How Sense of Ritual in Tourism Impacts Tourists’Co-Creation of Tourism Experience Values:A Study Based on the Theory of Value Co-Creation

Establishing a sense of ritual within tourism consumption scenarios offers tourists the opportunity for interactive engagement.Drawing upon the value co-creation theory,this study constructed an influence mechanism model to examine tourists'active engagement in the process of co-creating tourism experience values.It employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling(PLS-SEM)to empirically test the proposed hypotheses.The findings demonstrate that the model constructed in the present study exhibits robust reliability,validity,and explanatory power.The perception of the sense of ritual in tourism exerts a significant positive influence on tourists’co-creation of tourism experience values,thereby significantly enhancing both the communitas and flow experienced by tourists during their travels.Moreover,such communitas and flow can mediate the influence of the sense of ritual in tourism on tourists’co-creation of tourism experience values.This study contributes to advancing the current research on tourists’co-creation of tourism experience values and the sense of ritual in tourism,thereby providing theoretical foundations for cultivating a sense of ritual within tourism consumption scenarios.

Tourists’Willingness to Pay for Recreation Services in Nyerere National Park,Tanzania:Are We Overvaluing or Undervaluing Our Nature Recreation Resources?

This study estimated tourists’Willingness to Pay(WTP)per day for recreation services in Nyerere National Park(NNP)and compared these values with daily travel costs that are incurred by tourists to visit NNP in order to inform whether recreation resources in the park are overvalued or undervalued.The study revealed that tourists’WTP per day for recreation services was estimated at$237.4 and$1521 for resident and non-resident tourists,respectively.The estimated tourists’WTP values exceed the daily travel costs currently incurred by tourists,which are$201.04 and$1517.97 for resident and non-resident tourists,respectively.This indicates that tourists are willing to spend more to enjoy recreation services in NNP,which signifies that recreation resources in NNP are slightly undervalued.In addi­tion,the findings disclosed that the largest share of tourist daily travel expenses is allocated to transportation services,and very little is paid to the park as a conservation fee.It was revealed that out of the daily travel expenses incurred by non-resident and resident tourists,only 4.62%and 2.23%are respectively paid directly to NNP as conservation fees.This study considers that allocation is not very fair;thus,NNP,in collaboration with TANAPA,needs to adjust the current entrance or conservation fee and reduce the transportation costs charged by tourist companies.The travel costs incurred by tourists,age,education,monthly income,site visited,substitute site,and quality of park were identified as significant factors in influencing tourists’WTP for recreation services in NNP.Thus,policies oriented to reduce tour­ists’transportation costs and improve the quality of national parks would attract more tourists to NNP.

Statistical Models for Forecasting Tourists’ Arrival in Kenya

In this paper, an attempt has been made to forecast tourists’ arrival using statistical time series modeling techniques—Double Exponential Smoothing and the Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA). It is common knowledge that forecasting is very important in making future decisions such as ordering replenishment for an inventory system or increasing the capacity of the available staff in order to meet expected future service delivery. The methodology used is given in Section 2 and the results, discussion and conclusion are given in Section 3. When the forecasts from these models were validated, Double Exponential Smoothing model performed better than the ARIMA model.

Assessing the Carrying Capacity of Tourist Resorts: An Application of Tourists’ Spatial Behavior Simulator Based on GIS and Multi-Agent System

Based on the study of visitors' individual spatial behaviors, a tourists'spatial behavior simulator (TSBS) to assess the carrying capacity of tourist resorts was developed,TSBS employs GIS (Geographic Information System) to manage the spatial data,and Multi-Agent systemto simulate the actions of individual visitors. By utilizing TSBS, visitors' travel patterns such aslocation, cost, and state can be analyzed and predicted. Based on this analysis and prediction, themodel of assessing the carrying capacity of resorts is built. Our results show that TSBS will be aneffective tool to accurately assess the carrying capacity of tourist resorts.

Economic Valuation of River Conservation towards International Tourists’ Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Ecofriendly Services of Hotel Industry: A Case Study of Namxong River in Vangvieng District, Laos

Using choice experiment, the objective of this study is to estimate international tourists’ preferences and willingness to pay for ecofriendly services which related to river and natural environment conservation of hotel industry in Vangvieng, a popular tourist town in Lao PDR. We used the mixed logit to take into account of preference heterogeneity by allowing coefficients to be normally distributed and assumed to vary among individuals. The result shows that all ecofriendly practices offered in this study are significantly preferred by tourists. Income, age, and education did not have significant effect on the probability of choosing ecologically friendly practices of hotel and attributes to support the ecotourism of the area;however, this study provides important information that female tourists are more receptive to a new alternative. These findings do not only support the provision of good and green services in Vangvieng Town, but will also be useful for policy maker to enhance the sustainability of ecotourism in Laos.

A Survey on Foreign Tourists’English Translation of Guangdong Tourism Images

Metaphor,constituting culture as well as inheriting one,is a way that human beings perceive the world.The study of cognitive metaphor theory in translation illustrates the process how the people construct psychological images from one culture to another,from one language to another.A survey on Chinese to English translation has been conducted among foreigners to see their intuitive understandings of some Guangdong tourism images.The results found out three different familiarity levels of these tourism images and the English translations from the viewpoint of the foreigners.Translation can be done without understanding the actual meanings,and understanding can occur without being able to translate.

Order Out of Chaos: Nudging Tourists’ Behaviours at a Time of Disruption?

A set of major disruptive political,socio-economic,technological,and ecological trends presents serious issues for tourism policy makers,regulators,and operators alike.In this turbulent context,how best to attempt to predict tourist behaviours?In tourism research the dominant rationalistic approach to decision-making does provide some useful insights across tourism choice.However,it seems increasingly less suited to the often relatively unplanned,hedonic,opportunistic,and impulsive decision-making that often characterises tourists’behaviours on-site within a destination,and more generally to the behaviours of Generation Y and Generation Z.More generally,it is arguable that rational models of motivation and decision-making systematically underestimate the importance of affective processes in tourists’behaviours.In this paper,we explore the implications of employing a much more naturalistic approach to decision-making at both the policy level and at the frontline of tourism operations.

A Study on the Path Mechanism of Para-social Interaction and Place Attachment on Film-Induced Tourists’Behavioral Intention

Under the influence of celebrity effect and para-social interaction,film is increasingly able to induce viewers’willingness to travel.Based on the theory of para-social interaction and the factors of place attachment,this study constructs a model of the influence mechanism of film-induced tourists’behavioral intention and puts relevant hypotheses.Taking the film A Little Red Flower as an example,the empirical test is carried out by using structural equation model(SEM).The results show that:(1)Film-induced tourists’emotional involvement has a significant positive impact on tourism behavioral involvement,but has no direct and significant impact on place dependence and place identity.(2)Film-induced tourists’behavioral involvement has a significant positive impact on place dependence and place identity.(3)Both place dependence and place identity of film-induced tourists have significant positive impact on tourism behavioral intention.Therefore,film tourism destinations should show the unique local conditions and customs according to the preference of fans and audiences,with the help of the popularity of film,so as to improve their tourism behavior intention.

The Mediating Effect of Social Media on the Relationship Between Travel Preference and Tourist Behavior of Local Tourists in Davao City

This paper aims to determine the mediating effect of social media on the relationship between travel behavior and tourist preference.This paper utilized the mediation analysis design to determine whether social media significantly affects the independent and dependent variables.For the statistical tools,the proponents of the study utilized descriptive statistics,Sobel’s test,mean and standard deviation.Also,the proponents of the study utilized data from questionnaires gathered through an online google form.Most of the respondents are single females,college-level,and use Facebook most of the time.Therefore,this is the social media platform that the majority utilize.It has been revealed in the study the three sets of correlated variables:Travel behavior vs.tourist behavior,travel preference vs.social media,and social media vs.tourist behavior,have a strong positive linear relationship between the two quantitative variables.Thus,the study proponents concluded that there is an indirect effect between the travel preference and tourist behavior of local tourists in Davao City via social media.Lastly,the study’s findings reveal the fundamentals of how visitors make decisions,which are essential for enhancing the competitive advantages of cultural destinations.Significant findings from the study are beneficial to the growth of cultural tourism in Davao City.

Return of Chinese Tourists

South Africa on 29 March received the first group of 13 tourists from China over the past three years.The tourists,taking a flight from Air China,landed at O.R.Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg and were welcomed by people from different walks of life.

A system-integrated approach for the design of tourist areas at the local level under changing conditions:A case study in the Altay Mountains

The existing approaches for the design of tourist areas often lead to limited flexibility in project implementation.To realize a more flexible approach,in this study,we formulated a model for planning and designing tourist areas at the local level.Moreover,specific tools for analyzing tourist areas and ensuring sustainable development under changing conditions were developed.This study was conducted in two tourist regions,Biryuzovaya Katun tourist complex and Belokurikha destination(including Belokurikha City with Belokurikha 2 Gornaya tourist complex and surrounding areas),in the Altay Mountains.We employed the recreation opportunity spectrum and proposed a system-integrated programming approach for the design of tourist areas at the destination and site levels.The key of this approach was the collection and analysis of current spatial data,including the spatial distribution of attractions and visitor flows.We constructed heat maps using video recording and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)observation data.Moreover,we analyzed the video stream using an image-analyzing framework You Only Look Once(YOLO)v5 software.The heat map of visitor flows based on video recording data in the Andreevskaya Sloboda museum of Belokurikha 2 Gornaya tourist complex allowed us to highlight the most attractive sites in this area and classify them into one of three types:points of functional concentration,points of transitional concentration,and points of attractions.The heat maps in Biryuzovaya Katun tourist complex,created using UAV observation data,allowed us to determine the spatiotemporal patterns of visitor flows and tourists’preferences throughout the day within four time intervals:09:00-12:00,13:00-14:00,14:00-15:00,and 16:00-18:00(LST).The maximum visitor flow density occurred from 16:00 to 18:00 in the beach area of the artificial lake.A comparison between the visitor-concentrated sites and the current facilities provided insights into the demand for attractions and facilities and the lacking areas.Heat maps are useful in analyzing the land use at the site level,while zoning based on the recreation opportunity spectrum can be used to design tourist areas at the destination level.The proposed methods for analyzing the use of tourist areas contribute to the development of adaptive tourism design.

Marketing Strategies Based on Tourists' Satisfaction on Rural Tourism in Suzhou City of China

To further promote rural tourism brand of Suzhou and enhance its competitiveness,tourist source market of rural tourism in Suzhou City was analyzed through questionnaire survey from the perspectives of demographic features and behavioral characteristics of tourists.Moreover,significance of service items and tourists' satisfaction on these items were investigated from the perspectives of scenic area management,traffic conditions,accommodation services,hygienic conditions,commodity price,infrastructure,guide services,food and recreational activities.Through sorting out statistics obtained in the investigation,corresponding marketing strategies were proposed.First,orientation of rural tourism market should be defined,local tourist source market taken as the principal one,especially tourists from the middle-class and upper-class.Second,rural cultural connotations should be further explored to build villages of dominant cultures and bring new ideas to traditional festivals.Third,integrated marketing should be introduced to the promotion of rural tourism,marketing channels further integrated,and online marketing of rural tourism enhanced.

Investigation on Tourists' Satisfaction Degree in Xionger Mountain of Shandong Province

Through the field investigation in Xionger Mountain,it was found that the scenic area is rich in tourism resources.However,the development of tourism is lagging behind.By the method of random sampling,a survey for visitors was conducted.A total of 100 questionnaires were issued,100 of which were valid.With the help of TSI evaluating model,tourists' satisfaction degree was calculated accurately.The results showed that ratio of tourism performance to price in Xionger Mountain wasn't high,of which tourists generally expressed dissatisfaction;that the overall environment was quite good,of which tourists showed higher satisfaction degree;that some tourists' expectations to this scenic area were not high;that revisit willing was comparatively high;that there was a certain gap compared with other scenic spot.Tourists' satisfaction degree on Xionger Mountain is 55.89% through calculating TSI index.Finally,aiming at the existent problems,some countermeasures for improving the tourists' satisfaction degree on Xionger Mountain were put forward from the aspects of tour value,environmental perception,marketing philosophy and modes.

Study on Consumer Behaviors of Tourists in Rural Areas of Liaoning Province

This study takes Liaoning Province for an example,investigates and analyzes a series of consumer decision behaviors of tourists in rural tourist sites,such as need recognition,data collection,purchase decision,summarizes law of tourists' behaviors,points out internal interaction between tourists' behaviors and demography features,proposes improvement measures for promoting the sustainable development of rural tourism.

Study on Ecological Footprint of Sightseeing Tourists and Vacation Tourists in Sanya City

Based on the theory of ecological footprint and tourists' consumption structure, the model of tourist ecological footprint was divided into six sub-models including catering, accommodation, shopping, sightseeing, shopping and entertainment, and ecological footprint of sightseeing tourists and vacation tourists in Sanya City was analyzed. The result showed that per capita ecological footprint of vacation tourists was higher than that of sightseeing tourists in Sanya City. The influential factor of the two kinds of tourists was slightly different in their proportion of sightseeing and entertainment factors. In the future, it should advocate sightseeing tourists to rationally make use of ecological resources, vacation tourists to have a healthy and ecological holiday, so as to ensure sustainable development of tourism.

Behavior Characteristics of Tourists and Detailed Classification of Tourist Source Market in Liuxihe National Forest Park

On the basis of questionnaires and field investigation,behavior characteristics of tourists in Liuxihe National Forest Park were analyzed,and the results showed that tourists in the study area mainly come from the Pearl River Delta for sightseeing,mostly 21-45 years old,with higher revisit rate but less residence time.And meanwhile,key tourist source markets of Liuxihe National Forest Park were classified on the basis of spatial distance features,social and economic features,and behavior characteristics of tourists,specifically,The Pearl River Delta Sightseeing Tourist Market,The Pearl River Delta Vacationing Tourist Market,The Pearl River Delta Business Tourist Market,and The Pearl River Delta Special-interest Tourist Market.Moreover,corresponding development strategies were proposed according to actual conditions of each market.

Study on Tourism Decision-making Pattern of European Tourists in China——With European Tourists in Xi’an City as a Study Case

With the inbound tourism market data supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China as the basis, this study through researching the tourism decision-making behaviors of inbound tourists, adopting questionnaire survey among European tourists in Xi'an City, analyzed their tourism decision behaviors and influencing factors, and aimed to propose pertinent suggestions for the expansion of European tourist market for Xi'an City.

Driving Effect of Theme Cultural Tourist Destination Attributes on Tourists' Place Attachment: A Case Study of Yancheng City in Changzhou

From the perspective of man–land relationship, Yancheng City(ruins of Yancheng in the Spring and Autumn Period) as a typical theme tourist destination is selected to construct the structural model of driving effect of tourist destination attributes on tourists' place attachment, and carry out the empirical research. The results show that attributes of Yancheng City contain 4 dimensions, and tourists' perception of the attributes declines in the sequence "recreational and entertainment attribute→ attribute of culture of the Spring and Autumn Period→ attribute of landscapes and ruins→ attribute of humanistic concern"; the four-dimension attributes vary greatly in driving tourists' place attachment, recreational and entertainment attribute and attribute of culture of the Spring and Autumn Period have obvious positive driving effect, attribute of landscapes and ruins and attribute of humanistic concern have poorer driving effect; generally speaking, driving effect of tourist destination attributes on tourists' place attachment is demonstrated as "highlighted value functions of tourist destination attributes→‘predominant area' of tourists' perceptual experience→ obvious driving effect on tourists' place attachment" and "hysteretic value functions of tourist destination attributes→‘vulnerable area' of tourists' perceptual experience→ weakened driving effect on tourists' place attachment"; driving effect of the overall attributes of tourist destination on tourists' place attachment is to be further improved and optimized.

Influence of Tourists′ Environmental Tropisms on Their Attitudes to Tourism and Nature Conservation in Natural Tourist Destinations: A Case Study of Jiuzhaigou National Park in China

People′s environmental tropism has an effect on their understanding of tourism-nature relationship,and also influences their attitudes to natural resources utilization and environmental protection.Taking Jiuzhaigou National Park of China as a study case,the authors conducted some quantitative analyses with the tools of SPSS 16.0 and LISREL 8.7,to explore the influence of tourists′ environmental tropism on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in the natural tourist destination.Three hypotheses and the theoretic model of influences of tourists′ environmental tropism on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation have been tested and accepted based on the Structural Equation Model analysis on survey data collected in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China.Some conclusions were drawn as follows: 1) tourists′ human-prioritized concept influences their cognition to tourism-nature relationship.This concept has a positive influence on their supportive attitudes to tourism,but a negative influence on their attitudes to nature conservation;2) tourists′ human-nature coordination concept has a positive influence on their supportive attitudes to both tourism and nature conservation,especially to the latter.This paper generally proves that human′s environmental tropism does have an influence on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in natural tourist destinations.

Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT) for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park,SW Poland

National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC)of trails.This situation requires adjusting the number of park visitors to adapt to sustainable management systems of visitor flow,thus preventing or counteracting overtourism.The aim of the study is to propose a comprehensive method for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park presented on the example of the Sto?owe Mountains National Park(SMNP)in Poland,called as Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).The study describes six stages procedure of tourists Monitoring System creation and application as an optimal measurement technique.The MSTT enabled a multidimensional analysis of tourist traffic in SMNP.With the help of 39 pyroelectric sensors and surveys data spatio-temporal characteristic of visitor flow was obtained.The data generated in MSTT included hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,and annual reports,taking into account the direction of traffic measuring both directions:entries(IN),exits(OUT)and passages(IN+OUT).The results from pyroelectric sensors were supplemented with field surveys,where visitor’s motivations,preferences,and behaviours were determined.In 2017 a total of 871,344 visitors were recorded in SMNP what causes one of the most popular national parks in Poland.The SMNP is a suitable destination for short breaks leisure visits in wilderness.In order to sustain MSTT methodology in the long-run the set of guidelines together with the workload estimates were presented.In the future,the MSTT can be further developed,including monitoring of climbing,cycling,cross-country skiing,car traffic and illegal tourism assessment.The MSTT can be considered as a useful tool for tourism management in mid-mountain national parks throughout the entire calendar year.