The changing process and trend of ground temperature around tower foundations of Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission line

After the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway, the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission(QTPT) line is another major permafrost engineering project with new types of engineering structures. The changing process and trend of ground temperature around tower foundations are crucial for the stability of QTPT. We analyzed the change characteristics and tendencies of the ground temperature based on field monitoring data from 2010 to 2014. The results reveal that soil around the tower foundations froze and connected with the artificial permafrost induced during the construction of footings after the first freezing period, and the soil below the original permafrost table kept freezing in subsequent thawing periods. The ground temperature lowered to that of natural fields, fast or slowly for tower foundations with thermosyphons,while for tower foundations without thermosyphons, the increase in ground temperature resulted in higher temperature than that of natural fields. Also, the permafrost temperature and ice content are significant factors that influence the ground temperature around tower foundations. Specifically, the ground temperature around tower foundations in warm and ice-rich permafrost regions decreased slowly, while that in cold and ice poor permafrost regions cooled faster. Moreover, foundations types impacted the ground temperature, which consisted of different technical processes during construction and variant of tower footing structures. The revealed changing process and trend of the ground temperature is beneficial for evaluating the thermal regime evolution around tower foundations in the context of climate change.

Research on Transmission Line Tower Tilting and Foundation State Monitoring Technology Based onMulti-Sensor Cooperative Detection and Correction

The transmission line tower will be affected by bad weather and artificial subsidence caused by the foundation and other factors in the power transmission.The tower’s tilt and severe deformation will cause the building to collapse.Many small changes caused the tower’s collapse,but the early staff often could not intuitively notice the changes in the tower’s state.In the current tower online monitoring system,terminal equipment often needs to replace batteries frequently due to premature exhaustion of power.According to the need for real-time measurement of power line tower,this research designed a real-time monitoring device monitoring the transmission tower attitude tilting and foundation state based on the inertial sensor,the acceleration of 3 axis inertial sensor and angular velocity raw data to pole average filtering pre-processing,and then through the complementary filtering algorithm for comprehensive calculation of tilt angle,the system meets the demand for inclined online monitoring of power line poles and towers regarding measurement accuracy,with low cost and power consumption.The optimization multi-sensor cooperative detection and correction measured tilt angle result relative accuracy can reach 1.03%,which has specific promotion and application value since the system has the advantages of unattended and efficient calculation.

Process Analysis of Double Circuit Transmission Line Trip-out on the Same Tower Due to Lightning

In recent years,several failures of double circuit transmission line on the same tower due to lightning were happened in Beijing power grid.Although it can be reclosed successful,the lightning strike caused a grave threat to the power grid security.The cause of the accident and the accident process were studied for the sake of further understanding of the impact of lightning on power grid.As an example,110 kV double circuit transmission line(Xilong-line) was analyzed.At first,the system topology was given.Through the analysis on relay protection actions and the fault recorder data,over voltage on the insulator strings was calculated.Based on the analysis and the calculation,accident cause and the process were presented respectively.Secondly,it comes to the conclusion that the lightning failure was caused by counterattack.The wave of the lightning over voltage would spread to the not grounded neutral point of the transformers,and make the neutral protective gap breakdown,then cause freewheeling with the frequency of 50 Hz.As results of the relay protection,the double circuit transmission line all tripped out.Finally,the causes of the accident were proposed that included terrain features,large corner towers,strong thunderstorm weather and poor grounded contact of the tower.

The Integrated System of Aerial Photogrammetry and Tower Locations Optimization for Transmission Lines

This paper describes the functions and the features of the integrated system of aerial survey and tower locations optimization for transmission lines, which includes all stages from data acquisition, data transmission and data processing to automatic optimization of the tower locations and drawing. The paper also briefly describes the economic benefit gained from this system, and finally proposes the directions of the future development for this system.

Limits to foundation displacement of an extra high voltage transmission tower in a mining subsidence area

Given the background of a transmission tower erected on a particular mining subsidence area,we used finite element modeling to analyze the anti-deformation performance of transmission towers under a number of different load conditions,including horizontal foundation displacement,uneven vertical downward displacement,wind loads and icing conditions.The results show that the failure in stability of a single steel angle iron represents the limit of the tower given ground deformation.We calculated the corresponding limits of foundation displacements.The results indicate that compression displacement of the foundation is more dangerous than tension displacement.Under complex foundation displacement conditions,horizontal foundation displacement is a key factor leading to failure in the stability of towers.Under conditions of compression or tension displacement of the foundation,wind load becomes the key factor.Towers do not fail when foundation displacements are smaller than 1% (under tension) or 0.5% (under horizontal compression or single foundation subsidence) of the distance between two supports.

Dynamic Responses of Long-Span Transmission Tower-Line System Subjected to Broken Wires

A macroscopic finite element modeling approach was proposed to calculate the vibration of a tower-line system subjected to broken wires with software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. In the finite element model, not only the nonlinearity of wires and suspension insulators are considered, but also the support towers are included. The incremental and iterative approaches are combined by applying the unbalanced loads incrementally during each iteration cycle. The approach was illustrated with an example of a Hanjiang- River long-span transmission line system subjected to a shield wire and a conductor failure, respectively. The analysis results showed that the proposed dynamic simulation approach can demonstrate the kinetic process of the tower-line system subjected to wire ruptures： The frequencies of line components were lower and densely distributed, but the frequencies of tower components were higher and sparsely distributed. Anyhow, the dynamic effects of wire ruptures on tower-line system could not be ignored in analysis of tower-line system subjected wire failures.

Dynamic Analysis of Overhead Transmission Lines under Turbulent Wind Loading

Transmission tower-line systems are designed using static loads specified in various codes. This paper compares the dynamic response of a test transmission line with the response due to static loads given by Eurocode. Finite element design software SAP2000 was used to model the towers and lines. Non-linear dynamic analysis including the large displacement effects was carried out. Macroscopic aspects of wind coherence along element length and integration time step were investigated. An approach is presented to compare the probabilistic dynamic response due to 7 different stochastically simulated wind fields with the response according to EN-50341. The developed model will be used to study the response recorded on a test line due to the actual wind speed time history recorded. It was found that static load from EN overestimated the strength of conductor cables. The response of coupled system considering towers and cables was found to be different from response of only cables with fixed supports.

A New Principle of Fault Identification of on the Same Tower Based on Traveling Wave Reactive Powers

In order to improve the reliability of fault identification of the double-circuit transmission lines on the same tower, a new algorithm for fast protection of double-circuit transmission lines on the same tower based on the reactive powers of traveling wave is proposed. With the implementation of S-transform, the initial traveling wave reactive powers are calculated and the change characteristics of reactive power under different fault conditions are studied. The protection criterion is constructed by analyzing the ratio of the reactive powers of the same end on double-circuit transmission lines and the ratio of the reactive powers at both ends on the same line. According to the ratio of reactive power on the same side of the line and both ends of the same line, it is possible to identify whether the faults of the double-circuit line of the same tower occurred in or out of the protection zone. A large number of simulation results show that the protection performance is sensitive and reliable, and quick to respond. The criterion is simple and is basically not affected by fault initial angles, fault types, and transitional resistances.

Evaluating transmission towers potentials during ground faults

During ground faults on transmission lines,a number of towers near the fault are likely to acquire high potentials to ground.These tower voltages,if excessive,may present a hazard to humans and animals.This paper presents analytical methods in order to determine the transmission towers potentials during ground faults,for long and short lines.The author developed a global systematic approach to calculate these voltages,which are dependent of a number of factors.Some of the most important factors are:magnitudes of fault currents,fault location with respect to the line terminals,conductor arrangement on the tower and the location of the faulted phase,the ground resistance of the faulted tower,soil resistivity,number,material and size of ground wires.The effects of these factors on the faulted tower voltages have been also examined for different types of power lines.

考虑基础-土相互作用的采空区输电铁塔承载特性研究

采空区地表沉降后,输电铁塔基础可能发生沉降、倾斜,影响杆件变形及轴力分布,导致杆件失效。以某采空区750 kV输电铁塔为研究对象,建立了输电铁塔、基础与土相互作用的有限元模型,对不同基础型式、不同沉降位置的塔腿杆件轴力分布及变形影响规律进行了分析,同时分析了铁塔基础的受力特性。结果表明,当考虑相互作用影响时,杆件轴力和节点位移随沉降值呈非线性变化;相较于独立基础,不同沉降位置对大板基础的塔腿主材、斜材轴力的影响更大;当基础处于沉降位置时,防护大板能有效减小基础所受应力。

Choosing configurations of transmission line tower grounding by back flashover probability value

There is a considerable number of works devoted to electrical characteristics of grounding. These characteristics are important in general. However, in application to grounding of transmission line towers they are not enough to determine what grounding construction is preferable in some particular case, because these characteristics are calculated or measured apart from the grounded object, and only limited number of current （or voltage） source waveforms is used. This paper indicates reasons in favor of the fact that to choose the optimum design of grounding, the calculation model should include the tower as it is. The probability of back flashover, which provides both qualitative and quantitative estimate of the grounding structure efficiency, can be taken as the criterion for the grounding design. The insulation flashover probability is calculated on the basis of engineering method, which evaluates breakdown strength of insulation for nonstandard waveshapes, and probability data on lightning currents. Different approaches are examined for identifying the back flashover probability, as not only amplitudes but also other parameters can be taken into account. Finite-difference time-domain method is used for calculations of transients. It is found that lightning current waveform can greatly influence calculated back flashover probability value.

Response of a transmission tower-line system at a canyon site to spatially varying ground motions

Collapses of transmission towers were often observed in previous large earthquakes such as the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan and Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan,China. These collapses were partially caused by the pulling forces from the transmission lines generated from out-of-phase responses of the adjacent towers owing to spatially varying earthquake ground motions. In this paper,a 3D finite element model of the transmission tower-line system is established considering the geometric nonlinearity of transmission lines. The nonlinear responses of the structural system at a canyon site are analyzed subjected to spatially varying ground motions. The spatial variations of ground motion associated with the wave passage,coherency loss,and local site effects are given. The spatially varying ground motions are simulated stochastically based on an empirical coherency loss function and a filtered Tajimi-Kanai power spectral density function. The site effect is considered by a transfer function derived from 1D wave propagation theory. Compared with structural responses calculated using the uniform ground motion and delayed excitations,numerical results indicate that seismic responses of transmission towers and power lines are amplified when considering spatially varying ground motions including site effects. Each factor of ground motion spatial variations has a significant effect on the seismic response of the structure,especially for the local site effect. Therefore,neglecting the earthquake ground motion spatial variations may lead to a substantial underestimation of the response of transmission tower-line system during strong earthquakes. Each effect of ground motion spatial variations should be incorporated in seismic analysis of the structural system.

颗粒阻尼器对输电塔线系统减震性能研究

对输电塔线系统进行缩尺模型振动台实验,从时域和频域的角度,对比了调谐质量阻尼器和颗粒阻尼器对输电塔的减震效果。利用ABAQUS建立了颗粒阻尼器控制输电塔线系统的离散元-有限元高精度耦合数值模型,对比了实验和模拟结果,并对塔线系统的耗能情况及颗粒阻尼器内部颗粒运动碰撞情况进行分析。研究结果表明:在地震激励下,颗粒阻尼器的减震效果较调谐质量阻尼器有更好的鲁棒性;该文所建立的颗粒阻尼器控制输电塔线系统模型能够良好地反映试件的动力特性和地震响应;在颗粒阻尼器的控制下,塔线系统总能量降低24.12%。当颗粒之间的碰撞次数和颗粒与容器的碰撞次数满足一定比例关系时,颗粒阻尼器能实现更优的控制效果。

输电铁塔装配式基础抗剪键连接的剪切性能

预制构件连接方法及其界面剪切性能影响整个输电铁塔装配式基础的受力和变形.针对螺栓连接易松动、变形大之类的问题,提出采用高强灌浆料灌注成形的十字形抗剪键作为输电铁塔装配式基础连接方案.采用室内剪切试验和数值模拟,研究该抗剪键连接的剪切性能,并与常用的螺栓连接进行对比分析.结果表明:十字形抗剪键剪切破坏模式为剪断型脆性破坏,破坏形态表现为以抗剪键为中心向外略有扩展成菱形.和螺栓连接相比,抗剪键连接的剪切强度略低,但剪切刚度显著提高.浇筑过程中灌浆料外溢对界面抗剪强度有提高作用.抗剪键的抗剪性能与灌浆料强度正相关,但提高灌浆料强度对抗剪性能提升并不明显.抗剪键深度对抗剪性能有影响,但在抗剪键深度超过20 mm后,抗剪键的抗剪性能不再提高.根据剪切试验和数值模拟结果,建议十字形抗剪键设计为长200 mm、宽20 mm、深20 mm.

基于杆塔点云数据的数字化输电线路防雷性能评估技术

针对气象条件、线路长度等因素对防雷性能产生影响,导致防雷性能评估准确度下降的问题,提出基于杆塔点云数据的数字化输电线路防雷性能评估技术。利用机载三维激光扫描技术获取杆塔点云数据,实施去噪和精简处理,提取杆塔特征参数和地形地貌特征参数,结合其他特征构成雷击风险评估指标体系。计算雷击跳闸概率值,明确雷击跳闸风险;计算输电线路的防雷程度值,确定对应的防雷等级。实验结果表明,所提方法的防雷性能评估结果与历史数据初步判定的防雷性能结果一致,该技术可以显著提高输电线路防雷性能评估的精度。

组合荷载下输电线路榫卯—法兰混凝土装配式基础承载性能研究

榫卯-法兰装配式基础作为新型板式混凝土装配式基础具有适用性较强的优点,但目前缺乏对其承载性能的研究。为探究该类型基础在组合荷载(上拔-水平荷载)下区别传统现浇基础的受力特点和承载性能,通过有限元软件建立基于实际地质环境的榫卯-法兰装配式基础抗拔承载模型和同规格现浇基础抗拔模型,仿真计算基础的应力分布、竖向和水平位移、上拔和水平承载力。结果表明:榫卯-法兰装配式基础的底座变形远低于主柱变形,基础底座的承载能力并未得到充分发挥;其上拔工作性状与现浇基础不存在实质性差异,荷载-位移关系曲线表现为典型的上拔形态,可大致分为直线缓慢上升、塑性加速上升和直线破坏三个阶段;基础的上拔累计位移13 mm左右、水平累计位移10 mm左右时,基础进入极限状态,且极限承载力优于同规格现浇基础,而达到极限状态时的位移与现浇基础相差不大;基础抗拔过程中呈现出“分段传递”的受力特点,在混凝土上柱屈服后,榫卯-法兰连接节点将接收上柱传递的荷载,并在节点位移达到极限后才会继续向基础下柱传递荷载。

服役输电线路风致响应及寿命预测分析

庞大的输电系统是国家最重要的基础设施之一,确保其在长期风荷载作用下的安全性和可靠性,是应该重视的关键问题。采用Abaqus建立了输电塔线体系的精细化有限元模型,对风荷载进行了模拟,考虑受压杆件失稳,通过动力计算方法分析了塔线体系响应并据此确定了其薄弱位置。进一步地,以薄弱杆件的应力时程为指标,基于Miner线性准则描述的损伤规律,采用雨流法预测了不同风速下塔线体系的寿命;随后研究了风荷载模拟关键参数对结构预测寿命的影响,对线路进行整体上的评估。结果表明:以构件失效作为塔线体系结构整体破坏的准则,可为塔线体系的寿命预测提供一定的参考;结构的预测寿命主要由薄弱构件(变坡处主材)控制;此外,风荷载模拟参数对预测寿命有较大影响,持时不同预测寿命差距较大,Kaimal谱模型预测寿命比随机Fourier谱更偏于保守;粗糙长度与预测寿命负相关。

台风灾害输电线路杆塔脆弱性与风险评估:以浙江省为例

台风大风可导致输电线路杆塔断裂倒塌等事故,影响电力系统运行安全,因而台风灾害输电线路杆塔风险评估具有重要意义。以浙江省全域杆塔为例,基于杆塔属性、地理信息及台风灾情资料,提出了一种基于“超额损失”的针对连续型和离散型变量的输电线路台风灾害杆塔脆弱性评估模型;利用68 a台风参数风场再分析数据,基于极值理论,建立了台风大风危险性评估模型;基于区域灾害系统理论,通过台风大风、杆塔脆弱性之间耦合分析,建立了台风输电线路杆塔风险评估模型。结果显示:台风大风危险性呈从东南向西北递减态势,随重现期增大呈非线性增大趋势,以20和100 a一遇极大风速为例,浙江省全域风速强度分别为23.5~50.9和32.6~68.9 m/s;台风影响下的杆塔综合脆弱性总体呈南高北低且与地形联系紧密的分布态势,脆弱性高值(>1)区域主要在浙中南和沿海地区;输电线路杆塔风险总体呈南高北低、沿海高内陆低的特点,局部差异性较大。应根据具体线路特点采取差异性较大的抗风策略。

基于SPH-FEM耦合方法的泥石流冲击输电塔基础的动力分析

泥石流是我国西南山区常见的地质灾害。架空输电杆塔在泥石流的冲击下往往发生基础破坏甚至会造成杆塔倒塌。首先采用光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,简称SPH)方法和有限元方法(finite element method,简称FEM)相耦合的三维数值方法模拟了泥石流对杆塔基础的冲击作用;在与相关模型试验结果验证的基础上,开展了不同泥石流密度、黏度系数及初始速度条件下对输电塔基础的冲击力作用的参数分析;研究结果表明:随着泥石流初始速度的增加,冲击力峰值会随之增大;前排基础的冲击力峰值均大于后排基础;泥石流冲击过程特性受到泥石流密度和黏度系数影响。与稀性泥石流相比:黏性泥石流冲击基础后,基础下游真空区相对要小;此外,将数值模拟结果与Kwan冲击力公式及铁二院推荐的冲击压力设计公式预测值进行对比分析可以发现:Kwan冲击力公式能较好地预测出基础所受泥石流冲击力的平均趋势,最大预测误差低于30%,铁二院公式预测的稀性和黏性泥石流的冲击压力平均偏低分别约17%和28%。相关研究结果有望为泥石流频发区域输电塔基础的设计和风险评估提供一定的参考依据。

土-岩组合地基变截面锚杆承载性能与机制研究

以山区输电线路工程为背景,针对实践中广泛遇到的上土下岩二元层状地基,提出了一种变截面锚杆技术,其原理为通过增大上覆土层中锚杆的截面积,达到充分利用上覆土层和下部岩层承载力的目的。为检验变截面锚杆的性能,采用现场真型试验和数值模拟相结合的手段,探讨了其承载力提升机制,分析了不同因素对承载特性的影响规律。研究表明,较等截面锚杆,变截面锚杆的上拔、下压以及水平承载力均有所提升。其中,水平承载性能提升效果最显著。场地覆土层厚度对锚杆上拔承载力影响较大,对下压和水平承载性能影响较小。场地地形坡度对锚杆水平承载性能有较大影响,二者呈负相关。此外,“上拔荷载+水平荷载”模式下,变截面群锚基础的承载性能优于等截面群锚基础和传统复合基础,且具有土方开挖量小以及更适用于斜坡地形的优点。研究成果可为该新型基础的推广应用提供技术支撑。