基于帕纳科Oil-Trace软件的油品中痕量元素分析

介绍Oil-Trace软件工作原理,用参考油样为未知样测试,对油品中痕量元素测定方法进行了评价。

INVESTIGATION ON TRACE ELEMENTS IN CRUDE OILS AND ORGANIC MATERIALS EXTRACTED FROM OIL-FORMING SOURCE ROCKS IN CHINA WITH INAA

A combination of Soxhlet extraction, column chromatography and INAA with GC and GC- MS was used in this work for the study of the abundance patterns of 36 trace elements and their correlation in nearly 100 samples of crude oil and organic materials extracted from oil- forming source rocks from 10 main Chinese oilfields. The low V/Ni ratios of 0.01 to 0.3 state the oil- forming continent environment. The geochemical significance hinted from other trace element abundances is also briefly discussed.

Using Trace Metals, Peroxide, Acid and Iodine Values to Characterize Oils Bleached Using Clays from Central and Eastern Uganda

Bleaching of edible oils is known to alter the composition of oils as it removes impurities and certain food nutrients. The characteristics of bleached oil are strongly related to type bleaching medium, temperature at which bleaching is done and other factors. In this study, we compare peroxide, free fatty acid, acid and iodine values, copper and iron content of bleached and crude oils to establish the characteristics of edible oils bleached using smectite and kaolinite-rich clays. Oil industries spend large sums of money purchasing bleaching earths yet no country lacks natural clays which can be developed to bleach oils. In Uganda alone more than US$ 700,000 is spent every month yet many clay deposits are unexploited. In this study, we have documented trace metal composition, peroxide values, acid values, iodine values and free fatty acid content of bleached and unbleached cotton-seed and sunflower seed oils. The bleached oils were found to be fit for human use. Clays are either kaolinites or smectites, but the clays used to bleach edible oils are montmorillonites or bentonites. The decrease in content of iron in the bleached oils was highest for all oils bleached. The content of copper showed the smallest change. The content of copper in cotton oils decreased from 0.5 ppm to 0.15 ppm using Kajansi clay leached in 20% acid yet when Chelel clay leached under similar conditions was used decrease was from 0.5 to 0.1 ppm. The content of iron in sunflower oils bleached using Kajansi clay leached in 20% acid decreased from 1.6 to 0.2 ppm yet that bleached with Chelel clay under similar conditions decreased to 0.1 ppm. The acid values showed that the acidity in sunflower oils is largely due to oleic acid as the average value for acids is in the range close to oleic acid, cotton-seed oil corresponded to linoleic acid. The levels of free fatty acid were found to lie in range from 3.8 - 3.2 for all clays used showing no significant rise. The peroxide values of bleached oils lay between 1.2 and 0.8.

Evaluation of Analytical Procedures in the Determination of Trace Metals in Heavy Crude Oils by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

In the present work, four trace metals, V, Ni, Cu and Fe, have been determined in five crude oil samples of Eastern Baghdad area, Iraq by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The crude oils are characterized with API gravity values in the range, 25 - 15. The V/Ni ratios for the studied crudes were in the range 3.7 to 5.4 and indicated a typical of the sapropelic-type organic matter. The Ni and V contents were correlated with API gravity where an increase of metal contents with the decrease in the API values could be observed. The plots of V and Ni versus sulfur indicated linear correlation. This is attributed to the increase of porphyrinic structures of the metals. The method of direct dilution (DD) with organic solvent and the standard addition (SA) were evaluated as compared with standard dry ashing-acid dissolution (DA). In most cases the DD method gave V and Ni concentrations that are higher than DA and for the heavier crude oil (API = 15) the DD results were significantly smaller than those of the DA method. The SA method can be a good solution to determine the trace metals in heavy crude oils provided that the addition must not exceed the levels of the metal concentration in the diluted samples.

海洋石油和LNG项目中电伴热施工的质量控制

电伴热作为一种对管线、容器、仪表设备等进行工艺温度维持和防冻保温的解决方案,其具备发热均匀、安装方便、温度控制准确、易远程遥控、防护防爆性能优良等优点,一直被广泛应用于海洋石油和LNG项目中。电伴热的施工质量将直接影响到项目投产后生产的连续性和安全性,且电伴热的施工与管线、机械、仪表、涂装、保温等众多工艺存在交叉影响,因此必须重视电伴热的施工质量控制。

海底气液多相流混输管道电伴热的热能节省特性研究

针对海底气液混输管道面临的结蜡、胶凝、摩阻过大等流动安全保障问题,提出了热能较为节省的电伴热方式。相对于常见的平台加热方式,基于海管系统总的热平衡原理,采用微积分方法推导出了电伴热相对热耗率的数学解析式,澄清了影响电伴热热能节省效果的主要因素,证明了电伴热与平台加热在加热能耗方面的优劣,并探明了总传热系数等关键因素对电伴热热能节省特性的影响规律。结果表明:在确保质量流量、保温措施及出口温度均相同的条件下,电伴热的热耗总是小于平台加热的热耗,具体的热能节省效果仅跟总传热系数、输送距离、管径、质量流速、液相质量分数5个关键因素有关。电伴热相对热耗率与总传热系数和输送距离近似呈线性负相关关系,与管径和质量流速近似呈指数式正相关关系,与液相质量分数近似呈线性正相关关系。采用电伴热方式时,由于不需要额外掺水确保管道的“最小安全输量”,在极低输量条件下的热能节省效果将更加显著。本研究成果可为海底气液多相流混输管道电伴热的热能节省特性认知提供理论依据。

原油中痕量化合物的研究进展

痕量化合物是油气成因、来源、形成环境、次生地球化学改造等研究的重要指示物,随着当前油气研究不断地向非常规储层以及深层储层进发,此类化合物在油气地球化学研究中显得愈发重要。本文综述了近年来原油中痕量化合物的定义、分类,及其在母质来源与形成环境分析、高演化阶段油气成熟度与油源对比、油气运移路径示踪、油气次生地球化学改造等方面的研究进展,总结了基于痕量化合物所建立的原油热裂解、硫酸盐热化学还原反应、气侵改造作用等评价参数的应用现状;同时,指出痕量化合物的形成机理以及寻找具有指示物源意义的痕量分子化合物、加强单体同位素分析是未来的研究重点,并且随着测试技术与研究认识的不断提升或将发现新的过渡型分子化合物。

油气企业科技创新人才价值溯源分成评估

科技创新是发展新质生产力的核心力量,而科技创新人才是创新过程中的第一要素。作为油气生产的主要参与主体,油气企业要实现高水平科技自立自强,归根结底要依靠拥有高水平创新能力的人才队伍。为了激发科技人才创新活力动力,在人才价值创造与评估现状分析的基础上,依据生产全要素视角下的科技创新价值分享理论与方法,建立了油气企业科技创新人才价值溯源分成评估方法。研究结果表明:(1)油气企业科技创新是一个系统性的复杂过程,匹配油气企业科技创新特征、具有产业适应性的人才价值评估理论与方法较少;(2)油气企业科技创新人才价值溯源分成,是以油气科技创新成果经济价值评估结果为前提对参与成果创造的团队和个人按照实际贡献进行价值追溯与量化的过程,需要通过对单项科技创新成果经济价值溯源和科技创新成果完成人价值溯源两次溯源来实现;(3)以创新成果为导向的科技创新人才价值贡献率是人才价值溯源分成的核心参数,由完成人参与度、完成人创新度、完成人贡献度为内容的综合评估指标体系共同确定。结论认为,该方法为加快建立以创新价值、业绩、贡献为导向的人才评价体系提供了参考,能够有效解决人才在油气科技创新活动中的经济价值量化问题,对推动高水平科技自立自强有现实意义。

油库周缘区地下水烃类污染物示踪研究

油库周缘区地下水中烃类溯源分析对于查明地下水中烃类污染物来源与保障油库安全具有重要现实意义。文章采用色谱与色谱-质谱方法对油库内外地下水浮油与水样中烃类特征组分进行分析,筛选出全烃色谱指纹、饱和烃二环倍半萜指纹和芳烃萘菲系列指纹特征比值,结合不同结构化合物的分子指纹特征比值对油库内外地下水烃类污染来源进行解析研究。结果表明,油库内外地下水浮油的色谱指纹特征、二环倍半萜系列与芳烃萘菲系列化合物特征比值都具有明显相似性,呈现同一来源特征;星图对比油库内外浮油及地下水中的烃类,上述特征比值也呈现相似性,揭示油库周缘区地下水中烃类污染物与库内浮油及地下水中烃类具有较强的亲缘性。目前对于地下水中油烃污染来源鉴别还缺乏一套明确的对比方法,二环倍半萜与芳烃萘菲系列化合物可以作为可靠的油源鉴别指标,为研究地下水油烃污染来源提供一种分析技术手段。

盐酸超声提取-高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定食用植物油中11种微量金属元素

提出了盐酸超声提取-高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法(HR-ICP-MS)快速测定食用植物油中铝、钡、镉、铜、铁、镁、锰、镍、铅、钒、锌等微量金属元素的方法。取2.0 g食用植物油样品,置于50 mL塑料离心管中,加入800μL ICP溶剂油,于旋涡混匀器上充分混匀,加入10 mL 2.0 mol·L^(-1)盐酸溶液,于70℃超声30 min,冷却。以转速10000 r·min^(-1)离心5 min,在水相与有机相分离后,收集水相,采用HR-ICP-MS测定其中11种元素含量,待测同位素^(51)V、^(56)Fe、^(27)Al、^(63)Cu、^(24)Mg、^(55)Mn、^(60)Ni、^(66)Zn选择中分辨率模式,而^(137)Ba、^(111)Cd和^(208)Pb选择低分辨率模式。结果表明:11种元素的质量浓度在100μg·L^(-1)以内与对应的信号强度呈线性关系,检出限(3s)为0.012~0.173μg·L^(-1);按照标准加入法对食用植物油进行回收试验,回收率为86.9%~107%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)为1.1%~4.9%;方法用于分析3种植物油样品,本方法测定值与标准方法的测定值基本一致。

不同产地连翘质量的研究现状分析

目的总结不同产地连翘质量控制的研究现状。方法通过收集连翘中主要化学成分的研究文献资料,对不同产地连翘中主要化学成分(总挥发油、连翘酯苷A、连翘酯苷B、连翘苷和微量元素钠、锰、锌、铁、镁、钾、钙、铬、锗、硒及重金属铅、镉、砷、汞、铜)的含量研究结果进行数据收集和比较。结果由统计分析结果可知,陕西、湖北、安徽的样本挥发油质量分数均值约为1.7%,为最高;河南、陕西和山西的连翘酯苷A含量排名靠前,分别为5.47%、4.90%、4.83%;山西连翘中的连翘酯苷B样本量最高且含量均值高于其他产地;山西连翘微量元素优势较大,山西运城、太原、临汾、晋中产地的连翘中的Mn、Fe、Mg、K、Ca、Cr、Ge、Se质量分数居于前列,Na、Zn分别是河南三门峡、河北邯郸产地较优;各产地连翘的重金属含量均未超标。结论山西、河南、陕西、河北作为连翘的主要产区,多种化学成分的质量分数普遍高于其他产区,品质更为优良。本文为开展不同产地连翘的共性和个性特征研究提供了数据支撑,为各产地连翘的质量控制提供了参考。

内河溢油污染源逆时追踪数值模拟

为研究内河溢油污染溯源问题,从溢油污染应急处置时间尺度出发,以三峡库区典型河段为例,采用拉格朗日油粒子模型,基于Fortran语言从底层开发了溢油扩展漂移及逆时追踪数学模型,模拟了三峡水库典型运行工况下的可能溢油污染过程,对溢油扩展漂移和溢油逆时追踪进行了模拟分析。结果表明该模型可较好地模拟溢油污染的扩展漂移过程及追踪寻求出污染源的大致位置,可为内河航道中不明溢油源污染事故的应急调查提供参考。

页岩油微运移研究进展及意义

页岩油微运移是指石油由页岩层系中的富有机质层产生,并向其紧邻且孔渗性较好的贫有机质层发生短距离运移的现象。勘探实践显示,微运移可有效改善贫有机质层含油性及其品质,甚至优于部分富有机质页岩层系,是页岩油勘探突破的重要层段。因此,对页岩油微运移现象进行系统研究具有必要性。在回顾国内外已有研究基础之上,首先明确了页岩油微运移的示踪主要包括岩石热解参数、烃组分、生物标志化合物、非烃化合物、同位素等指标,基本原理是根据运移烃与滞留烃地球化学性质分异进行判别。分析表明,微运移会导致贫有机质页岩层系生烃活化能分散状分布,生烃门限偏早,且轻组分以游离态在贫有机质层中的聚集可进一步增加生油层和储油层烃组分分异程度,进而影响页岩含油性与可动性特征。基于油气运移及其地质色层效应,揭示了微运移贯穿油气生成、排出和滞留全过程,是连接页岩层系各个油气聚集要素的桥梁,影响了页岩油的差异富集。综合地球化学和地球物理方法是未来开展页岩层系中微运移精细识别的有效途径,将为揭示陆相页岩油动态差异富集提供新视角。

米糠油加工过程中组成及品质变化的研究

旨在为米糠油适度加工提供数据支撑,对来自国内3个工厂的不同加工阶段米糠油的理化指标、组成、色泽和微量成分进行了测定。结果表明:A、B、C 3个工厂的米糠油在精炼后酸值(KOH)分别由24.22、18.95、17.21 mg/g降至0.15 mg/g以下,脂肪酸脱除率高达99%以上,过氧化值分别降至0.99、1.54、0.71 mmol/kg,精炼后米糠油酸值、过氧化值均达到GB/T 19112-2003中一级油标准;3个工厂的米糠油在加工过程中其游离脂肪酸含量变化趋势与酸值的变化趋势一致;精炼后米糠油甘一酯含量降低了58.9%~84.9%,主要在物理脱酸和脱臭时脱除,甘二酯含量变化不大,甘三酯含量增加了12.8%~23.9%;3个工厂米糠油脂肪酸组成在加工过程中没有明显变化;精炼后米糠油中叶绿素被有效脱除,色泽均达到国标一级油标准;米糠油的微量成分在加工过程中变化极大,其中谷维素出现明显的损失,损失率高达80.8%~94.1%,主要在化学脱酸时损失,甾醇损失率为21.2%~42.6%,主要在化学脱酸时损失,维生素E含量变化趋势存在差异,A工厂维生素E含量增加30.2%,B、C工厂维生素E损失率分别为31.7%、55.6%;角鲨烯损失率为65.9%~96.3%,主要发生在脱臭工序。综上,企业应根据自己的定位,合理调整精炼工序,优化精炼工艺参数,生产出符合企业追求的米糠油产品。

风电齿轮油在齿轮箱内运行状态分析

为评价某风场国产齿轮油的使用性能,文中对4台不同风机中的齿轮油样品进行检测,包括运动黏度、黏度指数、倾点、酸值和微量元素等指标,分析该国产齿轮油在不同运行时间下各个指标的变化情况。结果表明:在风电齿轮箱运行期间,齿轮油的运动黏度未发生明显变化,仍能形成稳定的油膜保证齿轮箱的正常运行;黏度指数及倾点变化较小,齿轮油低温性能无明显变化;齿轮油的磨斑直径指标无劣化趋势,油品能够在齿轮表面形成保护层,使齿轮间有效啮合;酸值在运行期间无明显变化,齿轮油没有发生明显的氧化;齿轮油中的微量元素无异常增加的情况,风电齿轮箱无异常磨损。以上结果表明,各项检测指标均满足要求,该国产齿轮油满足该风场风电齿轮箱的使用需求。

大豆油中微量成分在精炼过程中的变化

旨在实现大豆油的精准适度加工和开发零反式脂肪酸的双温脱臭工艺,分析了大豆油常规单温脱臭(脱臭温度240~260℃)精炼的原油、中和油、脱色油、脱臭油和降温脱臭(脱臭温度240~260℃降至220℃左右)精炼的脱臭油中生育酚、甾醇等有益微量成分和反式脂肪酸、3-氯丙醇酯等有害微量成分的含量变化。结果表明:大豆油常规单温脱臭精炼工艺下,生育酚和甾醇在各精炼工段均有损失,总损失率分别为15.01%~22.35%、11.51%~21.54%,其中生育酚主要在脱臭工段损失,损失率达10.53%~19.85%,而甾醇在中和、脱臭工段损失严重,损失率分别为5.81%~13.17%、1.22%~9.18%;精炼大豆油中反式脂肪酸含量为0.761%~1.487%;3-氯丙醇酯含量在中和工段减少,在脱色工段波动,在脱臭工段明显上升,精炼大豆油中3-氯丙醇酯含量为0.300~1.048 mg/kg;随着脱臭温度的降低,反式脂肪酸含量递减,生育酚和甾醇含量总体有所提升,当脱臭温度降至220℃时,接近零反式脂肪酸目标(<0.3%)。综上,采用先低温长时脱臭,再高温短时脱臭的双温脱臭工艺,可在保证精炼大豆油质量的同时,接近零反式脂肪酸的目标。

Identification of petroleum acids in Liaohe super-heavy oil

In this study, petroleum acids were extracted from the super-heavy oil of Liaohe oilfield, North-east China, by using acetic acid, and their structural components and properties were investigated by using FT-IR and MS. Moreover, the trace metal contents in the super-heavy oil sample before and after acetic acid treatment were also measured in this work. The results showed that naphthenic acids were the main component of petroleum acids in Liaohe super-heavy oil, and the content of naphthenic acids with double rings was higher than that of other naphthenic acids. It can be concluded that petroleum acids in Liaohe super-heavy oil mainly consist of naphthenic acids, with a carbon number of around 11–69 and containing one to six naphthenic rings and/or one to two aromatic rings, and mainly exists in form of metal salts of petroleum acid. The molecular weight of petroleum acids is in the range of 190–1000.

Elemental characteristics and paleoenvironment reconstruction： a case study of the Triassic lacustrine Zhangjiatan oil shale, southern Ordos Basin, China

Using trace elements to reconstruct paleoenvironment is a current hot topic in geochemistry. Through analytical tests of oil yield, ash yield, calorific value, total sulfur, major elements, trace elements, and X-ray diffraction, the quality, mineral content, occurrence mode of elements, and paleoenvironment of the Zhangjiatan oil shale of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southern Ordos Basin were studied. The analyses revealed relatively high oil yield(average 6.63%) and medium quality. The mineral content in the oil shale was mainly clay minerals,quartz, feldspar, and pyrite; an illite–smectite mixed layer comprised the major proportion of clay minerals. Compared with marine oil shale in China, the Zhangjiatan oil shale had higher contents of quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals, and lower calcite content. Silica was mainly in quartz and Fe was associated with organic matter, which is different from marine oil shale. The form of calcium varied. Cluster analyses indicated that Fe, Cu, U, V, Zn, As,Cs, Cd, Mo, Ga, Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, Sc, P, and Mn are associated with organic matter while Ca, Na, Sr, Ba, Si, Zr, K,Al, B, Mg, and Ti are mostly terrigenous. Sr/Cu, Ba/Al, V/(V+ Ni), U/Th, AU, and δU of oil shale samples suggest the paleoclimate was warm and humid, paleoproductivity of the lake was relatively high during deposition of the shale—which mainly occurred in fresh water—and the paleo-redox condition was dominated by reducing conditions. Fe/Ti ratios of the oil shale samples suggest clear hydrothermal influence in the eastern portion of the study area and less conspicuous hydrothermal influence in the western portion.

集肤效应电加热技术在贝尔油田集油系统中的应用

集肤效应电加热技术具有高效节能特性,能够高效率地实现原油流动性提升和运行成本的大幅降低,广泛应用于油田集油系统中。以贝尔油田为例,内置式集肤效应电伴热方式比碳纤维电加热管和穿芯电加热管技术的耗电量分别降低了28.7%和44.6%。2022年10月,新投产的10口井全部采用集肤效应电伴热技术,在增加负荷63 kW的情况下,集油耗电较2022年仅增加8.7×10^(4)kWh。现场应用结果显示,该技术在提高原油采收率、降低能耗和延长设备使用寿命方面表现出色,为油田的高效、绿色、环保运营提供了有力支持。

核桃油组分及其在氧化过程中的变化研究进展

旨在为核桃油氧化机制和抗氧化研究提供参考,综述了核桃油中脂肪酸、甘油三酯、主要微量伴随物、挥发性成分及其在核桃油氧化过程中的变化情况。核桃油氧化除了受到外界因素如温度、光照和包装等的影响,与其本身组分关系密切,如脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯组分和内源性微量伴随物,可通过品种选育、优化加工工艺、添加活性成分、改进包装形式等方式来延缓核桃油的氧化。