This study estimated tourists’Willingness to Pay(WTP)per day for recreation services in Nyerere National Park(NNP)and compared these values with daily travel costs that are incurred by tourists to visit NNP in order ...This study estimated tourists’Willingness to Pay(WTP)per day for recreation services in Nyerere National Park(NNP)and compared these values with daily travel costs that are incurred by tourists to visit NNP in order to inform whether recreation resources in the park are overvalued or undervalued.The study revealed that tourists’WTP per day for recreation services was estimated at$237.4 and$1521 for resident and non-resident tourists,respectively.The estimated tourists’WTP values exceed the daily travel costs currently incurred by tourists,which are$201.04 and$1517.97 for resident and non-resident tourists,respectively.This indicates that tourists are willing to spend more to enjoy recreation services in NNP,which signifies that recreation resources in NNP are slightly undervalued.In addition,the findings disclosed that the largest share of tourist daily travel expenses is allocated to transportation services,and very little is paid to the park as a conservation fee.It was revealed that out of the daily travel expenses incurred by non-resident and resident tourists,only 4.62%and 2.23%are respectively paid directly to NNP as conservation fees.This study considers that allocation is not very fair;thus,NNP,in collaboration with TANAPA,needs to adjust the current entrance or conservation fee and reduce the transportation costs charged by tourist companies.The travel costs incurred by tourists,age,education,monthly income,site visited,substitute site,and quality of park were identified as significant factors in influencing tourists’WTP for recreation services in NNP.Thus,policies oriented to reduce tourists’transportation costs and improve the quality of national parks would attract more tourists to NNP.展开更多
AIM: To summarize the evidence from randomized controlled trials(RCTs) on the rehabilitation effects of recreational activities.METHODS: Studies were eligible if they were RCTs. Studies included one treatment group in...AIM: To summarize the evidence from randomized controlled trials(RCTs) on the rehabilitation effects of recreational activities.METHODS: Studies were eligible if they were RCTs. Studies included one treatment group in which recreational activity was applied. We searched the following databases from 1990 to May 31, 2012: MEDLINE via Pub Med, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Ichushi-Web. We also searched all Cochrane Databases and Campbell Systematic Reviews up to May 31, 2012. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs were identified, which included many kinds of target diseases and/or symptoms such as stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, acquired brain injury,chronic non-malignant pain, adolescent obesity, high-risk pregnancy, and the frail elderly. Various intervention methods included gaming technology, music, dance, easy rider wheelchair biking, leisure education programs, and leisure tasks. The RCTs conducted have been of relatively low quality. A meta-analysis(pooled sample; n = 44, two RCTs) for balance ability using tests such as "Berg Balance Scale" and "Timed Up and Go Test" based on game intervention revealed no significant difference between interventions and controls. In all other interventions, there were one or more effects on psychological status, balance or motor function, and adherence as primary or secondary outcomes.CONCLUSION: There is a potential for recreational activities to improve rehabilitation-related outcomes, particularly in psychological status, balance or motor function, and adherence.展开更多
World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (C...World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.展开更多
Urban recreationists consist of those who have used urban recreational facilities, no matter they are local residents or nonlocals. Traveling models will exert impacts not only on the use of urban recreational facilit...Urban recreationists consist of those who have used urban recreational facilities, no matter they are local residents or nonlocals. Traveling models will exert impacts not only on the use of urban recreational facilities but also on the development and management of recreational resources. Taking Shanghai as a sample of destinaton and origin of urban recreationists, the author did his study based on data from comprehensive travel measurement and users' survey, including field questionnaire survey, mailing questionnaire survey, home survey, and cordon monitonng. To analyze traveing models of urban recreationists in Shanghai, the author used techniques of Recreational Activity Space (RAS) and the Use Curve (UC) Analysis. Rogarding Shanghai as an origin, the author first discussed types and characteristics of the RASs which are presented by isotourist lines in the proper and outskirts of Shanghai, the Yangtze Delta and the China's Mainland respectively. These RASs reflect the trave directional bias of Shanghainese. Then the author regarded Shanghai as a deshnahon and analyzed the RASs of tounsts from Otier provinces, which demonstrated the attractiveness of and distance decay of Shanghai. He found that a U-shaped UC model existed in the distance decay under the influence of attractiveness and distance. Finally, the author suggested, that the availability, periodicity and attractiveness, besides distance, are the basic mechanisms that affect the urban recreationists' traveling models in a city such as Shanghai.展开更多
For successful animation of visitors, animators must perform very complex, demanding, and dynamic tasks. Professional performance of tasks implies the need for an animator to be a complete person. This means that he/s...For successful animation of visitors, animators must perform very complex, demanding, and dynamic tasks. Professional performance of tasks implies the need for an animator to be a complete person. This means that he/she not only must have a sound education, but also have to be specialized for certain activities. There are different types of animators so that their diversity mirrors the success of the hotel. Animators must have certain basic physical and psychological characteristics. So, despite the knowledge and experience, animators must have inherent characteristics such as talent, humour, to be friendliness, and so on. Sense of humour and ability to work with people are two important characteristics of a successful animator. Many hotels need animators who can entertain tourists and make their stay memorable resort experience, which will be a reason for return of tourists. One of the key factors for tourism success is animator. Today, the whole tourism sector is based on animation of the tourists. The purpose of this paper is to show the role of the animator in enriching the content of tourist stay. To successfully execute the animation to the tourists, animators must meet certain characteristics which will be analysed in this paper. In this research will be used methods of analysis of scientific literature on the impact of animation on enrichment of tourist stay. The research stems from the fact that animation is one of the most important animation-motivational factors for the development of tourism.展开更多
This study takes Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture as the place of case study and tourists as research objects. From the perspectives of geographical distribution of source tourist markets, Tourist activity behavio...This study takes Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture as the place of case study and tourists as research objects. From the perspectives of geographical distribution of source tourist markets, Tourist activity behavioral and spatial patterns of Tourists, this study looks into the geographical structure of the source tourists and spatial patterns by geography. The analysis of 341 questionnaires on tourists shows that:(1) The tourism cycle of Gannan is in the development phase, competing with adjacent Aba, and greatly impacted by the substitution effect and shadow effect of Aba.(2) The spatial distribution of tourist sources is concentrated, indicating that Gannan is a regional tourism destination. The temporal distance of tourists is mainly concentrated within the 6-hour traffi c circle.(3) Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture has already become the composite tourist destination dominated by leisure vacation. The minority folkcustom and special landscape are the most attractive tourism resources. Due to the impact of man-land harmonious lifestyle in the tourist areas, the environmental attitude of tourists is improved, and the transportation and shopping are the most vulnerable links in tourism service in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.(4) The spatial behavior of tourists in Gannan is mainly of single-destination style(52%), Transit leg and circle tour style(7%) as well as circle tour style(41%). The spatial distribution of tourist fl ow in Gannan shows a signifi cant feature "more in the north, less in the south and dependent on National Road". Tourism resources, transport facilities, regional competition and lack of route connecting different ecological units are important causes of the spatial distribution of self-help tourists.展开更多
文摘This study estimated tourists’Willingness to Pay(WTP)per day for recreation services in Nyerere National Park(NNP)and compared these values with daily travel costs that are incurred by tourists to visit NNP in order to inform whether recreation resources in the park are overvalued or undervalued.The study revealed that tourists’WTP per day for recreation services was estimated at$237.4 and$1521 for resident and non-resident tourists,respectively.The estimated tourists’WTP values exceed the daily travel costs currently incurred by tourists,which are$201.04 and$1517.97 for resident and non-resident tourists,respectively.This indicates that tourists are willing to spend more to enjoy recreation services in NNP,which signifies that recreation resources in NNP are slightly undervalued.In addition,the findings disclosed that the largest share of tourist daily travel expenses is allocated to transportation services,and very little is paid to the park as a conservation fee.It was revealed that out of the daily travel expenses incurred by non-resident and resident tourists,only 4.62%and 2.23%are respectively paid directly to NNP as conservation fees.This study considers that allocation is not very fair;thus,NNP,in collaboration with TANAPA,needs to adjust the current entrance or conservation fee and reduce the transportation costs charged by tourist companies.The travel costs incurred by tourists,age,education,monthly income,site visited,substitute site,and quality of park were identified as significant factors in influencing tourists’WTP for recreation services in NNP.Thus,policies oriented to reduce tourists’transportation costs and improve the quality of national parks would attract more tourists to NNP.
基金Supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(C)from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(MEXT),Japan,No.23500817
文摘AIM: To summarize the evidence from randomized controlled trials(RCTs) on the rehabilitation effects of recreational activities.METHODS: Studies were eligible if they were RCTs. Studies included one treatment group in which recreational activity was applied. We searched the following databases from 1990 to May 31, 2012: MEDLINE via Pub Med, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Ichushi-Web. We also searched all Cochrane Databases and Campbell Systematic Reviews up to May 31, 2012. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs were identified, which included many kinds of target diseases and/or symptoms such as stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, acquired brain injury,chronic non-malignant pain, adolescent obesity, high-risk pregnancy, and the frail elderly. Various intervention methods included gaming technology, music, dance, easy rider wheelchair biking, leisure education programs, and leisure tasks. The RCTs conducted have been of relatively low quality. A meta-analysis(pooled sample; n = 44, two RCTs) for balance ability using tests such as "Berg Balance Scale" and "Timed Up and Go Test" based on game intervention revealed no significant difference between interventions and controls. In all other interventions, there were one or more effects on psychological status, balance or motor function, and adherence as primary or secondary outcomes.CONCLUSION: There is a potential for recreational activities to improve rehabilitation-related outcomes, particularly in psychological status, balance or motor function, and adherence.
基金Under the auspices of Sino-British Fellowship by the British Academy (No. SG-47266)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40371030)
文摘World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.
文摘Urban recreationists consist of those who have used urban recreational facilities, no matter they are local residents or nonlocals. Traveling models will exert impacts not only on the use of urban recreational facilities but also on the development and management of recreational resources. Taking Shanghai as a sample of destinaton and origin of urban recreationists, the author did his study based on data from comprehensive travel measurement and users' survey, including field questionnaire survey, mailing questionnaire survey, home survey, and cordon monitonng. To analyze traveing models of urban recreationists in Shanghai, the author used techniques of Recreational Activity Space (RAS) and the Use Curve (UC) Analysis. Rogarding Shanghai as an origin, the author first discussed types and characteristics of the RASs which are presented by isotourist lines in the proper and outskirts of Shanghai, the Yangtze Delta and the China's Mainland respectively. These RASs reflect the trave directional bias of Shanghainese. Then the author regarded Shanghai as a deshnahon and analyzed the RASs of tounsts from Otier provinces, which demonstrated the attractiveness of and distance decay of Shanghai. He found that a U-shaped UC model existed in the distance decay under the influence of attractiveness and distance. Finally, the author suggested, that the availability, periodicity and attractiveness, besides distance, are the basic mechanisms that affect the urban recreationists' traveling models in a city such as Shanghai.
文摘For successful animation of visitors, animators must perform very complex, demanding, and dynamic tasks. Professional performance of tasks implies the need for an animator to be a complete person. This means that he/she not only must have a sound education, but also have to be specialized for certain activities. There are different types of animators so that their diversity mirrors the success of the hotel. Animators must have certain basic physical and psychological characteristics. So, despite the knowledge and experience, animators must have inherent characteristics such as talent, humour, to be friendliness, and so on. Sense of humour and ability to work with people are two important characteristics of a successful animator. Many hotels need animators who can entertain tourists and make their stay memorable resort experience, which will be a reason for return of tourists. One of the key factors for tourism success is animator. Today, the whole tourism sector is based on animation of the tourists. The purpose of this paper is to show the role of the animator in enriching the content of tourist stay. To successfully execute the animation to the tourists, animators must meet certain characteristics which will be analysed in this paper. In this research will be used methods of analysis of scientific literature on the impact of animation on enrichment of tourist stay. The research stems from the fact that animation is one of the most important animation-motivational factors for the development of tourism.
文摘This study takes Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture as the place of case study and tourists as research objects. From the perspectives of geographical distribution of source tourist markets, Tourist activity behavioral and spatial patterns of Tourists, this study looks into the geographical structure of the source tourists and spatial patterns by geography. The analysis of 341 questionnaires on tourists shows that:(1) The tourism cycle of Gannan is in the development phase, competing with adjacent Aba, and greatly impacted by the substitution effect and shadow effect of Aba.(2) The spatial distribution of tourist sources is concentrated, indicating that Gannan is a regional tourism destination. The temporal distance of tourists is mainly concentrated within the 6-hour traffi c circle.(3) Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture has already become the composite tourist destination dominated by leisure vacation. The minority folkcustom and special landscape are the most attractive tourism resources. Due to the impact of man-land harmonious lifestyle in the tourist areas, the environmental attitude of tourists is improved, and the transportation and shopping are the most vulnerable links in tourism service in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.(4) The spatial behavior of tourists in Gannan is mainly of single-destination style(52%), Transit leg and circle tour style(7%) as well as circle tour style(41%). The spatial distribution of tourist fl ow in Gannan shows a signifi cant feature "more in the north, less in the south and dependent on National Road". Tourism resources, transport facilities, regional competition and lack of route connecting different ecological units are important causes of the spatial distribution of self-help tourists.
