Toxicity of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes,Graphene Oxide,and Reduced Graphene Oxide to Zebrafish Embryos

Objective This study was aimed to investigate the toxic effects of 3 nanomaterials, i.e. multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs）, graphene oxide （GO）, and reduced graphene oxide （RGO）, on zebrafish embryos. Methods The 2-h post-fertilization （hpf） zebrafish embryos were exposed to MWCNTs, GO, and RGO at different concentrations （1, 5, 10, 50, 100 mg/L） for 96 h. Afterwards, the effects of the 3 nanomateria on spontaneous movement, heart rate, hatching rate, length of larvae, mortality, and malformations Is were evaluated. Results Statistical analysis indicated that RGO significantly inhibited the hatching of zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, RGO and MWCNTs decreased the length of the hatched larvae at 96 hpf. No obvious morphological malformation or mortality was observed in the zebrafish embryos after exposure to the three nanomaterials. Conclusion MWCNTs, GO, and RGO were all toxic to zebrafish embryos to influence embryos hatching and larvae length. Although no obvious morphological malformation and mortality were observed in exposed zebrafish embryos, further studies on the toxicity of the three nanomaterials are still needed.

Research Progress in Toxicity and Toxicity-reducing and Efficacy-enhancing Compatibility of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata contains alkaloids,flavonoids,polysaccharides,organic acids and organic alkalis,among which diester alkaloids are important effective ingredients,which can be used for treating heart failure,rheumatic heart disease,coronary heart disease,hypotension,shock and other diseases.However,it also contains the main ingredients that produce toxic effects and are highly toxic to the cardiovascular system,nervous system,digestive system,reproductive system,embryos,and livers and kidneys.In this study,we analyzed the toxicity-reducing and efficacy-enhancing effects of the compatibility of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata with with single herbs Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.,Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer,Zingiber ojjicinale Rosc.and Rheum palmatum L.,aiming to provide references for further exploring the appropriate compatibility conditions of traditional Chinese medicine in the future and improving the safety of the clinical application of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata.

Cell Toxicity Effect of Cadmium on Yeast Cells by Detecting NADH Autofluorescence

The cytotoxic effect of cadmium is studied by detecting intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidea（NADH） autofluorescence in this work. NADH autofluorescence in processes of cadmium-induced apoptosis, necrosis and reversible injury are recorded timely. The relativity between time course of NADH autofluorescence and cadmium toxicity is established. The cell toxicity effect of Cadmium on yeast cells is studied by detecting the time courses of intracellular reduced NADH autofluorescence in this work. The relativity between time courses of NADH autofluorescence and Cadmium toxicity is established.

Dynamics and Activity of Iron-Reducing Bacterial Populations in a West African Rice Paddy Soil under Subsurface Drainage: Case Study of Kamboinse in Burkina Faso

Iron toxicity is one of the main edaphic constraints that hamper rice production in West African savanna and forest lowlands. Although chemical reduction processes of various types of pedogenic iron oxides could not be underestimated, the bulk of these processes can be ascribed to the specific activity of Iron-Reducing Bacteria (IRB). The reducing conditions of waterlogged lowland soils boost iron toxicity through the reduction of almost all iron into ferrous form (Fe2+), which can cause disorder in rice plant and crop yield losses. Aiming to contribute at the improvement of rice yield in Africa, an experiment was developed to evaluate the impact of subsurface drainage on IRB dynamics and activity during rice cultivation. Twelve concrete microplots with a clay-loam soil and a rice variety susceptible to iron toxicity (FKR 19) were used for the experiment. Soil in microplots was drained for 7 days (P1), 14 days (P2), and 21 days (P3), respectively. Control (T) microplots without drainage were prepared similarly. The evolution of IRB populations and the content of ferrous iron in the paddy soil and in soil near rice root were monitored throughout the cultural cycle using MPN and colorimetric methods, respectively. Data obtained were analyzed in relation to drainage frequency, rice growth stage, and rice yield using the Student t test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, the subsurface drainage reduced significantly IRB populations (p = 0.024). However, the drainage did not affect significantly ferrous iron concentration in the soil near rice roots (p = 0.708). The concentration of ferrous iron (p < 0.0001) in soil near rice roots and the number of IRB (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher during the rice tillering and maturity stages. Although no significant difference was observed for rice yield among treatments (p = 0.209), the P2 subsurface drainage showed the highest yield and the lowest concentration of ferrous iron in soil near rice roots.

Reduced glutathione alleviates the toxic effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on bone marrow stromal cells

We studied the effect of reduced glutathione on bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） treated with 6-hydroxydopamine （6-OHDA）, which shows a toxic effect on dopaminergic neurons. The proliferation of BMSCs treated with 6-OHDA decreased, while that of BMSCs treated with reduced glutathione increased. The proliferation of BMSCs treated with both 6-OHDA and reduced glutathione was significantly higher compared with that treated with 6-OHDA alone. These findings indicate that reduced glutathione alleviates the toxic effect of 6-OHDA on BMSCs.

Dynamics and Activity of Sulfate-Reducing Bacterial Populations in Paddy Soil under Subsurface Drainage: Case Study of Kamboinse in Burkina Faso

Sulfide toxicity is a common disease generally associated with iron toxicity which occurs in rice fields when the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) produce sulfides ions in anaerobic conditions. The high quantity of sulfides ions in the soil solution upsets the mineral element balance in the rice, affects its growth and causes crop yield losses. In Burkina Faso, many rice field soils are abandoned due to sulfides toxicity. The present study was developed to evaluate the impact of subsurface drainage on SRB dynamics and activity during rice cultivation and the incidence on rice production. Twelve concrete microplots with a clay-loam soil and a rice variety susceptible to sulfides toxicity (FKR 19) were used for the experiment. Soil in microplots was drained for 7 days (P1), 14 days (P2), and 21 days (P3), respectively. Control (T) microplots without drainage were prepared similarly. The evolution of SRB populations and the content of sulfides ions in the paddy soil and in soil near rice roots were monitored throughout the cultural cycle using MPN and colorimetric methods, respectively. Data obtained were analyzed in relation to drainage frequency, rice growth stage, and rice yield using the Student’s t-test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, the subsurface drainage did not affect significantly SRB populations (P = 0.187). However, the drainage affected significantly sulfides concentration in the soil near rice roots (P = 0.032). The concentration of sulfides (P < 0.0001) in soil near rice roots and the number of SRB (P < 0.0001) were significantly higher during the rice tillering and maturity stages. Although no significant difference was observed for rice yield among treatments (P = 0.209), the P2 subsurface drainage showed the highest yield and a low concentration of sulfides in soil near rice roots.

Reduced-order proper orthogonal decomposition extrapolating finite volume element format for two-dimensional hyperbolic equations

This paper is concerned with establishing a reduced-order extrapolating fi- nite volume element （FVE） format based on proper orthogonal decomposition （POD） for two-dimensional （2D） hyperbolic equations. For this purpose, a semi discrete variational format relative time and a fully discrete FVE format for the 2D hyperbolic equations are built, and a set of snapshots from the very few FVE solutions are extracted on the first very short time interval. Then, the POD basis from the snapshots is formulated, and the reduced-order POD extrapolating FVE format containing very few degrees of freedom but holding sufficiently high accuracy is built. Next, the error estimates of the reduced-order solutions and the algorithm procedure for solving the reduced-order for- mat are furnished. Finally, a numerical example is shown to confirm the correctness of theoretical conclusions. This means that the format is efficient and feasible to solve the 2D hyperbolic equations.

Effect of Fertilization on the Dynamics and Activity of Iron-Reducing Bacterial Populations in a West African Rice Paddy Soil Planted with Two Rice Varieties: Case Study of Kou Valley in Burkina Faso

Iron toxicity is a major stress to rice caused by a high concentration of reduced iron, in the soil in many lowlands worldwide. To reduce iron toxicity in the West African lowlands, an investigation was performed at the site of the University of Ouagadougou, in pots containing an iron toxic soil from the Kou Valley (West of Burkina Faso). The experiment objective was to study the effect of mineral fertilizer on Iron Reducing Bacteria (IRB) dynamics and activity during rice cultivation, iron accumulation in rice plant and rice biomass yield under iron toxicity conditions. BOUAKE-189 and ROK-5 rice varieties, sensitive and tolerant to iron toxicity, respectively, were used for the experiment. The pots were amended with chemical fertilizers (NPK + Urea and NPK + Urea + Ca + Mg + Zn complex). Control pots without fertilization were prepared similarly. The kinetics of IRB and ferrous iron content in soil near rice roots were monitored throughout the cultural cycle using MPN and colorimetric methods, respectively. The total iron content was evaluated in rice plant using spectrometric method. Data obtained were analyzed in relation to fertilization mode, rice growth stage and rice yield using the student’s t-test and XLSTAT 2014 statistical software. The experiment revealed that NPK + Urea and NPK + Urea + Ca + Mg + Zn fertilization, decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) the number of IRB in the soil for BOUAKE-189 rice varieties. In most pots, highest IRB densities and ferrous iron content in soil were recorded from rice tillering and flowering to maturity stages, indicating that rice plants promoted microbial processes and iron reduction in soil. From the study, the NPK + Urea amendment decreased significantly ferrous iron content (p < 0.0001) in soil near BOUAKE-189 and ROK-5 rice varieties roots relatively to control pots. However, NPK + Urea + Ca + Zn + Mg amendment increased significantly ferrous iron content (p < 0.0001) in the soil near roots, Fe accumulation in plant biomass and rice yield for the two rice varieties.

“双减”政策下中学生学习倦怠、睡眠质量对非自杀性自伤行为的影响

目的探讨中学生学习倦怠、睡眠质量对非自杀性自伤(NSSI)行为的影响。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,选取遵义市5838名中学生进行现场调查,采用自编调查问卷、青少年学习倦怠量表、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、青少年自我伤害行为问卷评价中学生学习倦怠、睡眠质量及NSSI行为,采用χ^(2)检验、分层回归及路径分析进行统计分析。结果中学生NSSI行为检出率为18.07%,不同性别、年级、学校NSSI行为检出率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);身心耗竭、学业疏离、低成就感及睡眠质量能正向预测NSSI行为的发生(P均<0.05);路径分析显示,身心耗竭、低成就感对NSSI行为的发生有间接效应,学业疏离对NSSI行为的发生有直接和间接效应,睡眠质量直接作用于NSSI行为。结论中学生NSSI行为检出率呈较高水平,学习倦怠(身心耗竭、学业疏离、低成就感)、睡眠质量是影响NSSI行为发生的重要因素,应持续推进“双减”政策,降低中学生学习倦怠水平,保障睡眠健康。

马钱子减毒增效途径及机制研究进展

本文综述马钱子减毒增效的主要途径及其减毒增效的机制研究进展。马钱子减毒增效的主要途径包括炮制、配伍、新剂型与制剂新技术等;减毒增效的机制主要包括生物碱成分含量发生变化、生物碱药代动力学行为改变、影响CYP450酶的mRNA表达和酶活性、诱导血脑屏障上P-糖蛋白外向转运加速生物碱外排、缓释及靶向控制药物浓度梯度等。关于马钱子减毒增效的途径研究较多,但对其减毒增效的机制和原理研究较少且不甚深入,建议后续研究从毒性物质基础、体内暴露和体内过程、分子机制、量-时-毒-效关联性及转化规律等方面对马钱子减毒增效的机制进行深入研究。

基于热启动的大规模安全约束机组组合模型的快速求解方法

大规模安全约束机组组合(security constrained unit commitment,SCUC)问题的混合整数线性规划(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)模型因其高维、非凸的特点导致求解困难,尤其在考虑故障态安全约束后模型规模骤增,MILP算法常遇到收敛间隙下降瓶颈问题。为满足现货市场出清对SCUC问题求解时间的要求,提出了基于热启动的快速求解方法,从待求模型的一个可行解出发,根据节点边际电价和机组收益分析进行整数变量固定,同时削减无约束力的安全约束,以缩减模型规模,加快收敛进程。仿真结果表明:所提方法能够大幅缩减SCUC模型规模,尤其对于考虑故障态安全约束的大规模SCUC问题,能有效克服收敛间隙下降瓶颈问题,求解效率提高特别显著。

飞龙掌血茎和根不同炮制品对小鼠的急性毒性试验

旨在了解飞龙掌血[Toddalia asiatica(Linn)Lam.]茎和根不同炮制对小鼠急性毒性作用。130只KM小鼠适应性喂养3 d后,随机分为13组,包括溶媒组和12个药物试验剂量组(1个药材茎生品组和5个茎炮制组,1个根生品组和5个根炮制组,其中5种药材炮制品包括水煮制品、水洗制品、水蒸制品、酒蒸制品和酒炙制品)。溶媒组小鼠按40 mL/kg给予纯净水灌胃,给药3次,间隔4~5 h;茎各炮制品试验组小鼠按40 mL/kg灌胃,给药3次,间隔4~5 h;根各炮制品试验组小鼠按30 mL/kg灌胃,给药2次,间隔4~5 h,记录给药后各组小鼠14 d的主要临床症状、体重变化,并统计死亡率。结果表明,飞龙掌血及各炮制品可对小鼠产生急性毒性作用,临床中毒症状有自主活动减少、安静怠动、俯卧和翻正反射消失。炮制品组与溶媒组比较,在14 d内茎和根各炮制品均可致小鼠体重明显降低,且死亡率显著高于溶媒组(P<0.05或P<0.01);而与生品组比较,茎和根的5种炮制品在14 d内对小鼠体重的影响不显著,可有效降低小鼠的死亡率,其中以水煮法效果最佳。水煮、水洗、水蒸、酒蒸、酒炙炮制方法可以减小飞龙掌血茎和根(生品)对小鼠的毒性作用,但对小鼠体脂影响不显著。

中药远志的炮制研究进展

远志是我国传统中药,具有安神益智、交通心肾、祛痰、消肿等作用,虽然其炮制方法多样,但炮制目的均在于减毒增效。本文对古法炮制中的净制、切制、加辅料炒与不加辅料炒等方法进行了文献概述,并在此基础上,对现代炮制前后化学成分变化及减毒增效机制等方面进行文献分析。现代研究表明,远志的减毒增效机制为远志皂苷的毒性与糖基含量有关,远志皂苷B水解为细叶远志皂苷后胃肠毒性显著降低。现代远志的炮制工艺主要有甘草炙远志、蜜制远志、厚朴汁炙远志、炆远志等,但厚朴汁炙远志、炆远志现代沿用不多,炮制工艺缺乏规范化研究。笔者认为,应加强古法炮制研究,在确定炮制工艺的同时,结合化学成分、药效等方面,开展炮制机制等方面的研究,为远志炮制的合理性提供科学依据,确保临床用药安全。

中药增效减毒在肿瘤治疗中的研究概况

恶性肿瘤是人类死亡的主要原因之一,随着治疗水平的不断提升,如何应对治疗产生的不良反应,提高疗效成为新的研究方向。本文对近5年中药抗肿瘤增效减毒机制和临床应用研究进行综述,发现中药单体、复方、注射制剂被广泛应用于抗肿瘤的补充治疗,“扶正祛邪,固本清源”成为中医药治疗恶性肿瘤的治则,以活血化瘀、化痰降浊、清除癌毒等为主的方法可取得显著疗效,在增加肿瘤细胞杀伤力,逆转耐药性、调节肿瘤微环境等方面具有显著优势。

基于支持向量机与特征降维的直流断路器机械故障诊断技术研究

直流断路器机械故障诊断算法是直流断路器机械状态在线监测系统的核心部分。文中进行了直流断路器机械故障模拟实验,采集不同故障下的线圈电流及振动信号,对其进行特征提取后,将电流特征、振动短时能量特征、小波包频带能量特征排列组合,利用支持向量机构建故障诊断模型。文中使用主成分分析法及Relief⁃F算法对不同特征组合降维,进一步分析特征组合降维后的诊断效果,并通过K⁃Fold交叉验证算法评估单一特征和特征组合训练输出的诊断模型选取分类性能最优的诊断模型。

补骨脂肝毒性及其减毒方法的研究进展

补骨脂因含香豆素类、黄酮类和单萜酚类等化学成分,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、调节雌激素水平、促进骨生长、神经保护等作用而广泛用于肾部疾病、脾胃病、肢体经络病、妇科病的治疗,是临床常用的传统“无毒”的补益类中药,但近年来,国家药品不良反应监测中心多次通报警示补骨脂相关制剂(如壮骨关节丸、仙灵骨葆胶囊、致康胶囊)引发的肝损伤问题,更有单味补骨脂引发肝损伤的临床病例报道,其肝损伤现象已成为当前行业研究的热点及难点,为补骨脂的临床安全用药带来极大挑战。课题组前期基于脂多糖模型证实了补骨脂具有特异质肝损伤的属性,并从体内外角度相互验证了补骨脂甲素、补骨脂乙素、补骨脂酚、补骨脂定或可通过调控PI3K-Akt信号通路、NF-κB信号通路、NLRP3信号通路等引发肝损伤。通过对近年来补骨脂肝毒性的相关文献进行整理、归纳,探讨引起补骨脂肝毒性的主要毒理机制,并总结了配伍减毒和炮制减毒对减轻补骨脂肝毒性的重要意义,为补骨脂的临床安全用药提供数据支撑。

基于低碳需求响应的新型电力系统中源-网-荷-储协调的优化调度

【目的】在我国“双碳”目标的背景下,节能减排已成为当前电力行业的首要战略目标之一。电力系统除了要考虑系统安全可靠性和经济性之外,还需要将“碳减排约束”引入系统各环节中,将呈现全新的低碳运行和管理模式。【方法】针对新型电力系统碳计量与低碳调控运行问题,提出一种基于碳排放流的低碳需求响应调度策略。首先,分析新型电力系统源-网-荷-储各环节的碳排放影响因素,建立基于碳排放流理论精确的碳计量模型。其次,以动态碳排放因子为引导信号建立低碳需求响应机制,进行优化调度。【结果】通过算例验证:基于低碳需求响应的新型电力系统源-网-荷-储协调优化调度方法有效激发激发系统各环节减排潜力,降低碳排放量,提高新能源消纳率。

方剂有毒药物配伍“增效减毒”的现代研究进展

方剂配伍包含了君臣佐使配伍、七情配伍、药性配伍(四气五味、升降浮沉、性味归经)。古代将一切治疗疾病的药物统称为毒药,按不良反应大小来分;现代则是以对人体不良影响为不良反应。增效即是相须相使,减毒即是相畏相杀。现回顾近年来相关文献,从方剂有毒药物配伍增效减毒内涵、规律和现代科技增效减毒新工艺为3个方面,重点从方剂有毒药物配伍增效减毒规律所包括的君臣佐使法,拆方法,药味、药量变化法,合方法,补脾护胃、顾护中气法、性效相制相成法等探讨方剂有毒药物配伍“增效减毒”的现代研究进展。

苍耳子不同炮制品对小鼠肝脏肾脏毒性的“量-时-毒”关系研究

目的比较苍耳子不同炮制品的“量-时-毒”关系,为其毒性反应规律及炮制减毒机制提供依据。方法取240只小鼠随机分为正常组和苍耳子生品、清炒、砂炒组低中高剂量组,除正常组外,各低、中、高剂量组分别按照1.3、6.5、13.0 g·kg^(-1)剂量,分别灌胃给药1、7和14 d,Elisa法检测各组动物的血清ALT、AST、BUN、CR值,计算各组肝、肾脏器指数,并观察连续给药1、7、14 d后的肝、肾组织病理变化。结果与正常组相比,苍耳子生品组显著升高小鼠血清中ALT、AST、BUN、CR的含量(P<0.05,P<0.01),肝、肾组织病理可见明显损伤;与苍耳子生品组比较,清炒组和砂炒组显著降低小鼠血清中ALT、AST、BUN、CR的含量(P<0.05,P<0.01),减轻肝、肾组织病理损伤程度,且肝、肾脏指数和病理形态学的改变具有时间和剂量的依赖性。结论苍耳子生品对正常动物具有一定的肝、肾毒性,并呈现一定的“量-时-毒”关系;苍耳子不同炮制品均可减轻体内肝、肾毒性,且砂炒组较清炒组减毒效果更为明显。

中药常山、蜀漆古今文献考证

目的探究常山、蜀漆的基原、产地、性味归经、功效、毒性特点,以期为常山、蜀漆的研究与合理应用提供参考。方法以第5版中华医典数据库、读秀数据库、中医智库在线古籍数据库为检索范围,考证常山、蜀漆的基原、产地、性味归经、功效、毒性,同时结合现代文献研究进行分析。结果发现常山、蜀漆别名较多,分布广泛,喜阴凉湿润环境,以四川产量最大,质量最优。常山的性味与归经在历代古籍中未发现明显变化,但蜀漆性味记载存在分歧,且归经论述较少,未得统一。古籍载常山、蜀漆功效多为截疟、涌吐,现代药理研究发现两者还具有抗球虫、抗肿瘤、解热、降压、抗流感病毒等药理作用。但因两者均存在一定毒性,为保证安全用药,传统多通过炮制及配伍进行减毒存效,现代多从其活性成分本身的结构修饰及致毒机理实现减毒增效。结论古今文献梳理发现常山及蜀漆,除截疟外还具有抗肿瘤等多种药理活性,研发前景良好,但囿于其存在一定的毒性,制约了其临床应用,传统临床多通过炮制、配伍减毒存效,现代学者尝试通过结构修饰和改变给药途径减毒增效,为其减毒增效提供了新的思路和方向。