Evaluation of Essential and Toxic Element Concentrations in Buckwheat by Experimental and Chemometric Approaches

The essential and toxic element concentrations in buckwheat were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer（ICP-OES）. The concentration data were subjected to common chemometrics analyses, including correlation analysis（CA）, principal component analysis（PCA） and hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA）, to gain better understanding of the differences among the tested samples. Our results indicated that the essential and toxic element concentrations were not different between Fagopyrum tataricum（L.） Gaertn and F. esculentum Moench. The element concentrations varied among buckwheat samples from different sources. Commercial tartary buckwheat tea contained several essential elements, thus, could be used as the source of essential elements. The detection of toxic heavy metals in commercial tartary buckwheat tea suggested that safety issue of such buckwheat products should be seriously concerned. Our results also revealed that the place of origin and the processing protocol of tartary buckwheat affected the element concentrations of the commercial form. The implications to the quality control and safety evaluation of buckwheat were extensively discussed.

Geochemistry of Major and Trace Elements in Natural Waters from the Main Ethiopian Rift:Emphasis on the Source and Occurrence of Fluoride and Arsenic

Drinking water supply for the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) area principally relies on groundwater wells and springs and is characterized by fluoride contamination. New analyses reveal that the F^- geochemical anomaly is associated with other potentially toxic elements such as As,B,Mo,U,Al,Fe and Mn. Particularly,35%of the 23 investigated groundwater wells and 70%of the 14 hot springs(and

Mineral and Trace Element Concentrations in <i>Morinda citrifolia</i>L. (Noni) Leaf, Fruit and Fruit Juice

Fruit and leaf of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) have been used traditionally as food and for medicinal purposes by South Pacific populations since over two thousand years. Recently noni fruit juice became very popular as health beverage worldwide. Manufacturers and distributors of noni juice often praise the high content of minerals and trace elements in conjunction with the geological situation of the origin of the raw noni material. We therefore performed an investigation about the metal concentration of noni fruit, leaf and soil samples from 42 different locations in French Polynesia, and of 16 commercial noni juices. Median concentrations of metals in noni fruit, leaf and fruit juice appeared in a normal range compared to other fruits, however, the variance between different locations was considerable. Noni fruits from lime soil were poorer compared to volcanic soil in most metals. Self-prepared noni juices did generally not serve for more then 10% of the daily requirement of trace elements and minerals per 100 ml. The metal concentration in noni fruit puree was higher compared to clear juice and reached 10% and 34% of the daily requirement in 100 ml for manganese and chromium respectively. The concentrations of toxic metals (As, Cd, Pb) were below 2% of the maximum permitted levels (MPL) in all of these juices. For one of the commercial noni juices the MPL for lead was exceeded (170%) and some others were close to it. Most metals showed a good correlation regarding the concentration in noni fruit versus leaf, but not for soil versus fruit or juice. The concentration of magnesium, manganese, zinc and germanium in the commercial juices was highly correlated to the potassium concentration, indicating that these elements are useful to detect a dilution of noni juices.

Contamination assessment,source apportionment and associated health risks of PTEs in agricultural soil under five land-use patterns in Sanya,China

To understand the levels of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)contamination in soils and their effects on human health from different agricultural land use in Sanya,China.128 soil samples(64 topsoil samples and corresponding subsoil samples)were collected from the five representative land-use patterns.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),Atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS),and Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES)were used to determine the content of PTEs(As,Cd,Hg,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn,Co,Mo,Sb,and V).Correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to determine the source of PTEs.Geo-accumulation index(I_(geo)),hazard quotient(HQ),and total carcinogenic risk index(TR)were used to measure the PTEs contamination and its relative health impacts.Results showed that the average values of 12 PTEs in topsoil were higher than the Hainan soil geochemical baseline,showing different degrees of PTEs accumulation effect.The concentration of PTEs in the topsoil was lower than those in the subsoil except for Cd and Hg.The I_(geo)revealed that the major accumulated element in soils was As followed by Mo.Source apportionment suggested that parent materials and agricultural practices were the dominant factors for PTEs accumulation in the topsoil.Noncarcinogenic risks of soil samples from five land-use patterns presented a trend of paddy field>dry field>woodland>orchard>garden plot.However,the HQ values of 12 PTEs were less than the recommended limit of HQ=1,representing that there are no non-carcinogenic risks of PTEs for children and adults in the study area.The TR values are within 6.95×10^(-6)-1.38×10^(-5),which corresponds to the low level.Therefore the PTEs in the agricultural soil of the study area show little influence on the health status of the local population.

电厂脱硫产物中痕量元素形态及毒性浸出特性

燃煤电厂副产物脱硫石膏和污泥在雨水中或作为固体废弃物加工过程中,吸附的痕量元素会再次进入环境中,造成二次污染。选取安徽省3个典型燃煤电厂超低排放机组,通过欧洲共同体标准物质局(BCR)逐级提取法测定脱硫污泥和石膏中Cr、As、Cd和Pb的赋存形态,应用标准毒性浸出程序法(TCLP)对脱硫石膏的浸出毒性进行测定,分析脱硫副产物中Cr、As、Cd和Pb的潜在环境影响。结果表明:脱硫污泥中4种元素的质量浓度明显高于脱硫石膏;脱硫石膏中Cr和As稳定性高,Cd和Pb元素有效态占比大于50%,迁移能力强,对生态环境具有潜在的风险;脱硫污泥中Cr、Cd和As的迁移能力较强,环境风险较高,其中Cr在氧化环境中不稳定,Cd在酸性环境中更易浸出,As在氧化和还原环境中均不稳定;pH和固液比对石膏中重金属浸出有重要影响,不同元素之间存在较大差异;Pb、Cr和As浸出率随着pH的降低而增大,随液固比的增大而增大,并逐渐达到平衡;Cd的最大浸出率低于其他3种元素,浸出率与pH和固液比的相关性较弱,在pH为4.47时,浸出率较高。研究结果可为燃煤电厂脱硫副产物处置及再利用提供参考。

Impact of Traffic Emissions on Local Air Quality and the Potential Toxicity of Traffic-related Particulates in Beijing, China

Objective Air-borne particulates from different sources could have different physicochemical properties and inflammatory potentials. This study aims to characterize the chemical compositions and the toxicity of ambient particulate matter （PM） associated with traffic emissions. Methods The concentrations of trace elements, organic carbon （OC）, elemental carbon （EC） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in PM2.5 and PMlo were measured in samples collected at sites in Beijing, China. Their toxic effects on the pulmonary system of rats were investigated. Biochemical parameters （LDH, T-AOC, TP） and inflammatory cytokine（IL-6, IL-1, TNF-a） levels were measured in the lungs of rats exposed to traffic-related PM. Oxidative damage was observed. PM samples were taken from a near road site and an off road site in summer time in 2006. Results The concentrations of the USEPA priority pollutant PAHs in both PMlo and PM2.s were higher （299.658 and 348.412） at the near road site than those （237.728 and 268.472） at the off road site. The similar trend was observed for the concentrations of trace elements in PM. Compared to coarse particles （PM^0）, fine particles （PM2.s） have a greater adsorption capacity to enrich toxic elements than inhalable particles. Decrease in antioxidant capacity and an increase in the amount of lipid peroxidation products in rat lung tissues was observed. Conclusion The findings of the present study suggest that the differing inflammatory responses of PM collected from the two road sites might have been mediated by the differing physicochemical characteristics.

Elemental Concentrations in Biological Samples of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Other Pulmonary Disease Patients

Background: Recently, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been affected by the extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has developed important global health anxiety. At this time, the treatment options for this disease are only moderately successful. Smoking has been related to COVID-19 and its mortality, and it has the potential to affect bacteriological and viral conversion, clinical effects, and treatment outcomes. Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between critical essential trace {zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)} and toxic {cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni)} elements in human biological samples such as scalp hair, serum, saliva, blood, nasal fluid, and sputum of smoking and nonsmoking male COVID-19 patients (n = 139, age range 25 - 38 years) from Hyderabad, Pakistan. For comparative purposes, the biological specimens of referent persons (n = 83), pulmonary Tuberculosis (T.B) patients (n = 67), Pneumonia (n = 56) of the same age groups were also be analyzed. Microwave oven mediated digestion method was employed, and digestion of samples was carried out with the help of 2:1 mixture solution of HNO3 (65%) and H2O2 (30%). Atomic absorption spectrometry was employed for the determination of elemental concentrations from the microwave oven employed digested samples. Results: The found average of essential elements (Zn, Fe, and Cu) in biological specimens of smoker and nonsmoker male COVID-19, T.B, and Pneumonia patients was found to lower, whilst cadmium and nickel were found to be higher when compared with samples from referents (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Improved elemental (Cu, Fe, Zn) concentrations may also decrease the risk of bacterial co-infection by enhancing the mucociliary clearance and respiratory epithelial barrier function, in addition to providing direct antibacterial effects against S. pneumoniae. Our findings also suggest that higher Cd and Ni concentrations are linked to cigarette smoking, which could lead to COVID-19 and other lung-infected diseased recurrences. However, further clinical and experimental research is required.

湛江市养殖墨西哥湾扇贝中14种微量元素的分布特征及其膳食暴露评估

为阐明湛江市养殖墨西哥湾扇贝中14种微量元素的含量及分布特征,并进行膳食暴露风险评估,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定了6个养殖区域扇贝全部软体部分、性腺、外套膜、消化腺、闭壳肌、鳃和海水中14种微量元素的含量,通过目标危害系数(target hazard quotient,THQ)评估有害微量元素潜在的膳食暴露风险。结果表明,全部样品中14种微量元素均有检出,含量由高到低依次为Mn>Fe>Zn>Sr>As>Cd>V>Cu>Co>Ba>Pb>Cr>Ni>Ga,并且表现出区域差异性。微量元素主要分布在扇贝的性腺、消化腺和鳃中,养殖区域海水中与扇贝中Cd的含量变化趋势相同,扇贝体内的微量元素含量存在季节性差异。扇贝中As与Cd含量间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),可能对人体有害微量元素的复合目标危害系数(total target hazard quotient, TTHQ)值为0.208(<1)。综上,扇贝体内微量元素分布具有组织特异性,其中As与Cd可能具有相同的污染源,并且Cd的蓄积受养殖环境的影响,食用墨西哥湾扇贝不存在有害微量元素暴露风险,不会引起健康风险。研究结果为扇贝中有害元素膳食暴露风险评估提供科学数据。

云浮黄铁矿利用过程中微量毒害元素的环境化学活动性

为了解云浮黄铁矿利用过程中微量毒害元素的环境地球化学行为,客观评价它们对环境质量的影响,利用元素结合形态的连续提取实验方法,分析了云浮黄铁矿及其工业废渣中Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Sn、Sb、Pb和Tl等11种毒害元素的形态及化学活动性。结果表明,黄铁矿中大部分微量毒害元素都有着极强的化学活动性,各元素活动态浸出比例依次为Co96.3%、Se91.9%、Cu90.3%、Cd90.0%、Pb89.7%、Zn88.6%、Sb82.5%、Ni80.6%、Sn70.0%、Tl55.1%和As31.9%,元素As和Tl主要赋存于硫化物和硅酸盐矿物相中,另有少量的Cu、Pb和Sb可能赋存于碳酸盐矿物相中,其他元素则主要赋存于硫化物矿物相中。与黄铁矿相比,飞灰和灰渣中各元素可交换态和碳酸盐结合态所占的比例明显减少。废渣中各元素的化学活动性表现出很大的差别,其中Cu、Zn和Cd的化学活动性最强,活性态浸出比例在90%以上;其次是Co、Ni、Se、Pb和Tl,浸出比例在50%左右;Sb、As和Sn的稳定性较高,浸出比例分别为1%、5%和14%左右;飞灰中微量毒害元素的活动性均高于灰渣。

中国西南地区煤中12种有害微量元素的分布

运用电离耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-M S)、冷原子吸收光谱(CV-AAS)、离子选择性电极法(ISE)和仪器中子活化分析(INAA),对云南、贵州、四川和重庆127件煤层刻槽样品和石煤样品中主要有害微量元素(包括Be,F,C l,C r,Th,U,A s,Se,Cd,Hg,T l和Pb)的含量进行了测定.结果表明,中国西南地区煤中明显富集的有害微量元素有云南的A s、四川的Cd、三省一市的C r和Se、四川和重庆的Hg.西南地区三省一市早二叠世煤中富集的有害微量元素有F,Th,U和Se,晚二叠世煤中富集的元素有Th,Se和Hg,晚三叠世煤中富集C l,Th和Hg,第三纪褐煤中富集A s.

秦淮河表层沉积物毒害微量元素分布特征及污染评价

在秦淮河流域采集河流表层沉积物样品,研究其毒害微量元素含量的空间分布和生态风险.流域沉积物中毒害微量元素的含量表现出明显的空间分异.Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn受流域城市化过程的影响最为显著,其富集主要集中在流域中、下游的老城区、新城区和城乡过渡区.As的分布除了与城市工业企业的排污有关外,还可能受农业活动的影响.毒害微量元素在部分河段沉积物中的积累已经具有较强的潜在生态风险,污染程度由高到低为Cd>Hg>Cu>Zn>Pb>As.污染程度最高的元素为Cd和Hg,但多数情况下为多元素复合性污染,少数河段达到重度污染程度.河流表层沉积物中毒害微量元素的污染特征说明秦淮河流域内可能仍然存在有较强的污染源.

原子吸收光谱法测定清热解毒类中草药中的11种微量元素

采用灰化法处理样品，HNO3溶解灰化残渣，用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了射干、白头翁、山豆根、鱼腥草、连翘、大青叶、车前草、野菊花、金银花、莲子芯、蒲公英、板兰根等20种中草药中的Ca，Mg，Mn，Cu，Fe，Zn，CA，Pb，Co，Ni和Cr共11种微量元素。结果表明：清热解毒中草药中含有丰富的Ca，Mg，Fe，Zn，Mn和Cu等对人体有益的微量元素；加标回收率90％～110％。

煤炭洗选中有害痕量元素的迁移与脱除

对3个大型洗煤厂的原煤和相应的洗选产物进行了现场采样分析,通过测定原煤和各洗选产物中痕量元素的含量,研究了As,Be,Cd,Co,Cr,Hg,Mn,Ni,Pb,Sb和Se等11种有害痕量元素在洗煤过程中的迁移与脱除规律。结果表明,常规物理洗选能有效脱除煤中的无机矿物组分,在降低精煤灰分和硫分含量的同时,精煤中有害痕量元素也得到一定的脱除,除Se的脱除率较低以外(13.3%),其他元素的脱除率都在20%以上,这主要是由于这些痕量元素随着伴生的无机矿物被脱除;洗选后Be,Cd,Co,Cr,Hg,Mn,Ni主要向矸石中富集,Se则主要在中煤里富集,As,Pb和Sb在不同洗选产物中的分布则较为复杂。

重庆巫山地区上二叠统黑色岩系中镉等有害元素赋存状态及环境意义

本文以重庆巫山地区上二叠统黑色岩系为研究对象,通过全岩化学分析、矿物分析、连续化学提取、浸提实验等方法,揭示黑色岩系中有害微量元素的赋存状态及其环境意义。结果表明,研究区黑色岩系样品富含有机碳和硫,为典型缺氧条件下的产物;明显富集Cd、Cr等有害元素。Cd主要赋存于碳酸盐矿物中,Cr主要赋存于硅酸盐矿物,Zn和Ni的赋存载体包括硫化物、有机质等。不同样品中有害元素的赋存状态有所差异,且与矿物组分密切相关。母岩中有害元素赋存状态的差异可能控制其在土壤等环境介质中的活性;硫化物含量高而碳酸盐矿物含量低的黑色岩系样品,有害元素释放量大,潜在生态风险高,应引起高度重视。

经口摄入硫酸铝钾对兔肝肾影响的实验研究

目的 为探讨铝对家兔肝肾的影响。方法 将兔给予不同剂量的硫酸铝钾 8周 ,测定肝、肾组织中铝、铜、锌、锰的含量及SOD、GSH -Px活力 ,同时做病理检查。结果 随着硫酸铝钾摄入量的增加 ,肝肾组织中铝水平升高 (P<0 0 0 1) ,而铜、锌、锰水平有不同程度的下降 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,SOD活力在高剂量组有显著性降低 (P <0 0 5 ,P<0 0 1) ,而GSH -Px的活力在低、高剂量组均有显著性下降 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1)。对组织切片光镜下观察 ,低、高剂量组的肝、肾组织均有损伤 ,特别是高剂量组损伤严重。结论 铝通过拮抗其它微量元素而抑制SOD、GSH -Px的活性是造成肝、肾损伤的机理之一。

河北开滦矿区煤洗选过程中15种主要有害微量元素的迁移和分配特征

以河北开滦矿区晚古生代煤及其洗选产品为例,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和冷原子吸收光谱(CV-AAS)方法对煤中主要微量有害元素(包括Be、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Se、Mo、Tl、Pb、Th、U和Hg)的含量及其在洗选过程中的迁移和分配特征进行了研究。通过对开滦矿区10个矿井47个煤层刻槽样品主要有害微量元素含量的统计,发现开滦矿区晚古生代煤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb和As富集。通过对原煤-精煤-中煤-尾煤-煤泥两套系列样品的分析,发现主要有害微量元素在精煤中都有不同程度的脱除,中煤中相对富集的元素有Se和Th,明显被脱除的元素有Co和Tl。除Tl以外,尾煤中主要微量有害元素均有不同程度的富集,以As的富集率最高,可达34.4%,Hg的富集率最低,为1.1%。煤泥中所有微量有害元素均相对富集,以Hg的相对富集率最高,达78.4%。因此,如果对尾煤和煤泥加以利用,需要特别关注As和Hg等微量有害元素对环境的影响。主要微量有害元素在洗选过程中的分配行为主要受控于它在煤中的赋存状态。

北京市场10种膳食鱼微量元素的中子活化分析

微量元素对人体健康起着至关重要的作用。而各种食品中微量元素的含量将是人体摄入和吸收的主要来源。本工作采用仪器中子活化分析技术研究了北京市场中人们经常食用的10种鱼肉(草鱼、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、武昌鱼、罗非鱼、鲈鱼、带鱼、黄鱼、三文鱼、鳕鱼)中的As、Br、Ca、K、La、Co、Cs、Eu、Fe、Hg、Rb、Na、Se和Zn元素。结果表明,不同种类鱼肉中的元素含量不同,海水鱼毒性元素含量高于淡水鱼。与国家标准相比较,As在鲈鱼和海水鱼中均超标,而Hg只有在鳕鱼中超标。从人们对鱼的日膳食量的初步估算,毒性元素的摄入量不会超标,也不会对人们的健康产生影响。

氮磷添加对草地土壤酸度和化学计量学特征的影响

以内蒙古温带草原为对象,研究了不同比例和水平的氮磷输入对土壤pH和化学计量学特征的影响。结果表明,与不添加氮磷的对照相比,添加氮磷的土壤pH在氮输入大于30g·m^(-2)的情况下显著降低(P<0.05),而在不施加磷肥只施加氮肥的情况下,10g·m^(-2)氮输入也显著降低了土壤pH(P<0.05),而且显著低于添加磷肥的处理(P<0.05)。另外,与高比例和水平的氮磷输入相比,低比例和水平的氮磷输入显著降低土壤大量元素(钾、钙和镁)、微量元素(铁、锰、铜和锌)和毒性元素(铝和锰)(P<0.05),而且还降低土壤N∶P。可能是由于该地区土壤磷含量低,低氮高磷输入缓解植物生长受磷限制,促进植物生长的同时,降低土壤养分。由此可见,根据当地土壤养分和氮输入的量,适量添加磷可以缓解外源氮输入对土壤pH和化学计量学特征的影响。

高兴庄煤中有害微量元素的分布和赋存形态研究

为获得高兴庄煤矿主采煤层中有害微量元素的分布和赋存形态,对采自同一工作面上6个分层煤样的工业分析和15种微量元素的含量进行统计。根据各有害元素在工作面垂直方向上的变化特点以及相关性分析发现:大部分元素的最高浓度值出现在煤层的顶部或底部,与灰分的垂直分布相似,尤其是元素Ba和Sr;元素Ba、Sr、Ti、Mn和Ni主要以无机形式赋存;元素Cr、Mo、Zn和Tl趋向于负载在煤的有机质中。以硫酸盐、碳酸盐矿物和粘土矿物为主要无机载体赋存的元素有Sr、Ba和Ti;以硫化物为主要无机载体赋存的元素有Pb、Cd、Cu、Be、Co、Zn、Ni、Mo、Ga和Mn;此外Mn也可能负载在碳酸盐矿物中。

微量元素对作物和人体的毒害作用及其控制

作物和人体必需的或非必需的微量元素积累在组织中超过一定限度时 ,就会产生毒害作用 ,产生毒害作用的原因包括自然因素和人为因素。根据前人的资料 ,就Fe ,Mn ,B ,Zn ,Mo ,Hg ,Cd ,Pb ,Ni,Se等元素对人体和作物的毒害症状、毒害水平及预防措施等问题作综合评述。