Factors determining changes in the network of marked hiking trails in the Sudetes

Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are well designed and maintained).Owing to the variety of performed functions,their designation is determined by several factors:natural,technical,economic,social.Networks of trails change constantly.The aim of this article is to determine exactly what factors influence transformations within the hiking trail networks and what is their significance.To this end,three study areas in the Sudetes were analysed:one on the Polish side of the Sudetes-the Table(Stołowe)Mountains,and two on the Czech side-the rock town near the village of Sloup vČechách and the central part of Zlatohorskávrchovina.An analysis of changes in the shape of the networks over time was carried out,as well as surveys of institutions that were responsible for or influenced these transformations.These areas are characterised by a significant level of changes in the trail network.Among the factors influencing these changes,the tourist attractiveness of the area,the resilience of the environment,the intensity of tourism traffic,the environmental transformations associated with it,the history of tourism development and land ownership changes should be considered the most important.At each stage of forming networks,the key factor should be tourists’needs,including the desire to escape the urbanised environment.For this reason,trails should avoid roads with artificial(hard)surfaces and heavy automobile traffic.

Networks of hiking tourist trails in the Krkono?e(Czech Republic) and Peneda-Gerês(Portugal) national parks-comparative analysis

Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected areas tourist penetration is allowed only along specially designed, official routes. A well-planned layout of tourist trails with appropriate facilities can help to limit the negative consequences of tourist pressure on protected natural areas. The aim of the article is a comparison of offers for active tourists in two mountain national parks(the Krkono?e National Park in the Czech Republic and the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Portugal), taking into consideration the marked hiking trails – the most frequently used type of tourist trails. As a result the level of area coverage by the networks of hiking trails was assessed, as well as their adequateness towards the needs of tourists. The descriptive analysis was based on author's personal observations. In the examination of hiking trails as part of a system, some elements of the graph theory were used, especially coefficients for topologic analysis of spatial structure. This method enables simplification of a network, comparison of various areas and making some assumptions concerning tourist infrastructure, which is a crucial factor while analyzing trails from a tourists' point of view. In both analyzed national parks the relief is quite similar, as well as their locations near national borders, what justifies the choice of the areas scrutinized in the paper. What differ them are patterns of tourism development and the current ways of undertaking active tourism. Not similarities but the two latter factors resulted in a distinct character of the two compared networks of trails and facilities connected with them. The system of hiking trails and tourist infrastructure seem better developed in the Krkono?e National Park, what can be explained by historical and social conditions, especially the adopted model of hiking. In the article some disadvantages of tourist infrastructure in both protected areas were presented, as well as some suggestions in terms of its development, resulting from the analysis of networks of hiking trails.

Changes in the network of tourist trails in the border zones of the Czech Republic after entering the Schengen area

Among the factors influencing tourist trail network development are political issues, including the presence of state borders, the possibility of crossing them and the accessibility of border zones. In the article, it was decided to look at changes in the offer of tourist trails(hiking and cycling) along the entire border of the Czech Republic after the extension of the Schengen area(within this area, crossing the border is possible anywhere, and not only at official border crossings). It should be emphasized here that the borders of the Czech Republic over most of their length run through mountainous areas and, apart from political factors, natural features should have a major impact on the development of tourist routes. In order to determine the coherence of the current network of trails on both sides of the Czech Republic state border, modern tourist maps have been analyzed, determining the number of places where it is possible to cross the state border with the help of a marked tourist trail. Based on that, two indicators were introduced to determine the degree of openness with all neighboring countries as regards the opportunity to cross on a tourist trail. Changes in the historical situation, a comparison of the accessibility of the border area before entering the Schengen area and 2019, were analyzed for two study areas using archival maps. Over a decade after the extension of the Schengen area, the number of places where tourist trails of neighboring countries approach the border has clearly increased. Crossing is more often made possible using hiking trails than cycling routes(trails of the first type cross the border every 7.91 km, while the latter every 13.3 km), but considering the speed of movement, it can be assessed that the openness for cyclists is higher than for hikers. Moreover, in many places there is still significant potential for further integration of tourist trail networks as trails created in one country often do not have a continuation on the other side of the border.

Construction of Trail Tourist Attractions Assessment Index System

Based on the further analysis of trail's concept,trail tourist attractions was proposed as a new concept,and the 5-dimension(trail resource,trail operation,trail technology,trail management and trail economic index) theoretical assessment framework for trail tourist attractions was established. Trail route selection,trail pavement and trail management grade were taken for example to explain the specifications for these secondary indexes. The future research should expand the index system to cover all secondary indexes of the 5 dimensions,put the concept of trail tourist attractions into tourism planning practices,and provide examples for the construction of trail tourist attractions across the country. Proposal of the concept of trail tourist attractions and its assessment standards is an attempt and innovation in the development of scenic areas,and will possibly result in the new development rules of scenic areas.

非遗旅游涉入与价值共创行为关系研究——以大运河安徽段为例

游客价值共创行为对于延续和创新非遗文化价值,提升非遗旅游目的地核心竞争力具有重要的实践价值。为了深入探索游客价值共创行为的产生机制,将大运河安徽段作为案例地,构建有调节的中介模型做实证检验。结果表明:(1)旅游涉入对游客价值共创行为具有正向影响;(2)感知价值在主效应中发挥中介作用;(3)文化氛围调节了旅游涉入与感知价值的关系,其中的中介效应也得到调节。研究完善了旅游涉入作用机制的讨论,诠释了游客价值共创行为的产生原因,也为非遗旅游目的地管理者采取高质量精准营销与管理措施提供了决策与方法参考。

Status and outlook of hiking trails in the central part of the Low Tatra Mountains in Slovakia between 1980–1981 and 2013–2014

This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart. The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981, and the second in 2013 and 2014. The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment. Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic, biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones. Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs, we had to decide on how to map them. This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells. For each cell with HT, the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell. In total, 26.3 km of HT were studied, stretching over 266 grid cells. On comparison of the two data sets, it was seen that, 64%(171 grid cells) display a generally positive condition, with 54%(143 grid cells) even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition. 36%(95 grid cells) were in bad condition, including 3%(9 grid cells) whose state had deteriorated, and 2%(6 grid cells) whose state had significantly deteriorated, in the time between the two assessments.

Tourist management in national parks in the Czech-German borderland:Bohemian ’Switzerland’ and Saxon‘Switzerland’

In the article tourist management in two national parks in the Czech-German borderland are being compared,namely Bohemian ’Switzerland’(also known as Czech ’Switzerland’) and Saxon’Switzerland’.Situated on either side of the state border,they feature the same type of geographical environment.Transport accessibility,transborder links and the hiking trail network are analyzed using methodology sourced from graph theory.The result of the analyses is a classification of tourist hubs and tourist centers,as well as an indication of the main directions of tourist flow.The German national park is decidedly more accessible but with a detrimental effect on the natural environment primarily due to its fragmentation by a dense network of tourist trails.In both parks trails enter the core zone(in theory a strict protection area) but this occurs on a larger scale on the German side.In the Czech national park a greater number of positive examples of managing tourist movements can be identified.Additionally,larger areas managed for dispersion,or from which tourists are generally excluded,are located there.

红色旅游氛围对游客忠诚度的影响研究

红色旅游的持续发展与游客忠诚度紧密相关。文章基于SOR理论使用定量和定性结合的研究方法建构红色旅游氛围对游客忠诚度的影响模型并进行充要条件和路径分析。研究结果得知,红色旅游氛围对游客忠诚度有间接影响;游客参与度、红色旅游体验和游客满意度是游客忠诚度的充要条件;红色旅游氛围、游客参与度、红色旅游体验和游客满意度综合作用形成游客忠诚。研究结果揭示了红色旅游游客忠诚度的前因及复杂关系,为红色旅游质效提升提供思路。

数字解说效果对地方感的作用机制--旅游涉入和旅游体验的双中介作用

随着数字技术的进步,旅游解说媒介和游客解说需求发生根本变革,数字解说效果研究值得关注。基于媒介传播理论和服务接触理论,构建了解说效果与旅游涉入、旅游体验和地方感等要素的关系模型。对使用数字解说的318名游客进行的问卷调查结果表明,数字解说效果对地方感有直接正向影响;旅游涉入和旅游体验是解说效果和地方感的中介变量,数字解说效果对旅游涉入的正向影响得到证实。研究结果表明,从解说内容主题化、解说设计互动化和解说媒介层次化三个方面增强游客的旅游涉入和旅游体验,可提升游客的地方感。

口碑对旅游演艺产品购买意愿的影响研究——基于游客涉入度的中介作用

旅游演艺产品具有文化性与娱乐性相结合的特点,是旅游目的地转型升级的重要抓手;口碑是消费者信息收集的重要来源,涉入度能够影响消费者信息处理和购买决策过程。因此,以涉入度为中介变量,并基于刺激-机体-反应(SOR)理论,采用问卷调查和结构方程分析方法,构建旅游演艺产品的口碑、游客涉入度和购买意愿三者间的两两关系假设,探讨口碑与旅游演艺产品购买意愿的关系与作用机制。结果显示:口碑对旅游演艺产品购买意愿具有显著影响,正向口碑对旅游演艺产品购买意愿的影响比负向口碑更加显著;游客涉入度在口碑与旅游演艺产品购买意愿之间具有部分中介作用,在正向口碑、负向口碑与旅游演艺产品购买意愿之间发挥部分中介作用。此外,相较于其他旅游产品类型,游客了解旅游演艺产品口碑的途径主要是通过微博、小红书等大众信息分享平台。

城市生态公园的数字化服务场景对游客行为意向的影响

为探索新一代数字技术在城市生态公园服务场景中对游客行为意向的作用机理,以浙江省湖州市德清县下渚湖国家湿地公园为例,构建数字化城市生态公园服务场景的关系模型,进行实证研究。研究结果表明:基础设施、数字化功能、服务交互显著正向影响游客行为意向;游客感知功能和情感价值在其中发挥中介作用;游客涉入度对感知情感价值的中介作用起正向调节作用。因此,为更好地建设城市生态公园,可以通过提升公园内数字化水平,完善配套设施和地方特色的文化景观,提高服务人员的管理能力和服务水平,加强网络营销,不断增强游客感知价值和涉入度,从而提高游客的重游和推荐意愿。

乡村旅游涉入度、恢复性环境感知与重游 意愿作用机制研究——一个中介与调节的混合模型

为了探究旅游涉入度、恢复性环境感知和游客满意度对重游意愿的影响及消费预期的调节作用,以吐鲁番市乡村旅游为切入点,采用结构方程模型,将游客满意度和恢复性环境感知作为中介变量,消费预期作为调节变量,探究旅游涉入度与重游意愿两者间存在的作用机制。结果表明:(1)旅游涉入度对恢复性环境感知、游客满意度和重游意愿产生显著正向影响,其中对恢复性环境感知的影响效应最大,对游客满意度的影响效应最小。(2)恢复性环境感知和游客满意度在“旅游涉入度-重游意愿”的结构中有多重链式中介作用。(3)旅游涉入度、游客满意度对重游意愿的影响受消费预期的正调节。研究结果可为提高吐鲁番市游客乡村旅游的重游意愿提供新思路,对当地旅游开发与管理具有一定的指导意义。

草原景观感知与环境责任行为作用机制——以喀纳斯景区为例

厘清草原景观感知、游客满意度、游客涉入与环境责任行为之间的关系,是推进草原旅游可持续量发展的重要基础。本研究基于旷奥理论,构建景观感知、游客满意度、环境责任行为和游客涉入的中介调节模型。选取喀纳斯草原为案例地,利用375份有效问卷数据,进行结构方程模型分析。结果表明:1)旷性感知和奥性感知对游客满意度有正向显著作用;2)游客满意度在旷性感知与环境责任行为之间起部分中介作用,在奥性感知与环境责任行为之间起完全中介作用;3)游客涉入正向调节旷奥景观感知对游客满意度的影响。由此可知,营造良好景观感知环境能有效地激发游客对草原的满意感受,进而激发游客的环境责任行为,为游客提供高品质的景观感知体验是催动其环境责任行为的核心要点,这对推动绿色旅行、创建生态文明及可持续发展的草原景区具有实际意义。

明星微博对公众旅游意愿的影响——基于认知和情绪的视角

以明星旅游微博为研究对象,从认知和情绪的视角对微博类型、感知价值、愉悦情绪、信息卷入度、旅游意愿之间的关系进行实证分析。结果显示:相较于正式微博,非正式微博对感知价值、愉悦情绪和旅游意愿的影响更大;感知价值和愉悦情绪显著正向影响旅游意愿,且两者在“微博对旅游意愿的影响”过程中均起着中介作用;感知价值和愉悦情绪之间存在显著的交互效应,且两者呈正相关关系;信息卷入度在“微博对愉悦情绪的影响”过程中存在调节作用。

城市山地健康步道拥挤知觉分析与评估

城市山地健康步道是依托城市山地地形而建的新兴的围合型步道,因其腹地呈带状,横向空间较小,相比于传统步道拥挤问题可能愈发突出。为了探究城市山地步道人数与拥挤知觉的关系,研究基于视觉评估方法讨论厦门山海步道的拥挤知觉,以模拟照片为刺激物,选取山海步道的六个景观节点,分别在其前景、中景、远景配置不同数量的人群,为了便于受测者对比实景与确保受测者有游览经验,选择相对应的景观节点进行问卷调查,请受测者对不同人数的模拟照片进行拥挤知觉评估。研究结果显示,步道前中远景的人群数量均对拥挤知觉有显著影响,其中位于近景位置的人数对拥挤知觉的影响较显著,中景最弱。研究结果为围合型山海步道的景观设计与管理提供了参考依据。

文化旅游区游客涉入对地方依恋的影响测评

本文从游客涉入和地方依恋的维度层次出发,构建游客涉入对地方依恋的影响模型,以徐州汉文化旅游区为案例地,运用结构方程模型方法分析了文化旅游区游客涉入与地方依恋的结构性关系。研究结果显示,游客涉入对地方依恋有显著影响,具体表现为重要/象征性维度显著正向影响地方依赖;愉悦性维度显著正向影响地方依赖和地方认同;风险性维度显著负向影响地方依赖。地方依恋两维度间的关系也被证实为地方认同显著正向影响地方依赖。

名人代言会影响旅游者的目的地态度吗?——基于名人-目的地匹配度和个人卷入度的实验研究

通过实验研究考察了名人-目的地匹配度和被试的个人卷入度对目的地态度的影响。自变量1为个人卷入度,设置为高、低两个水平,同时为了与无名人代言情况相比较,将自变量2命名为代言情况,设置名人与目的地匹配、不匹配及无名人代言3个水平。结果表明:匹配、不匹配和无名人代言3种情况的目的地态度在低个人卷入条件下均有显著差异,而在高个人卷入条件下,以上3种情况的目的地态度并没发生显著变化。简单效应检验进一步显示:不匹配和无名人代言两种情形下,高卷入者比低卷入者的目的地态度更积极,而在名人与目的地匹配时,高、低卷入者的目的地态度无显著差异。文章还讨论了以上结论对目的地名人代言策略的相关启示以及未来研究的方向。

游客涉入及其与旅游动机和游客满意度的结构关系——以桂林、阳朔入境旅游者为例

旅游动机、游客涉入和游客满意度通常被独立研究,对这三个变量之间因果关系的理解还很不够。研究检验了旅游动机、游客涉入和游客满意度测量量表的跨文化适用性,使用结构方程模型分析三变量之间的结构关系,研究发现:产生于西方的测量量表可以用于中国入境旅游研究;旅游动机正向影响游客涉入;游客涉入正向影响游客满意度,游客涉入对旅游动机和游客满意度之间的关系起中介作用。

基于游客涉入的入境旅游者分类研究——以桂林、阳朔入境旅游者为例

涉入是消费行为最重要的决定因素之一,文章基于游客涉入对桂林、阳朔入境旅游者进行聚类分析,并比较不同类型旅游者的特征和态度差异。聚类分析将入境旅游者分为4种类型:中等涉入型、低涉入型、高涉入型和低风险可能型。这些类型旅游者在大多数社会人口统计特征和旅行行为特征上无显著差异,但在所属文化群体、信息来源数量、主客交往偏好、目的地整体形象和满意度上存在显著差异。

城市森林步道游客综合评价——以福道为例

为了完善森林步道的建设,以福道为研究对象,通过对游客展开问卷调查,运用模糊评价法分析影响游客满意度的显著因子.结果表明,游客对福道满意度评价达到优秀水平;项目层中游客满意度排序为步道环境>步道体验>步道设施>步道特色,其中步道环境和步道体验评价等级为优秀,步道设施和步道特色为良好;在指标层中,有9个指标满意度等级达到优秀,10个等级为良好,仅服务站指标等级为一般;由Pearson系数分析得出步道水体景观、建筑小品、风俗特色等12个指标是影响游客满意度的显著因子,出入口设置指标表现为弱相关;由重要度-满意度评价显示福道在发展中的优势与不足,并根据各象限总结相应的发展方向.福道游客满意度评价为优秀,但步道设施和文化建设上存在一定不足,要加大步道设施建设的投入,融入科普科教,以提高步道的游客满意度.