challenge in the field of purification science due to their low concentrations and the presence of structurally similar compounds.This study introduces an optimized twin-column recycling chromatography method for the efficient and simultaneous purification of these elusive constituents.By introducing water at a small flowing rate between the twin columns,a step solvent gradient is created,by which the leading edge of concentration band would migrate at a slower rate than the trailing edge as it flowing from the upstream to downstream column.Hence,the band broadening is counterbalanced,resulting in an enrichment effect for those minor components in separation process.Herein,two target substances,which showed similar peak position in high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and did not exceed 1.8%in crude paclitaxel were selected as target compounds for separation.By using the twin-column recycling chromatography with a step solvent gradient,a successful purification was achieved in getting the two with the purity almost 100%.We suggest this method is suitable for the separation of most components in natural produces,which shows higher precision and recovery rate compared with the common lab-operated separation ways for natural products(thin-layer chromatography and prep-HPLC).展开更多
Clean and efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has become an urgent need to promote sustainable and rapid development of human society.Therefore,we provide a critical and comprehensive overview of th...Clean and efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has become an urgent need to promote sustainable and rapid development of human society.Therefore,we provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the various technologies for recycling spent LIBs,starting with lithium-ion power batteries.Recent research on raw material collection,metallurgical recovery,separation and purification is highlighted,particularly in terms of all aspects of economic efficiency,energy consumption,technology transformation and policy management.Mechanisms and pathways for transformative full-component recovery of spent LIBs are explored,revealing a clean and efficient closed-loop recovery mechanism.Optimization methods are proposed for future recycling technologies,with a focus on how future research directions can be industrialized.Ultimately,based on life-cycle assessment,the challenges of future recycling are revealed from the LIBs supply chain and stability of the supply chain of the new energy battery industry to provide an outlook on clean and efficient short process recycling technologies.This work is designed to support the sustainable development of the new energy power industry,to help meet the needs of global decarbonization strategies and to respond to the major needs of industrialized recycling.展开更多
Stable water isotopes are natural tracers quantifying the contribution of moisture recycling to local precipitation,i.e.,the moisture recycling ratio,but various isotope-based models usually lead to different results,...Stable water isotopes are natural tracers quantifying the contribution of moisture recycling to local precipitation,i.e.,the moisture recycling ratio,but various isotope-based models usually lead to different results,which affects the accuracy of local moisture recycling.In this study,a total of 18 stations from four typical areas in China were selected to compare the performance of isotope-based linear and Bayesian mixing models and to determine local moisture recycling ratio.Among the three vapor sources including advection,transpiration,and surface evaporation,the advection vapor usually played a dominant role,and the contribution of surface evaporation was less than that of transpiration.When the abnormal values were ignored,the arithmetic averages of differences between isotope-based linear and the Bayesian mixing models were 0.9%for transpiration,0.2%for surface evaporation,and–1.1%for advection,respectively,and the medians were 0.5%,0.2%,and–0.8%,respectively.The importance of transpiration was slightly less for most cases when the Bayesian mixing model was applied,and the contribution of advection was relatively larger.The Bayesian mixing model was found to perform better in determining an efficient solution since linear model sometimes resulted in negative contribution ratios.Sensitivity test with two isotope scenarios indicated that the Bayesian model had a relatively low sensitivity to the changes in isotope input,and it was important to accurately estimate the isotopes in precipitation vapor.Generally,the Bayesian mixing model should be recommended instead of a linear model.The findings are useful for understanding the performance of isotope-based linear and Bayesian mixing models under various climate backgrounds.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the quality of rebar produced from recycled scrap metal collected throughout the country,and imported rebar sold in the Republic of Guinea.To do this,the samples were subjected t...The aim of this study was to determine the quality of rebar produced from recycled scrap metal collected throughout the country,and imported rebar sold in the Republic of Guinea.To do this,the samples were subjected to various mechanical tests involving traction,bending and microscopic analysis.In the Lambanyi and Casse Sonfonia samples,all the tensile strength values for diameters 12,14 and 16 were above 550 MPa.Conversely,the iron samples from Baillobaye and the 10 mm diameters of the samples from Casse Sonfonio and Lambanyi have less appreciable values.The limits of elasticity were determined.The various values found vary more or less from the conventional yield strength of the NF A35-016 reference supplied by CBITEC,which is 500 MPa.Microscopic analysis gives us an insight into the internal structure of the iron samples used.This study may provide the company and the vendors with an alternative for their improvements.展开更多
This paper introduces an intelligent waste recycling automatic classification system,which integrates sensors,image recognition,and robotic arms to achieve automatic identification and classification of waste.The syst...This paper introduces an intelligent waste recycling automatic classification system,which integrates sensors,image recognition,and robotic arms to achieve automatic identification and classification of waste.The system monitors the composition and properties of waste in real time through sensors,and uses image recognition technology for precise classification,and the robotic arm is responsible for grabbing and disposing.The design and implementation of the system have important practical significance and application value,and help promote the popularization and standardization of waste classification.This paper details the system s architecture,module division,sensors and recognition technology,robotic arm and grabbing technology,data processing and control system,and testing and optimization process.Experimental results show that the system has efficient waste recycling efficiency and accuracy in practical applications,bringing new development opportunities to the waste recycling industry.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)containing graphite as anode material and LiCoO_(2),LiMn_(2)O_(4),and LiNi_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z)O_(2) as cathode materials are the most used worldwide because of their high energy density,capacita...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)containing graphite as anode material and LiCoO_(2),LiMn_(2)O_(4),and LiNi_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z)O_(2) as cathode materials are the most used worldwide because of their high energy density,capacitance,durability,and safety.However,such widespread use implies the generation of large amounts of electronic waste.It is estimated that more than 11 million ton of LIBs waste will have been generated by 2030.Battery recycling can contribute to minimizing environmental contamination and reducing production costs through the recovery of high-value raw materials such as lithium,cobalt,and nickel.The most common processes used to recycle spent LIBs are pyrometallurgical,biometallurgical,and hydrometallurgical.Given the current scenario,it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly methods to recycle batteries and synthesize materials with multiple technological applications.This study presents a review of industrial and laboratory processes for recycling spent LIBs and producing materials that can be used in new batteries,energy storage devices,electrochemical sensors,and photocatalytic reactions.展开更多
The synergistic pyrolysis has been increasingly used for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and organic wastes(hydrogen and carbon sources),which are in-situ transformed into various reducing agents such as H_...The synergistic pyrolysis has been increasingly used for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and organic wastes(hydrogen and carbon sources),which are in-situ transformed into various reducing agents such as H_(2),CO,and char via carbothermal and/or gas thermal reduction.Compared with the conventional roasting methods,this“killing two birds with one stone”strategy can not only reduce the cost and energy consumption,but also realize the valorization of organic wastes.This paper concluded the research progress in synergistic pyrolysis recycling of spent LIBs and organic wastes.On the one hand,valued metals such as Li,Co,Ni,and Mn can be recovered through the pyrolysis of the cathode materials with inherent organic materials(e.g.,separator,electrolyte)or graphite anode.During the pyrolysis process,the organic materials are decomposed into char and gases(e.g.,CO,H_(2),and CH_(4))as reducing agents,while the cathode material is decomposed and then converted into Li_(2)CO_(3) and low-valent transition metals or their oxides via in-situ thermal reduction.The formed Li_(2)CO_(3) can be easily recovered by the water leaching process,while the formed transition metals or their oxides(e.g.,Co,CoO,Ni,MnO,etc.)can be recovered by the reductant-free acid leaching or magnetic separation process.On the other hand,organic wastes(e.g.,biomass,plastics,etc.)as abundant hydrogen and carbon sources can be converted into gas(e.g.,H_(2),CO,etc.)and char via pyrolysis.The cathode materials are decomposed and subsequently reduced by the pyrolysis gas and char.In addition,the pyrolysis oil and gas can be upgraded by catalytic reforming with the active metals derived from cathode material.Finally,great challenges are proposed to promote this promising technology in the industrial applications.展开更多
Under the background of a transformation of the global energy structure,coal gasification technology has a wide application prospect,but its by-product,the coal gasification residue(CGR),is still not being efficiently...Under the background of a transformation of the global energy structure,coal gasification technology has a wide application prospect,but its by-product,the coal gasification residue(CGR),is still not being efficiently utilized for recycling.The CGR contains abundant carbon components,which could be applied to the microwave absorption field as the carbon matrix.In this study,Fe/CGR composites are fabricated via a two-step method,including the impregnation of Fe^(3+)and the reduction process.The influence of the different loading capacities of the Fe component on the morphology and electromagnetic properties is studied.Moreover,the loading content of Fe and the surface morphology of the Fe/CGR can be reasonably controlled by adjusting the concentration of the ferric nitrate solution.Meanwhile,Fe particles are evenly inserted on the CGR framework,which expands the Fe/CGR interfaces to enhance interfacial polarization,thus further improving the microwave-absorbing(MA)properties of composites.Particularly,as the Fe^(3+)concentration is 1.0 mol/L,the Fe/CGR composite exhibits outstanding performance.The reflection loss reaches-39.3 dB at 2.5 mm,and the absorption bandwidth covers 4.1 GHz at 1.5 mm.In this study,facile processability,resource recycling,appropriately matched impedance,and excellent MA performance are achieved.Finally,the Fe/CGR composites not only enhance the recycling of the CGR but also pioneer a new path for the synthesis of excellent absorbents.展开更多
Greenhouse gas emissions from waste plastics have caused global warming all over the world,which has been a central threat to the ecological environment for humans,flora and fauna.Among waste plastics,waste polyethyle...Greenhouse gas emissions from waste plastics have caused global warming all over the world,which has been a central threat to the ecological environment for humans,flora and fauna.Among waste plastics,waste polyethylene terephthalate(PET)is attractive due to its excellent stability and degradation-resistant.Therefore,merging China’s carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals would be beneficial.In this review,we summarize the current state-of-the-art of carbon emission decrease from a multi-scale perspective technologically.We suggest that the carbon peak for waste PET can be achieved by employing the closed-loop supply chain,including recycling,biomass utilization,carbon capture and utilization.Waste PET can be a valuable and renewable resource in the whole life cycle.Undoubtedly,all kinds of PET plastics can be ultimately converted into CO_(2),which can also be feedstock for various kinds of chemical products,including ethyl alcohol,formic acid,soda ash,PU,starch and so on.As a result,the closed-loop supply chain can help the PET plastics industry drastically reduce its carbon footprint.展开更多
Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)solve safety issues and are potentially energy-dense alternatives to next-generation energy storage systems.Battery green recycling routes are responsible for the widespread use of ...Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)solve safety issues and are potentially energy-dense alternatives to next-generation energy storage systems.Battery green recycling routes are responsible for the widespread use of SSLBs due to minimizing environmental contamination,reducing production costs,and providing a sustainable solution for resources,e.g.,saving rare earth elements(La,Ta,etc.).Herein,a solid-state recycling strategy is proposed to achieve green recycling of the crucial component solidstate electrolytes(SSEs)in spent SSLBs.The short-circuited garnet Li_(6.5)La_(3)Zr_(1.5)Ta_(0.5)O_(12)(LLZTO)is broken into fine particles and mixed with fresh particles to improve sintering activity and achieve high packing density.The continuous Li absorption process promotes sufficient grain fusion and guarantees the transformation from tetragonal phase to pure cubic phase for high-performance recycled LLZTO.The Li-ion conductivity reaches 5.80×10^(-4)S cm-1with a relative density of 95.9%.Symmetric Li cell with asrecycled LLZTO shows long-term cycling stability for 700 h at 0.3 mA cm^(-2)without any voltage hysteresis.Full cell exhibits an excellent cycling performance with a discharge capacity of 141.5 mA h g^(-1)and a capacity retention of 92.1%after 400 cycles(0.2C).This work develops an environmentally friendly and economically controllable strategy to recycle SSE from spent SSLBs,guiding future directions of SSLBs large-scale industrial application and green recycling study.展开更多
Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide(CIGS)is a fast-evolving commercial solar cell.The firm demand for global carbon reduction and the rise of potential environmental threats necessitate spent CIGS solar cell recycling.In...Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide(CIGS)is a fast-evolving commercial solar cell.The firm demand for global carbon reduction and the rise of potential environmental threats necessitate spent CIGS solar cell recycling.In this paper,the sources and characteristics of valuable metals in spent CIGS solar cells were reviewed.The potential environmental impacts of CIGS,including service life,critical material,and material toxicity,were outlined.The main recovery methods of valuable metals in the various types of spent CIGS,including hydrometallurgy,pyrometallurgy,and comprehensive treatment processes,were compared and discussed.The mechanism of different recovery processes was summarized.The challenges faced by different recycling processes of spent CIGS were also covered in this review.Finally,the economic viability of the recycling process was assessed.The purpose of this review is to provide reasonable suggestions for the sustainable development of CIGS and the harmless disposal of spent CIGS.展开更多
Electric arc furnace dust(EAFD)is a hazardous waste but can also be a potential secondary resource for valuable metals,such as Zn and Fe.Given the increased awareness of carbon emission reduction,energy conservation,a...Electric arc furnace dust(EAFD)is a hazardous waste but can also be a potential secondary resource for valuable metals,such as Zn and Fe.Given the increased awareness of carbon emission reduction,energy conservation,and environmental protection,hydrometallurgical technologies for the detoxification and resource use of EAFD have been developing rapidly.This work summarizes the generation mechanisms,compositions,and characteristics of EAFD and presents a critical review of various hydrometallurgical treatment methods for EAFD,e.g.,acid leaching,alkaline leaching,salt leaching,and pretreatment–enhanced leaching methods.Simultaneously,the phase transformation mechanisms of zinc-containing components in acid and alkali solutions and pretreatment processes are expounded.Finally,two novel combined methods,i.e.,oxygen pressure sulfuric acid leaching combined with composite catalyst preparation,and synergistic roasting of EAFD and municipal solid waste incineration fly ash combined with alkaline leaching,are proposed,which can provide future development directions to completely recycling EAFD by recovering valuable metals and using zinc residue.展开更多
Heavy metal(HM)pollution is a serious environment problem.Recovering HM from industrial wastewater by efficient adsorbents is a sustainable method due to recycling HM and acquiring reusable water.However,popular effic...Heavy metal(HM)pollution is a serious environment problem.Recovering HM from industrial wastewater by efficient adsorbents is a sustainable method due to recycling HM and acquiring reusable water.However,popular efficient adsorbents are usually expensive or non-reusable.In this paper,methods of efficient HM recycling and water reuse from industrial wastewater were developed using efficient adsorbents,new polyphenylene sulfide derivatives,which are recyclable and stable in an acidic,alkaline or oxidative aqueous solution.Moreover,they can efficiently and quickly adsorb HM ions.The maximum adsorption capacities of these adsorbents for HM ions are at the range from 51.3-184.2 mg·g^(-1).The adsorption equilibrium times of them for HM ions are at the range from 10 to 80 min.Therefore,this paper suggests sustainable methods of HM recovery and water reuse from industrial wastewater.展开更多
Pb contamination in aquatic environments causes severe pollution;therefore,harmless absorbents are required.In this study,we report a novel synthesis of whitlockite(WH,Ca_(18)Mg_(2)(HPO_(4))_(2)(PO_(4))_(12)),which is...Pb contamination in aquatic environments causes severe pollution;therefore,harmless absorbents are required.In this study,we report a novel synthesis of whitlockite(WH,Ca_(18)Mg_(2)(HPO_(4))_(2)(PO_(4))_(12)),which is the second most abundant biomineral in human bone,and its application as a high-performing Pb^(2+)absorbent.Hydroxyapatite(HAP)and WH are prepared via a simple precipitation method.The Pb2+absorption performance and mechanism of the synthesized biominerals are investigated in aqueous solutions at neutral pH.The results demonstrate that WH exhibits an excellent Pb2+absorption capacity of 2339 mg g^(−1),which is 1.68 times higher than the recorded value for HAP.Furthermore,the absorbed Pb^(2+) ions are recycled into high-purity PbI_(2).This is employed as a precursor for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),resulting in a conversion efficiency of 19.00%comparable to that of commercial PbI2 powder(99.99%purity).Our approach provides an efficient way to remove Pb^(2+)ions from water and reuse them in the recycling of PSCs.展开更多
Recently,urbanization becomes a major concern for developing as well as developed countries.Owing to the increased urbanization,one of the important challenging issues in smart cities is waste management.So,automated ...Recently,urbanization becomes a major concern for developing as well as developed countries.Owing to the increased urbanization,one of the important challenging issues in smart cities is waste management.So,automated waste detection and classification model becomes necessary for the smart city and to accomplish better recyclable waste management.Effective recycling of waste offers the chance of reducing the quantity of waste disposed to the land fill by minimizing the requirement of collecting raw materials.This study develops a novel Deep Consensus Network with Whale Optimization Algorithm for Recycling Waste Object Detection(DCNWORWOD)in Smart Cities.The goal of the DCNWO-RWOD technique intends to properly identify and classify the objects into recyclable and non-recyclable ones.The proposed DCNWO-RWOD technique involves the design of deep consensus network(DCN)to detect waste objects in the input image.For improving the overall object detection performance of the DCN model,the whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is exploited.Finally,Na飗e Bayes(NB)classifier is used for the classification of detected waste objects into recyclable and non-recyclable ones.The performance validation of theDCNWO-RWOD technique takes place using the open access dataset.The extensive comparative study reported the enhanced performance of the DCNWO-RWOD technique interms of several measures.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(52274295)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2020501001,E2021501029,A2021501007,E2022501028,E2022501029)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation-Steel,the Iron Foundation of Hebei Province(No.E2022501030)the Performance subsidy fund for Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province(22567627H)the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(ZD2022158)the Central Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project of Hebei province(226Z4401G)the China Scholarship Council(No.202206080061,202206050119)the 2023 Hebei Provincial Postgraduate Student Innovation Ability training funding project(CXZZSS2023195)。
文摘The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.
基金National Research Foundation Singapore and National Environment Agency Singapore,Grant/Award Number:CTRL-2023-1D-01。
文摘Direct recycling is a novel approach to overcoming the drawbacks of conventional lithium-ion battery(LIB)recycling processes and has gained considerable attention from the academic and industrial sectors in recent years.The primary objective of directly recycling LIBs is to efficiently recover and restore the active electrode materials and other components in the solid phase while retaining electrochemical performance.This technology's advantages over traditional pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy are costeffectiveness,energy efficiency,and sustainability,and it preserves the material structure and morphology and can shorten the overall recycling path.This review extensively discusses the advancements in the direct recycling of LIBs,including battery sorting,pretreatment processes,separation of cathode and anode materials,and regeneration and quality enhancement of electrode materials.It encompasses various approaches to successfully regenerate high-value electrode materials and streamlining the recovery process without compromising their electrochemical properties.Furthermore,we highlight key challenges in direct recycling when scaled from lab to industries in four perspectives:(1)battery design,(2)disassembling,(3)electrode delamination,and(4)commercialization and sustainability.Based on these challenges and changing market trends,a few strategies are discussed to aid direct recycling efforts,such as binders,electrolyte selection,and alternative battery designs;and recent transitions and technological advancements in the battery industry are presented.
文摘In January 2018,construction wrapped on Salesforce Tower(Fig.1),a 61-story office building that now dominates the skyline of San Francisco,CA,USA.In addition to being the tallest building in the city,Salesforce Tower is the largest structure in the world with an onsite water recycling system.Built by the Australian com-pany Aquacell(Milton,NSW,Australia),the system cleans 113 m^(3)of sewage,sink,shower,and other wastewater each day for use in irrigation and flushing toilets,saving an estimated 35000 m?of water anmually[1].The building is just one of dozens in San Fran-cisco outitted with their own water recycling systems,thanks to a city mandate enacted in 2015[1].
基金the Technology Innovation Program(or Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program)and the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE)of the Republic of Korea(No.20022950)。
文摘The global importance of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has been increasingly underscored with the advancement of high-performance energy storage technologies.However,the end-of-life of these batteries poses significant challenges from environmental,economic,and resource management perspectives.This review paper focuses on the pyrometallurgy-based recycling process of lithium-ion batteries,exploring the fundamental understanding of this process and the importance of its optimization.Centering on the high energy consumption and emission gas issues of the pyrometallurgical recycling process,we systematically analyzed the capital-intensive nature of this process and the resulting technological characteristics.Furthermore,we conducted an in-depth discussion on the future research directions to overcome the existing technological barriers and limitations.This review will provide valuable insights for researchers and industry stakeholders in the battery recycling field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21774139)China,Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province,China(No,202102040201009)special fund of Beijing Key Laboratory of Clean Fuels and Efficient Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology and the Fund for Shanxi“1331 Project”.Thanks to Ningbo Kejiang Culture Sci.&Tech.Development Co.,Ltd.for the help in schematic drawing。
文摘Melamine formaldehyde foam(MFF)generates many poisonous chemicals through the traditional recycling methods for organic resin wastes.Herein,a high MFF degradation ratio of ca.97 wt.%was achieved under the mild conditions(160℃)in a NaOH–H2O system with ammelide and ammeline as the main degradation products.The alkaline solvent had an obvious corrosion effect for MFF,as indicated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The reaction process and products distribution were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and ^(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).Besides,the MFF degradation products that have the similar chemical structures and bonding performances to those of melamine can be directly used as the raw material for synthesis of melamine urea-formaldehyde resins(MUFs).Moreover,the degradation system demonstrated here showed the high degradation efficiency after reusing for 7 times.The degradation process generated few harmful pollutants and no pre-or post-treatments were required,which proves its feasibility in the safe removal or recovery of waste MFF.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078281)。
文摘The isolation of minor components from complex natural product matrices presents a significant challenge in the field of purification science due to their low concentrations and the presence of structurally similar compounds.This study introduces an optimized twin-column recycling chromatography method for the efficient and simultaneous purification of these elusive constituents.By introducing water at a small flowing rate between the twin columns,a step solvent gradient is created,by which the leading edge of concentration band would migrate at a slower rate than the trailing edge as it flowing from the upstream to downstream column.Hence,the band broadening is counterbalanced,resulting in an enrichment effect for those minor components in separation process.Herein,two target substances,which showed similar peak position in high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and did not exceed 1.8%in crude paclitaxel were selected as target compounds for separation.By using the twin-column recycling chromatography with a step solvent gradient,a successful purification was achieved in getting the two with the purity almost 100%.We suggest this method is suitable for the separation of most components in natural produces,which shows higher precision and recovery rate compared with the common lab-operated separation ways for natural products(thin-layer chromatography and prep-HPLC).
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,China(2022YFC3902600)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research,China(YSBR-044)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(2021B1515020068)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,China(2023M733510).
文摘Clean and efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has become an urgent need to promote sustainable and rapid development of human society.Therefore,we provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the various technologies for recycling spent LIBs,starting with lithium-ion power batteries.Recent research on raw material collection,metallurgical recovery,separation and purification is highlighted,particularly in terms of all aspects of economic efficiency,energy consumption,technology transformation and policy management.Mechanisms and pathways for transformative full-component recovery of spent LIBs are explored,revealing a clean and efficient closed-loop recovery mechanism.Optimization methods are proposed for future recycling technologies,with a focus on how future research directions can be industrialized.Ultimately,based on life-cycle assessment,the challenges of future recycling are revealed from the LIBs supply chain and stability of the supply chain of the new energy battery industry to provide an outlook on clean and efficient short process recycling technologies.This work is designed to support the sustainable development of the new energy power industry,to help meet the needs of global decarbonization strategies and to respond to the major needs of industrialized recycling.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42261008,41971034)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China(22JR5RA074).
文摘Stable water isotopes are natural tracers quantifying the contribution of moisture recycling to local precipitation,i.e.,the moisture recycling ratio,but various isotope-based models usually lead to different results,which affects the accuracy of local moisture recycling.In this study,a total of 18 stations from four typical areas in China were selected to compare the performance of isotope-based linear and Bayesian mixing models and to determine local moisture recycling ratio.Among the three vapor sources including advection,transpiration,and surface evaporation,the advection vapor usually played a dominant role,and the contribution of surface evaporation was less than that of transpiration.When the abnormal values were ignored,the arithmetic averages of differences between isotope-based linear and the Bayesian mixing models were 0.9%for transpiration,0.2%for surface evaporation,and–1.1%for advection,respectively,and the medians were 0.5%,0.2%,and–0.8%,respectively.The importance of transpiration was slightly less for most cases when the Bayesian mixing model was applied,and the contribution of advection was relatively larger.The Bayesian mixing model was found to perform better in determining an efficient solution since linear model sometimes resulted in negative contribution ratios.Sensitivity test with two isotope scenarios indicated that the Bayesian model had a relatively low sensitivity to the changes in isotope input,and it was important to accurately estimate the isotopes in precipitation vapor.Generally,the Bayesian mixing model should be recommended instead of a linear model.The findings are useful for understanding the performance of isotope-based linear and Bayesian mixing models under various climate backgrounds.
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the quality of rebar produced from recycled scrap metal collected throughout the country,and imported rebar sold in the Republic of Guinea.To do this,the samples were subjected to various mechanical tests involving traction,bending and microscopic analysis.In the Lambanyi and Casse Sonfonia samples,all the tensile strength values for diameters 12,14 and 16 were above 550 MPa.Conversely,the iron samples from Baillobaye and the 10 mm diameters of the samples from Casse Sonfonio and Lambanyi have less appreciable values.The limits of elasticity were determined.The various values found vary more or less from the conventional yield strength of the NF A35-016 reference supplied by CBITEC,which is 500 MPa.Microscopic analysis gives us an insight into the internal structure of the iron samples used.This study may provide the company and the vendors with an alternative for their improvements.
文摘This paper introduces an intelligent waste recycling automatic classification system,which integrates sensors,image recognition,and robotic arms to achieve automatic identification and classification of waste.The system monitors the composition and properties of waste in real time through sensors,and uses image recognition technology for precise classification,and the robotic arm is responsible for grabbing and disposing.The design and implementation of the system have important practical significance and application value,and help promote the popularization and standardization of waste classification.This paper details the system s architecture,module division,sensors and recognition technology,robotic arm and grabbing technology,data processing and control system,and testing and optimization process.Experimental results show that the system has efficient waste recycling efficiency and accuracy in practical applications,bringing new development opportunities to the waste recycling industry.
基金the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education(CAPES)the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq,306239/2019-1)for their financial support。
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)containing graphite as anode material and LiCoO_(2),LiMn_(2)O_(4),and LiNi_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(z)O_(2) as cathode materials are the most used worldwide because of their high energy density,capacitance,durability,and safety.However,such widespread use implies the generation of large amounts of electronic waste.It is estimated that more than 11 million ton of LIBs waste will have been generated by 2030.Battery recycling can contribute to minimizing environmental contamination and reducing production costs through the recovery of high-value raw materials such as lithium,cobalt,and nickel.The most common processes used to recycle spent LIBs are pyrometallurgical,biometallurgical,and hydrometallurgical.Given the current scenario,it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly methods to recycle batteries and synthesize materials with multiple technological applications.This study presents a review of industrial and laboratory processes for recycling spent LIBs and producing materials that can be used in new batteries,energy storage devices,electrochemical sensors,and photocatalytic reactions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant 2022YFC3701504)。
文摘The synergistic pyrolysis has been increasingly used for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and organic wastes(hydrogen and carbon sources),which are in-situ transformed into various reducing agents such as H_(2),CO,and char via carbothermal and/or gas thermal reduction.Compared with the conventional roasting methods,this“killing two birds with one stone”strategy can not only reduce the cost and energy consumption,but also realize the valorization of organic wastes.This paper concluded the research progress in synergistic pyrolysis recycling of spent LIBs and organic wastes.On the one hand,valued metals such as Li,Co,Ni,and Mn can be recovered through the pyrolysis of the cathode materials with inherent organic materials(e.g.,separator,electrolyte)or graphite anode.During the pyrolysis process,the organic materials are decomposed into char and gases(e.g.,CO,H_(2),and CH_(4))as reducing agents,while the cathode material is decomposed and then converted into Li_(2)CO_(3) and low-valent transition metals or their oxides via in-situ thermal reduction.The formed Li_(2)CO_(3) can be easily recovered by the water leaching process,while the formed transition metals or their oxides(e.g.,Co,CoO,Ni,MnO,etc.)can be recovered by the reductant-free acid leaching or magnetic separation process.On the other hand,organic wastes(e.g.,biomass,plastics,etc.)as abundant hydrogen and carbon sources can be converted into gas(e.g.,H_(2),CO,etc.)and char via pyrolysis.The cathode materials are decomposed and subsequently reduced by the pyrolysis gas and char.In addition,the pyrolysis oil and gas can be upgraded by catalytic reforming with the active metals derived from cathode material.Finally,great challenges are proposed to promote this promising technology in the industrial applications.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.51802212)the National College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.2021465)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(No.201801D221119)the Open Foundation of China-Belarus Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effect(Nos.ZBKF2022030802 and ZBKF2022030702)the Graduate Education Innovation Programs of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology(No.XCX212003)。
文摘Under the background of a transformation of the global energy structure,coal gasification technology has a wide application prospect,but its by-product,the coal gasification residue(CGR),is still not being efficiently utilized for recycling.The CGR contains abundant carbon components,which could be applied to the microwave absorption field as the carbon matrix.In this study,Fe/CGR composites are fabricated via a two-step method,including the impregnation of Fe^(3+)and the reduction process.The influence of the different loading capacities of the Fe component on the morphology and electromagnetic properties is studied.Moreover,the loading content of Fe and the surface morphology of the Fe/CGR can be reasonably controlled by adjusting the concentration of the ferric nitrate solution.Meanwhile,Fe particles are evenly inserted on the CGR framework,which expands the Fe/CGR interfaces to enhance interfacial polarization,thus further improving the microwave-absorbing(MA)properties of composites.Particularly,as the Fe^(3+)concentration is 1.0 mol/L,the Fe/CGR composite exhibits outstanding performance.The reflection loss reaches-39.3 dB at 2.5 mm,and the absorption bandwidth covers 4.1 GHz at 1.5 mm.In this study,facile processability,resource recycling,appropriately matched impedance,and excellent MA performance are achieved.Finally,the Fe/CGR composites not only enhance the recycling of the CGR but also pioneer a new path for the synthesis of excellent absorbents.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2022SF-168)Xi’an Programs for Science and Technology Plan(Nos.2020KJRC0090 and 21XJZZ0045)+5 种基金Xi’an Beilin District Programs for Science and Technology Plan(No.GX2247)the Outstanding Chinese and Foreign Youth Exchange Program of China Association for Science and Technology(CAST)in 2019the Opening Project of Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology(No.XJZZ202001)the Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Education Department(No.20JS108)Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry,Ministry of Education,Shaanxi University of Science and Technology(No.KFKT2021-01)Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology,Shaanxi University of Science and Technology(No.KFKT2021-01).
文摘Greenhouse gas emissions from waste plastics have caused global warming all over the world,which has been a central threat to the ecological environment for humans,flora and fauna.Among waste plastics,waste polyethylene terephthalate(PET)is attractive due to its excellent stability and degradation-resistant.Therefore,merging China’s carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals would be beneficial.In this review,we summarize the current state-of-the-art of carbon emission decrease from a multi-scale perspective technologically.We suggest that the carbon peak for waste PET can be achieved by employing the closed-loop supply chain,including recycling,biomass utilization,carbon capture and utilization.Waste PET can be a valuable and renewable resource in the whole life cycle.Undoubtedly,all kinds of PET plastics can be ultimately converted into CO_(2),which can also be feedstock for various kinds of chemical products,including ethyl alcohol,formic acid,soda ash,PU,starch and so on.As a result,the closed-loop supply chain can help the PET plastics industry drastically reduce its carbon footprint.
基金supported by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20220384)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52175301)。
文摘Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)solve safety issues and are potentially energy-dense alternatives to next-generation energy storage systems.Battery green recycling routes are responsible for the widespread use of SSLBs due to minimizing environmental contamination,reducing production costs,and providing a sustainable solution for resources,e.g.,saving rare earth elements(La,Ta,etc.).Herein,a solid-state recycling strategy is proposed to achieve green recycling of the crucial component solidstate electrolytes(SSEs)in spent SSLBs.The short-circuited garnet Li_(6.5)La_(3)Zr_(1.5)Ta_(0.5)O_(12)(LLZTO)is broken into fine particles and mixed with fresh particles to improve sintering activity and achieve high packing density.The continuous Li absorption process promotes sufficient grain fusion and guarantees the transformation from tetragonal phase to pure cubic phase for high-performance recycled LLZTO.The Li-ion conductivity reaches 5.80×10^(-4)S cm-1with a relative density of 95.9%.Symmetric Li cell with asrecycled LLZTO shows long-term cycling stability for 700 h at 0.3 mA cm^(-2)without any voltage hysteresis.Full cell exhibits an excellent cycling performance with a discharge capacity of 141.5 mA h g^(-1)and a capacity retention of 92.1%after 400 cycles(0.2C).This work develops an environmentally friendly and economically controllable strategy to recycle SSE from spent SSLBs,guiding future directions of SSLBs large-scale industrial application and green recycling study.
基金financially supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2232038)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52034002 and U1802253)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. FRF-TT-19-001)
文摘Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide(CIGS)is a fast-evolving commercial solar cell.The firm demand for global carbon reduction and the rise of potential environmental threats necessitate spent CIGS solar cell recycling.In this paper,the sources and characteristics of valuable metals in spent CIGS solar cells were reviewed.The potential environmental impacts of CIGS,including service life,critical material,and material toxicity,were outlined.The main recovery methods of valuable metals in the various types of spent CIGS,including hydrometallurgy,pyrometallurgy,and comprehensive treatment processes,were compared and discussed.The mechanism of different recovery processes was summarized.The challenges faced by different recycling processes of spent CIGS were also covered in this review.Finally,the economic viability of the recycling process was assessed.The purpose of this review is to provide reasonable suggestions for the sustainable development of CIGS and the harmless disposal of spent CIGS.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52074035)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.00007720)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFC1910000)。
文摘Electric arc furnace dust(EAFD)is a hazardous waste but can also be a potential secondary resource for valuable metals,such as Zn and Fe.Given the increased awareness of carbon emission reduction,energy conservation,and environmental protection,hydrometallurgical technologies for the detoxification and resource use of EAFD have been developing rapidly.This work summarizes the generation mechanisms,compositions,and characteristics of EAFD and presents a critical review of various hydrometallurgical treatment methods for EAFD,e.g.,acid leaching,alkaline leaching,salt leaching,and pretreatment–enhanced leaching methods.Simultaneously,the phase transformation mechanisms of zinc-containing components in acid and alkali solutions and pretreatment processes are expounded.Finally,two novel combined methods,i.e.,oxygen pressure sulfuric acid leaching combined with composite catalyst preparation,and synergistic roasting of EAFD and municipal solid waste incineration fly ash combined with alkaline leaching,are proposed,which can provide future development directions to completely recycling EAFD by recovering valuable metals and using zinc residue.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(21473092)Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project of Jiangsu Province(BY2021600)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX21_0985 and SJCX21_0375)。
文摘Heavy metal(HM)pollution is a serious environment problem.Recovering HM from industrial wastewater by efficient adsorbents is a sustainable method due to recycling HM and acquiring reusable water.However,popular efficient adsorbents are usually expensive or non-reusable.In this paper,methods of efficient HM recycling and water reuse from industrial wastewater were developed using efficient adsorbents,new polyphenylene sulfide derivatives,which are recyclable and stable in an acidic,alkaline or oxidative aqueous solution.Moreover,they can efficiently and quickly adsorb HM ions.The maximum adsorption capacities of these adsorbents for HM ions are at the range from 51.3-184.2 mg·g^(-1).The adsorption equilibrium times of them for HM ions are at the range from 10 to 80 min.Therefore,this paper suggests sustainable methods of HM recovery and water reuse from industrial wastewater.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT)(NRF-2018M3C1B7021994)the Technology Development Program to Solve Climate Changes(2018M1A2A2058207)+3 种基金Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT)(No.2020-0-00541,Flexible Photovoltaic Device Module with Autonomous Power Supply for Smart Farm Wireless Composite IoT Sensor)Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)grant funded by the Korea government(MOTIE)(20203040010320)the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology(KEIT)(20016588)funded by the Korea Governmentsupported by the Research Institute of Advanced Materials(RIAM)and National Center for Inter-university Research Facilities(NCIRF)at Seoul National University.
文摘Pb contamination in aquatic environments causes severe pollution;therefore,harmless absorbents are required.In this study,we report a novel synthesis of whitlockite(WH,Ca_(18)Mg_(2)(HPO_(4))_(2)(PO_(4))_(12)),which is the second most abundant biomineral in human bone,and its application as a high-performing Pb^(2+)absorbent.Hydroxyapatite(HAP)and WH are prepared via a simple precipitation method.The Pb2+absorption performance and mechanism of the synthesized biominerals are investigated in aqueous solutions at neutral pH.The results demonstrate that WH exhibits an excellent Pb2+absorption capacity of 2339 mg g^(−1),which is 1.68 times higher than the recorded value for HAP.Furthermore,the absorbed Pb^(2+) ions are recycled into high-purity PbI_(2).This is employed as a precursor for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),resulting in a conversion efficiency of 19.00%comparable to that of commercial PbI2 powder(99.99%purity).Our approach provides an efficient way to remove Pb^(2+)ions from water and reuse them in the recycling of PSCs.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work under grant number(RGP2/42/43)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityResearchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R114)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Recently,urbanization becomes a major concern for developing as well as developed countries.Owing to the increased urbanization,one of the important challenging issues in smart cities is waste management.So,automated waste detection and classification model becomes necessary for the smart city and to accomplish better recyclable waste management.Effective recycling of waste offers the chance of reducing the quantity of waste disposed to the land fill by minimizing the requirement of collecting raw materials.This study develops a novel Deep Consensus Network with Whale Optimization Algorithm for Recycling Waste Object Detection(DCNWORWOD)in Smart Cities.The goal of the DCNWO-RWOD technique intends to properly identify and classify the objects into recyclable and non-recyclable ones.The proposed DCNWO-RWOD technique involves the design of deep consensus network(DCN)to detect waste objects in the input image.For improving the overall object detection performance of the DCN model,the whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is exploited.Finally,Na飗e Bayes(NB)classifier is used for the classification of detected waste objects into recyclable and non-recyclable ones.The performance validation of theDCNWO-RWOD technique takes place using the open access dataset.The extensive comparative study reported the enhanced performance of the DCNWO-RWOD technique interms of several measures.