Evaluation of Driver-Induced Human Errors in Smart Construction Tower Crane Operations Based on DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC

With the advent of Industry 4.0, smart construction sites have seen significant development in China. However, accidents involving digitized tower cranes continue to be a persistent issue. Among the contributing factors, human unsafe behavior stands out as a primary cause for these incidents. This study aims to assess the human reliability of tower crane operations on smart construction sites. To proactively enhance safety measures, the research employs text mining techniques (TF-IDF-Truncated SVD-Complement NB) to identify patterns of human errors among tower crane operators. Building upon the SHEL model, the study categorizes behavioral factors affecting human reliability in the man-machine interface, leading to the establishment of the Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs) system. Furthermore, the research constructs an error impact indicator system for the intelligent construction site tower crane operator interface. Using the DEMATEL method, it analyzes the significance of various factors influencing human errors in tower crane operations. Additionally, the ISM-MICMAC method is applied to unveil the hierarchical relationships and driving-dependent connections among these influencing factors. The findings indicate that personal state, operating procedures, and physical environment directly impact human errors, while personal capability, technological environment, and one fundamental organizational management factor contribute indirectly. .

Importance Ranking of Accident Factors of Construction Tower Crane by AHP Technique

In Korea construction industry, the increase of tower crane’s usage continuously and the accidents of tower crane are increasing simultaneously. But research on tower crane is insufficient for reducing the tower crane accident. This study aims to derive the importance ranking of accident factors of cab-control tower crane by AHP analysis. AHP survey was conducted on experts such as construction engineer, construction manager, safety engineer, and tower crane operator, who have more than 10-year career. The results of AHP analysis reveal that top ranking factor of cab-control tower crane’s accident is erection work. Therefore, the derived factors should be managed, and the priority measures taken for reducing the tower crane accidents according to the ranking of accident factors.

An Intelligent System for Real-Time Condition Monitoring of Tower Cranes

Reliability and safety are major issues in tower crane applications. A new adaptive neurofuzzy system is developed in this work for real-time health condition monitoring of tower cranes, especially for hoist gearboxes. Vibration signals are measured using a wireless smart sensor system. Fault detection is performed gear-by-gear in the gearbox. A new diagnostic classifier is proposed to integrate strengths of several signal processing techniques for fault detection. A hybrid machine learning method is proposed to facilitate implementation and improve training convergence. The effectiveness of the developed monitoring system is verified by experimental tests.

Research on the Three-dimensional Modeling and Optimization of a Virtual Tower Crane Based on 3DS Max, Solidworks and EON Professional

Three-dimensional modeling of virtual hoisting machinery is the critical works to structure the system of virtual construction,and the foundation to realize intelligent and interactive virtual hoisting. Aimed at enhancing the requests of image quality and stability of the virtual construction scene,taking a tower crane for example. We studied the technology of three-dimensional modeling and optimization of a virtual tower crane,and a method named two-stage model optimization was put forward. This depended on the modeling stage using Solidworks and 3DS Max and the performance optimization stage in EON. The practice of software development indicates that the proposed methods of three-dimensional modeling and optimization could satisfy the performance request of virtual construction system and be popularized to other virtual system.

Safety and serviceability assessment for high-rise tower crane to turbulent winds

Tower cranes are commonly used facilities for the construction of high-rise structures.To ensure their workability,it is very important to analyze their response and evaluate their condition under extreme conditions.This paper proposes a general scheme for safety and serviceability assessment of high-rise tower crane to turbulent winds based on time domain buffeting response analysis.Spatially correlated wind velocity field at the location of the tower crane was first simulated using an algorithm for generating the time domain samples of a stationary,multivariate stochastic process according to some prescribed spectral density matrix.The buffeting forces applied to the structure were computed according to the above-simulated wind velocity fluctuations and the lift,drag,and moment coefficients obtained from a CFD computation.Those spatially correlated loads were then fed into a well calibrated finite element model and the nonlinear time history analysis was conducted to compute structural buffeting response.Compared with structural onsite response measurement,the computed response using the proposed method has good precision.The proposed method is then adopted for analyzing the buffeting response of an in-use tower crane under the design wind speed and the maximum operational wind speed for safety and serviceability assessment.

密度峰值聚类在塔机损伤诊断中的应用研究

建立塔机有限元模型,获取塔机完好状态和各损伤工况的各采集点的动态位移。提出了两种模型建立方法,基于悬臂梁的双输入单输出模型和基于时域数据的动态双输入单输出模型,对基于时域数据的双输入单输出模型首先利用最小二乘法计算参数初值,进一步利用粒子群优化方法进行参数优化,提高了模型精度。以完好工况的塔机数据为基础,建立基于悬臂梁的双输入单输出模型和基于时域数据的双输入单输出模型,计算参数,建立损伤识别模型,用待检状态的位移数值拟合模型,用两种模型计算出的残差方差做损伤因子,利用密度峰值聚类方法对损伤因子进行分析,实现了对塔机的损伤判定和损伤位置的确定。这种基于密度峰值聚类的诊断方法可对塔机微小损伤进行智能诊断和位置确定,该方法只需要塔机完好状态的数据和待检状态的数据即可自动诊断,解决了塔机损伤识别中损伤数据难以获取,因而无法实现智能训练和诊断的问题。

装配式混凝土建筑施工现场群塔布置的影响因素分析

装配式混凝土建筑的预制构件类型繁多、数量大,现场吊装作业任务量大。装配式混凝土建筑施工现场进行群塔布置时需要考虑塔吊的选型、施工场地和道路情况、塔吊的站位和群塔作业防碰撞要求等因素。在保证群塔施工中相互运行安全的前提下,群塔的合理布置应可最大限度地提高群塔利用效率,满足施工要求。

基于自适应分层滑模的塔式起重机防摆与定位控制

针对三维空间中呈现二级摆结构的塔式起重机的防摆与定位控制问题,考虑变幅回转联合运行工况,提出了一种自适应分层滑模控制方案。首先将塔式起重机系统分为定位子系统、一级摆角子系统和二级摆角子系统,设计了分层滑模控制律;然后设计了自适应律,提高了系统对参数的适应性和对外在干扰的抑制性能;最后验证了系统的稳定性并对系统进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,系统在受到瞬时扰动时,自适应律可估算出扰动大小,控制器能快速做出反应,调整控制力/力矩以抵消瞬时扰动,使瞬时扰动不对系统的位置以及吊钩和负载的摆角造成明显影响。该文自适应分层滑模控制器能在一定程度上抑制瞬时扰动造成的吊钩和负载的摆动,具有较好的鲁棒性。

基于STM32的塔机数据采集和监控系统设计

针对塔机作业对运行状态参数和作业环境实时监测的需求,设计了一种基于STM32的塔机数据采集和监控系统。该系统采用STM32F103RCT6为核心的微处理器对塔机运行各项状态参数结合传感器进行数据采集和处理,传感器信号经带数字隔离的A/D转换模块和RS485转TTL模块传输到微处理器,微处理器通过串口转以太网模块将采集的传感器数据发送到由工业交换机和网络摄像机组建的局域网中。最后,采用Java语言结合Spring Boot框架开发系统上位机页面对传感器数据和视频监控画面进行显示。通过测试,该系统能够对塔机运行状态参数和塔机作业环境进行实时监测,传感器采集数据的平均相对误差为0.74%,摄像机监控画面平均延时20.4 ms,实现了数据高速准确的实时监测,满足了监测塔机的系统需求。

考虑钢丝绳抖振情况下的塔式吊车消摆控制方法

塔式吊车系统负载摆角的抑制对于其安全运行至关重要,现有的消摆控制方法在抑制摆角方面取得了不错的效果,但这些控制方法均未考虑钢丝绳连同负载发生抖振的情况,存在安全隐患。针对此问题,提出一种考虑钢丝绳抖振情况下的塔式吊车系统摆角抑制方法。具体而言,首先建立塔式吊车水平运动时的非线性抖振机理模型,计算出系统发生抖振后传导到电机主轴上的非线性抖振力矩,并将该抖振力矩等值反向作为补偿力矩。其次,利用陷波器滤除补偿力矩外的其他干扰,再将补偿力矩与一种滑模消摆控制律计算出的控制力矩相叠加,控制驱动电机力矩输出。最后,仿真和实验结果表明提出的消摆方法对于摆角的抑制具有更好的控制效果。

基于模糊补偿的塔式起重机自适应模糊滑模控制

塔式起重机在工作时,负载会产生摆动,且系统具有欠驱动性、非线性和强耦合性的特征,定位与消摆控制难度大。大多数现有控制方法未考虑系统的摩擦项或者考虑系统摩擦项时由固定公式计算得出,而工程实际应用中摩擦项易受到工作环境的影响,引起控制效果的降低。为解决上述问题,提出了一种基于模糊补偿的自适应模糊滑模控制器。首先,通过对原有的系统动力学模型进行改造,构造出新的动力学模型,解决了系统由于欠驱动特性导致控制律难以设计的问题。随后采用模糊逼近的方式对系统的摩擦项进行逼近,解决了不确定性的工作环境对摩擦项的影响。其次在此基础上与滑模控制理论相结合设计控制器,并经严格的稳定性分析,证明了系统是渐进稳定的。最后,经仿真和实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

基于RF-PSO的塔吊事故可能发生阶段预测与分析

塔吊在高层建筑的施工现场较为常见,为了探索塔吊事故的影响因素,对塔吊事故可能发生阶段进行预测,建立了塔吊事故的人为因素分析分类系统(HFACS)模型框架,明确了塔吊事故的影响因素;利用卡方检验对事故致因进行特征选择及量化分析,提出了一种基于粒子群优化算法优化随机森林预测模型(RF-PSO)。结果表明:RF-PSO模型的预测是可靠的,训练后的RF-PSO模型可以预测塔吊事故可能发生的阶段,影响因素塔吊安装不符合设计要求、缺乏沟通和个人防护设备缺失发生的概率越大,塔吊事故分别在安拆阶段、吊装阶段和攀爬阶段发生事故的可能性越大。研究结果可为塔吊施工现场管理提供理论依据。

塔式起重机顶升腰环尺寸优化设计

在塔式起重机顶升运动过程中,腰环起到稳定塔身的作用。为了保证塔式起重机顶升腰环设计的安全和稳定,尽可能降低其自重,文中结合其实体结构,使用Hypermesh软件建立了顶升腰环的有限元模型,依据GB/T3811—2008《起重机设计规范》对顶升腰环进行了静强度分析。在此基础上,利用灵敏度分析筛选对应力影响灵敏度较大的腰环各部分板厚,以筛选后的各部分板厚为设计变量、危险工况最大Von Mises应力为约束条件、质量最小为优化目标对其进行尺寸优化设计,并对优化前后顶升腰环的强度和质量进行比较分析。分析结果显示,优化后各工况的最大应力均有所下降,质量有所减轻,结构应力的分布更加均匀、合理,达到了轻量化的目的,也为今后塔式起重机顶升腰环结构设计提供了参考。

沿海地区超强台风作用下核电塔机抗风性能分析

基于GB/T 13752—2017《塔式起重机设计规范》确定了超强台风作用下QTP300(7526B)型核电塔机的风荷载及其荷载组合方式,并考虑风荷载的不同加载方式(立面加载和平面加载),对核电塔机非工作状态下的抗风性能进行了有限元静力分析。结果表明:与将风荷载分配到有限元模型的所有节点上相比,选取指定节点施加风荷载所得到的结果更大,表明在风荷载应加载到所有立面节点上;迎风面构件对背风面构件的挡风作用对塔机结构的应力分布及最大应力均无显著影响,而塔机结构的最大位移则随挡风作用的增强而增大,表明风荷载加载应考虑迎风面构件的挡风作用;塔机整机结构最大应力出现在底部主肢构件上,其大小均小于钢材的允许应力,该型号核电塔机可以承受17级超强台风作用。

塔式起重机非常规附着技术比选研究与应用

常见的刚性附着方式有双节点三杆式、双节点四杆式与三节点四杆式。本研究依托深圳某大型场馆工程,通过数值分析,对3种非常规附着形式进行定量研究,并考虑水平荷载作用方向的影响,以计算结果为依据进行附着优化,可为类似项目在非常规的塔式起重机附着布置方式比选中提供参考和借鉴。

平臂式塔式起重机自振周期计算方法研究

塔式起重机的自振周期是其基本属性,关乎风振动力系数的选取,影响风载荷及其对塔身偏移的计算。文章以永茂5513型塔帽式和中天6513型平头式塔式起重机为例,简化塔身的刚度简化,将塔式起重机简化为单自由度模型,推导了自振周期简化公式,对比分析了现场测试和有限元模拟结果,验证了该公式的可行性,并引入考虑塔机质量分布影响的修正系数,修正了其简化公式。结果表明:塔式起重机自振周期简化公式计算结果与现场实测自振周期吻合较好,在粗略计算塔式起重机自振周期时可以使用该简化计算公式。根据有限元模拟结果,给出了塔式起重机自振周期简化公式的修正公式,并给出了塔帽式、平头式塔式两种起重机修正系数的推荐值及线性内插公式。

风力发电机塔吊装机横梁有限元分析

针对普通风力发电机塔吊装机钢制横梁,重量大、易受到振动破坏的特性,基于铝制结构重量轻、耐腐蚀、易加工等特点,将原钢制横梁改为铝制结构,使用ANSYS Workbench软件对其进行有限元网格划分、静态特性分析、模态分析和谐响应分析,分析其刚度和强度。基于有限元分析结果,对横梁结构进行改进,使吊装机的激振频率远离横梁共振频率,可有效避免工作过程中产生共振,增加风力发电机塔吊装机横梁的稳定性以及耐疲劳性,提高设备的使用寿命。

基于时间序列参数图形化的塔式起重机塔身钢结构损伤辨识方法研究

为实现对塔式起重机塔身状态的快速辨识,文中提出一种基于时间序列参数图形化的塔式起重机塔身钢结构损伤辨识方法。该方法利用QTZ40塔式起重机的仿真模型获得空载下塔身完好状态和不同损伤位置组合状态下的顶端位移数据。以塔身完好状态下的数据进行时间序列分析,建立完好状态的自回归模型;以塔身待检测状态下的数据建立待检测状态的自回归模型;选取塔身各状态在X轴方向和Y轴方向上的自回归模型前3阶参数作为提取的特征值构建特征三角形;以完好状态三角形面积作为参考值建立安全区间;以待检测状态三角形面积作为损伤辨识值对塔身钢结构进行损伤辨识。该方法的优点在于利用较少的参数进行图形化,以图形面积反映监测数据中所蕴含的信息并优化传感器的数量,只需在塔身顶端布置极少的传感器即可实现塔身状态的快速辨识。同时,通过塔式起重机塔身刚度物理实验台验证了该方法的有效性。