Simulating the Saturation Threshold of a Water Environment's Response to Tourist Activities:A Case Study in the Liupan Mountain Eco-tourism Area

The effect of tourism on water environments has received a high degree of interest in the study of eco-tourism.Based on the analysis of the relationship between tourist activities and the water environment in the Liupan Mountain eco-tourism zone,the case study area,a Water Environment of Tourism Area Model(WETAM) is built to simulate the temporal and spatial changes in water quality and the response saturation thresholds under four sewage treatment scenarios.The results imply the following:(1) WETAM performs well in modeling a water environment to represent the dynamic process of water quality change in response to tourist activities.(2) Under four sewage treatment scenarios(fundamental,low,medium,and high),the threshold shows an obvious uptrend.(3) The response threshold of water quality with respect to the interference of tourist activities fluctuates seasonally due to changes in tourist density.(4) The thresholds differ significantly among five tourism functional areas.According to the response saturation threshold of the water environment,effective control based on the scale and intensity of tourist activities is important for a successful transformation of this tourism destination's development strategies.Therefore,the integrated management of water pollution in tourism areas plays a crucial role in sustainable tourism development.

Travel Motivation of Domestic Tourists to the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve in Northeastern China: A Comparative Study

This article seeks to develop a fuller understanding of the social and attraction motives of domestic tourists who visit the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve(CMBR) in Northeastern China. To do so, ecotourists are compared to general travelers visiting this area. A questionnaire was employed to collect data on visitor characteristics and motivations, responses to which were then analyzed via descriptive statistics, T-tests and principal component factor analysis. Results showed that 16% of the visitors to this area were classified as ecotourists, while the remainder general travelers. Five motivations displayed significant differences(P<0.05) between these two types of tourists. Three social motives – boosting self-confidence, feeling at home away from home and being together with family – and two attraction motives – indoor sports and viewing unique landscapes of the CMBR(crater lake, waterfall, gorge and hot spring) – were significantly more important for general travelers(P<0.05); while two social motives of experiencing the tranquility of the natural setting and the natural beauty of the landscape were relatively more important for ecotourists(P<0.1). Results suggest that ecotourists have distinct and complicated attraction and social motives compared to general travelers visiting the CMBR. Results have useful implications for researchers interested in tourist motivations and behavior, as well as for managers who wish to focus their marketing strategies more effectively. National Park of South Africa. Uysal et al.(1994) assessed the travel motives of Australian tourists to U.S. national parks and nature areas and formed five groupings including ‘relaxation/hobbies', ‘novelty', ‘enhancement of kinship relationship', ‘escape', and ‘prestige'. Tao et al.(2004) analyzed motivations of Asian tourists travelling to Taiwan's Taroko National Park using a self-defined approach and found that the most significant benefits sought by self-defined ecotourists are ‘learning about nature' and ‘participating in recreation activities'. Beh and Bruyere(2007) analyzed visitor motivations in three Kenyan national reserves, identifying the three most prominent kinds of tourists as escapers, learners and spiritualists. Pan and Ryan(2007) used factor analysis to reveal five motivational dimensions –‘relaxation', ‘social needs', ‘a sense of belonging', ‘mastery skills', and ‘intellectual needs' – of visitors to the Pirongia Forest Park in New Zealand. Kruger and Saayman(2010) did a comparative study on travel motivations of tourists to Kruger and Tsitsikamma National Parks in South Africa and found that common motives of tourists were ‘escape and relaxation' as well as ‘knowledge seeking', ‘nostalgia' and ‘park attributes'. Despite these efforts, on an overall basis past literature on why visitors travel to national parks and nature areas is still rather limited. In China, a number of empirical studies on tourist motivations have been conducted since the early 1990s(Chen and Miao 2006; Dong 2011; Huang et al. 2011; Jeffrey and Xie 1994; Lu 1997; Ma et al. 2013; Zhang 2012). Some studies have focused on motivations of visitors to nature reserves(Li 2007), geological parks(Chen and Qiao 2010), world heritage sites(Su et al. 2005), and seismic memorial sites(Tang 2014). However, most previous research findings on tourist motivations are not comparable, reflecting the fact that visitors to different parks have quite different motives due to the attributes of particular destinations, the geographic locations of these parks, types of available activities, marketing strategies, and the complexity of travel motives(Chen and Qiao 2010; Pan and Ryan 2007). While it is true that certain motivations were shared in varying degrees by most tourists to these places – i.e., ‘appreciating natural landscapes', ‘family and education', ‘social needs', and ‘perceived prestige of visit' – most previous research has not focused on natural settings as destinations. Thus travel motivations of tourists to these areas must be further explored and clarified in relation to impacts on particular natural areas and patterns of market segmentation. As one of the earliest and largest natural reserves established in China, the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve(CMBR) has long been a draw not only for domestic tourists but also for international visitors, and tourism to the area has been growing steadily since 1980. With the number of visitors to the reserve having climbed to 2.44 million in 2010(Statistical Communiqué of the Changbai Mountain Protection and Development Zone of Jilin Province 2011), it has become imperative for local government officials and reserve wardens to understand tourists' desires and interests when identifying tourism development opportunities. However, the existing literature still suffers from a lack of empirical studies that investigate why people travel to the CMBR and whether tourist motives differ between groups such as ecotourists and general travelers. The target population for this study consists of domestic visitors to the CMBR. The goals of this research include:(1) to identify the social and attraction motives of domestic tourists that influence decisions to visit the CMBR;(2) to explore whether there are any differences between the motivations of these two types of tourists; and(3) to provide some useful management implications for local government and tourism marketers.

A Study on Tourist Interaction in Mountain-type Scenic Spots

Mountain tourism is one of the traditional and important forms of tourism in China. In mountain tourism,the interaction between tourists often occurs,and is paid attention to in tourism sociology. In the field of tourism research,it involves a large number of host-guest interaction studies in tourism destinations,but there is little research on the interaction between tourists. Therefore,in the study of mountaintype scenic spots,we can also study the tourist interaction from the perspective of tourist experience and symbolic interaction theory.

山地旅游景区落石灾害风险评估—以浙江三门县蛇蟠岛景区为例

以浙江省三门县蛇蟠岛景区为研究背景,通过现场勘察与数值分析等手段,全面分析了山地旅游景区落石灾害的影响因素,基于RHRS风险评分方法建立了山地旅游景区落石灾害风险评估体系。研究结果表明:古洞室群围岩的严重扰动、岩石的风化作用、相邻洞室公共墙体的凿去为落石的三个主要影响因素;基于RHRS风险评分方法将落石灾害风险划分为5个等级,并在此基础上建立了山地旅游景区落石灾害风险评估体系;工程实践表明,建立的山地旅游景区落石灾害风险评估体系分析结果可靠,该评价体系可为落石灾害的发生提供预警及治理提供依据。

中国山区旅游地农户生计韧性评价指标体系的构建与实证——以湖北省恩施州为例

山区旅游地兼具旅游资源丰富、生态环境脆弱、贫困人口集聚等多重特性,对中国山区旅游地农户生计韧性的科学评价有助于守护脱贫攻坚成果.本研究在农户生计韧性理论认知的基础上,结合区域特征构建了中国山区旅游地农户生计韧性评价指标体系,采用均值法对恩施州18个旅游村进行实证分析.研究结果表明:①以Speranza为代表的生计韧性评价指标体系较好地表达了农户应对冲击、实现更好结果的特性,但存在评价对象不明晰、指标选取不够严谨、评价体系构建不完整及本土适应性不够等问题;②结合中国山区旅游地特性对Speranza的评价指标进行了在地优化,通过Ω系数检验发现优化后的评价指标体系具有合理性;③恩施州旅游地农户的生计韧性总体处于低水平.从3大维度来看,除缓冲能力处于中等水平之外,学习能力和自组织能力均处于低水平,自组织能力水平最低.从地域分布来看,农户的生计韧性水平在不同地区或者同一地区的不同村落间都存在较大差异,其中宣恩县的农户生计韧性水平整体最低.

大别山革命老区红色旅游景区可达性研究

红色旅游景区可达性是革命老区振兴发展与红色旅游教育功能发挥的重要影响因素.基于大别山革命老区229个红色旅游景区数据样本,运用GIS空间分析与数理统计方法,研判红色旅游景区可达性空间格局.结果表明:大别山革命老区红色旅游景区区域外可进入性表现为南部通畅、西北—东南两端闭塞的“南入位优、极端分化”非均衡状态,区域内服务可达性较好,对发挥红色旅游教育功能具有良好的支撑作用,景区间连通可达性已形成高品质景区为主导的“中心强两端弱、局域空间错位”的空间分异格局.

基于百度指数的佛教旅游地网络关注度分析——以敦化六鼎山景区为例

以佛教文化旅游地敦化六鼎山为研究地案例,基于百度指数2011—2020年每日网络关注度数据,采用年际变动指数、季节性集中指数和地理集中指数研究方法测算网络关注度的时空特征。研究发现,佛教文化地敦化六鼎山的年际网络关注度总体呈现先上升再下降的趋势;月际变化旅游网络关注度高峰期和平淡期差异性较小;周内变化旅游网络关注度最高峰由星期四延后到星期六。空间分布特征呈现出东部-中部-西部依次递减的趋势,具有明显的距离衰减性。

Networks of hiking tourist trails in the Krkono?e(Czech Republic) and Peneda-Gerês(Portugal) national parks-comparative analysis

Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected areas tourist penetration is allowed only along specially designed, official routes. A well-planned layout of tourist trails with appropriate facilities can help to limit the negative consequences of tourist pressure on protected natural areas. The aim of the article is a comparison of offers for active tourists in two mountain national parks(the Krkono?e National Park in the Czech Republic and the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Portugal), taking into consideration the marked hiking trails – the most frequently used type of tourist trails. As a result the level of area coverage by the networks of hiking trails was assessed, as well as their adequateness towards the needs of tourists. The descriptive analysis was based on author's personal observations. In the examination of hiking trails as part of a system, some elements of the graph theory were used, especially coefficients for topologic analysis of spatial structure. This method enables simplification of a network, comparison of various areas and making some assumptions concerning tourist infrastructure, which is a crucial factor while analyzing trails from a tourists' point of view. In both analyzed national parks the relief is quite similar, as well as their locations near national borders, what justifies the choice of the areas scrutinized in the paper. What differ them are patterns of tourism development and the current ways of undertaking active tourism. Not similarities but the two latter factors resulted in a distinct character of the two compared networks of trails and facilities connected with them. The system of hiking trails and tourist infrastructure seem better developed in the Krkono?e National Park, what can be explained by historical and social conditions, especially the adopted model of hiking. In the article some disadvantages of tourist infrastructure in both protected areas were presented, as well as some suggestions in terms of its development, resulting from the analysis of networks of hiking trails.

山西省旅游资源外语语言景观优化研究

该研究通过对山西省10处5A级旅游景区的外语语言景观进行调查,共收集1528份有效语料。调查结果显示,超过70%的景区标牌至少使用了英语一种外语语言,英语在外语语言景观中占主导地位。同时,还发现韩语、日语、俄语、法语等其他外语语言在景区景观中也有使用,这反映了打造国际化景区和提升外语服务质量的成效。然而,在外语语言景观建设方面仍存在一些问题,如外文译写质量不高,出现了误译、漏译、机器翻译和一词多译等错误。此外,景区还存在标牌制作排版有误、景区名称翻译不统一、缺乏整体规划等问题。为了优化景区语言景观,建议参考《公共服务领域外文译写规范》,并与当地高校外语、旅游等方面专家进行合作,定期展开调研和整改,增加外文旅游宣传手册、外语导游等服务形式,以整体提升外语服务质量和山西国际形象。

Dark Touristic Perception: Motivation, Experience and Benefits Interpreted from the Visit to Seismic Memorial Sites in Sichuan Province

This study investigates the motivations of Chinese domestic tourists visiting seismic memorial sites after the great Wenchuan earthquake of 2008, and examines their interpretation of experiences and benefits of the visits. Recent research on dark tourism has raised the possibility that people are attracted to death and memorial sites in ways different from other tourist attractions. The study used an empirical research design employing questionnaires to collect data from 255 Chinese domestic visitors at seismic memorial sites in west Sichuan. Analysis revealed that the obligation of commemoration mixed with curiosity represents a different set of travel motivation in dark tourism settings than in other kinds of tourism. In addition, the empirical evidence also suggests an interrelated pattern between motivations, experiences and benefits. This study implies that Chinese domestic tourists were attracted in ways different from other tourist attractions both because they tended to fulfill their obligation of commemoration and were interested in destruction; and visitor experiences played an important mediating role between travel motivations and benefits gained.

山区旅游地不同生计策略类型农户生计韧性的比较研究——以恩施州为例

[目的]探究恩施州旅游地不同生计策略类型农户生计韧性的差异,阐明旅游发展对农户生计韧性的作用与影响,为恩施州农户生计韧性的提升提出对策建议。[方法]基于Speranza的生计韧性评价体系,结合中国山区旅游地农户生计特征构建生计韧性评价指标体系,通过问卷调查收集数据,运用方差分析法比较分析不同生计策略类型农户生计韧性的差异,明确农户生计韧性与生计策略之间的关系。[结果](1)旅游参与农户的生计韧性及自组织能力、学习能力和缓冲能力都显著提高;(2)恩施州旅游地农户的旅游参与程度不高;(3)补贴依赖型农户在学习能力、自组织能力、缓冲能力3个维度中均表现最差,其中,在健康状况、生活资料、人均储蓄、抚养比率、信息获取能力、预判风险的能力指标上与其他类型农户有较大差距。[结论]旅游参与对农户生计韧性的提高具有正向影响,但参与旅游发展尚未成为恩施州旅游地农户的主要生计选择。

Status and outlook of hiking trails in the central part of the Low Tatra Mountains in Slovakia between 1980–1981 and 2013–2014

This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart. The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981, and the second in 2013 and 2014. The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment. Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic, biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones. Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs, we had to decide on how to map them. This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells. For each cell with HT, the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell. In total, 26.3 km of HT were studied, stretching over 266 grid cells. On comparison of the two data sets, it was seen that, 64%(171 grid cells) display a generally positive condition, with 54%(143 grid cells) even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition. 36%(95 grid cells) were in bad condition, including 3%(9 grid cells) whose state had deteriorated, and 2%(6 grid cells) whose state had significantly deteriorated, in the time between the two assessments.

山岳型5A级景区游客的情感表达与形象感知——以安徽省为例

山岳型景区在我国旅游发展及区域经济中占有重要地位。基于游客评论网络文本分析安徽省5A级山岳型景区的形象感知与情感表达,结果显示:自然景观是形象感知的主体,游客对景区产品体验、形象感知及情感表达存在相似性和差异性;感知高频词为景点、设施、服务和体验4大类目,且呈长尾型分布;语义网络图呈“核心—边缘”状分布,整体呈以景区、风景、缆车为节点的三核多层格局,各景区呈以景区名为节点的单核多层次格局;情感表达积极占比较高,中性和消极占比较低;在旅游要素满意度中,对住、行、游、娱的满意度较高,对食、购的满意度较低。当前,应通过宣传特色资源、提高景区形象辨识度、推动设施环境建设、推进产品创新开发等措施,不断提升景区建设质量和服务水平。

山地探险旅游目的地居民视域下的主与客——以四姑娘山镇为例

主客关系一直是旅游学界研究的重要议题。文章以四姑娘山镇为案例地,通过问卷调查和入户访谈获取一手数据资料,运用SPSS24.0软件进行数理统计,分析山地探险旅游目的地居民视域下的主客关系。研究结果表明:(1)居民对山地探险旅游目的地主客关系五个维度的感知结果呈现为:信息咨询>体验与参与>关注与观察>困难求助>随意交谈。(2)长期从事山地探险旅游的居民对主客关系的感知较为强烈,认为主客之间在参与山地探险旅游时打破了陌生人之间的界限隔阂,主客之间良好的互动结下深厚的友谊,表现出巅峰体验和强烈的交往意愿,“主”与“客”之间产生“亲社会行为”和“主客身份相互置换”的现象。为有效促进四姑娘山山地探险旅游目的地的发展和针对主客身份相互置换的现象,提出了提升四姑娘山发展的建议。

山地文化旅游对目的地客流时间分布的影响——基于泰山客流的大数据分析

山地文化旅游影响游客在目的地的行为与时间感,会对目的地客流分布产生影响。已有研究证实山地文化旅游会削弱客流的自然季节性波动,但其对客流多时间尺度波动的影响仍有待进一步厘清。本研究以世界自然和文化双重遗产地泰山为案例地,以景区智慧系统大数据为主要数据来源,从月际、日际、日内三个时间尺度比较徒步登高、朝山进香、极顶观日三类典型的山地文化旅游活动客群与景区整体客流的时间分布差异,揭示山地文化旅游对目的地客流时间分布规律的影响。研究发现:(1)山地文化旅游平缓了景区客流的季节性波动,其中徒步登高决定季节性分布的基本趋势,朝山进香、极顶观日在此基础上产生叠加效应,朝山进香催生反淡季的旺季分布,极顶观日平衡淡旺季差距。(2)山地文化旅游调节了景区客流的日际波动,其中徒步登高影响平均水平,朝山进香影响峰值水平,徒步登高与极顶观日有助于降低差距水平。(3)山地文化旅游打破了景区客流的“朝发夕返”自然节律,其中徒步登高、朝山进香共同构成景区客流日内分布的日间高峰,极顶观日促成了景区客流日内分布的夜间高峰。本研究结论对文化和旅游融合背景下的山地景区管理具有启示意义。

天目山景区官方传播形象与游客感知形象对比研究

基于为塑造天目山景区品牌形象、优化旅游营销计划、提升游客满意度和重游意愿提供数据和理论依据的研究目的,本文以游客网络游记和在线评论及官方传播文本为样本,采用网络文本分析法和社会网络分析法,量化分析天目山景区旅游形象在供需视角的差异,明晰天目山景区的旅游形象定位。研究发现:(1)天目山、大树、森林、自然、农家乐等词汇是官方传播和游客对天目山旅游形象的高度概括;(2)游客感知的天目山景区形象与官方传播形象存在差异,主要表现在官方传播主要以天目山为核心,特别注重对天目山历史文化的传播,游客的感知主要是森林、大树、空气清新等,其次是两者感知的区位条件的差异;(3)游客的消极情绪主要来自四个方面,门票贵性价比不高、爬山累、趣味性不强、景区交通不便。建议官方传播结合天目山大树、空气清新、农家乐、自然教育等进行形象的塑造;积极及时完善信息供给,保持官方信息的完整性;丰富旅游项目,提升趣味性。

雪窦山风景名胜区游憩资源满意度研究

通过收集2020年7月1日至2021年12月30日相关旅游网站上游客对雪窦山风景名胜区的评论数据,进行游憩资源要素编码及分级评定,确认了五大类评价维度——服务管理、自然环境、旅游设施、人文景观、游客体验,23个评价指标,通过IPA分析法(重要性-绩效分析法)获取游客对景区游憩资源的认知程度与满意度评价水平。结果表明,游客对雪窦山风景名胜区游憩要素的认知程度均值为9.76,满意度均值为3.81,在23个游憩资源要素中,有13个要素满意度在均值以上,10个要素在满意度均值以下;以重要性均值9.76为纵坐标分界线,满意度均值3.81为横坐标分界线,将IPA分析图划分为四个象限——优势维持区、继续改善区、积极提升区和适当过渡区。综合以上分析,提出雪窦山风景名胜区游憩资源的优化建议:软件服务专业化、硬件设施合理化、人文景观多元化。

山岭旅游度假区道路设计研究

山岭旅游度假区由于特殊的地形特征和复杂的生态环境,道路设计满足安全、实用的同时,还需兼顾与周边环境相协调、乘客驾乘感受、生态环境保护等因素。以文昌湖旅游度假区文昌大道道路设计为例,在道路、慢行系统、桥梁、低碳环保等方面设计,结合山岭旅游度假区特点,针对性地进行了科学优化与协同设计。设计力求充分体现人工创造与自然景观的和谐统一,为山岭旅游度假区道路设计提供新的思路与研究方法。

游客偏好视角下山地城市滨水绿道景观优化策略研究——以泸州沱南绿道为例

山地城市独特的地理、文化和自然资源特征使得其绿道规划需求与平原城市有所不同,而滨水绿道作为山地城市绿道系统中社会活动与自然生态空间的交叉区域,其规划相对复杂,需要考虑更多因素。目前山地城市滨水绿道相关研究较少使用量化分析方法,且多从研究者视角出发,难以了解到使用者的实际需求。基于此,本研究以四川省泸州市沱南绿道为例,从游客偏好角度出发,通过探索性因子分析探寻景观因子对山地城市滨水绿道景观的影响并提出优化建议,为之后的山地城市滨水绿道规划提供一定参考。

基于网络文本分析的山岳型旅游目的地形象感知研究——以南宁青秀山为例

游客在游览活动后的网络在线评价日趋成为塑造和传播旅游目的地形象的重要因素,也对游客的决策行为与满意度产生直接影响。运用网络文本分析法,从游客角度阐述景区的旅游形象,使用爬虫软件获取青秀山景区旅游网站的评论,借助集搜客和ROST CM6软件,将文本材料具体化和直观化,进行高频词统计。并从认知、情感、整体3个形象维度对青秀山旅游形象感知进行研究。结论为:服务质量与价格是游客关注的核心因素;整体情感态度为积极情绪,消极情绪主要体现在景区收费标准不统一,服务质量不达标。整体上来看,游客对青秀山景区旅游形象的评价比较高,但仍有很大提升空间景区要通过丰富旅游产品、完善旅游设施、加强管理以及构建网络宣传平台等措施,提升游客满意度,推动青秀山景区旅游可持续发展。研究结果对旅游目的地的营销重点和持续发展具有一定的启示。