Research on the strain gauge mounting scheme of track wheel force measurement system based on high-speed wheel/rail relationship test rig

Purpose-This paper aims to analyze the stress and strain distribution on the track wheel web surface and study the optimal strain gauge location for force measurement system of the track wheel.Design/methodology/approach-Finite element method was employed to analyze the stress and strain distribution on the track wheel web surface under varying wheel-rail forces.Locations with minimal coupling interference between vertical and lateral forces were identified as suitable for strain gauge installation.Findings-The results show that due to the track wheel web’s unique curved shape and wheel-rail force loading mechanism,both tensile and compressive states exit on the surface of the web.When vertical force is applied,Mises stress and strain are relatively high near the inner radius of 710 mm and the outer radius of 1110mmof the web.Under lateral force,high Mises stress and strain are observed near the radius of 670mmon the inner and outer sides of the web.As the wheel-rail force application point shifts laterally toward the outer side,the Mises stress and strain near the inner radius of 710 mm of the web gradually decrease under vertical force while gradually increasing near the outer radius of 1110 mm of the web.Under lateral force,the Mises stress and strain on the surface of the web remain relatively unchanged regardless of the wheel-rail force application point.Based on the analysis of stress and strain on the surface of the web under different wheel-rail forces,the inner radius of 870 mm is recommended as the optimal mounting location of strain gauges for measuring vertical force,while the inner radius of 1143 mm is suitable for measuring lateral force.Originality/value-The research findings provide valuable insights for determining optimal strain gauge locations and designing an effective track wheel force measurement system.

Mechanics analysis of a wheelchair robot with wheel-track coupling mechanism

A barrier-free wheelchair robot with a mechanism coupled by wheel and track is presen- ted in this paper. Using the wheelchair, the lower limb disabled persons could be more relaxed to take part in outdoor activities whether on flat ground or stairs and obstacles in the city. The wheel- track coupling mechanism is designed and the stability of the bodywork of the wheelchair robot on the stairs is analyzed. In order to obtain the stability of wheelchair robot when it climbs obstacles, centroid projection method is applied to analyze the static stability, stability margin is proposed to provide the stability under some dynamic forces, and the push rod rotation angle in terms of the guaranteed stability margin is given. Finally, the dynamic model of the wheelchair robot based on Lagrange equation is established, which can be a theoretical foundation for the wheelchair control system design.

Track Tension Analysis of Four-Wheel Drive Tracked Vehicles

The distribution of track tension on track link is complex when the tracked vehicles run at a high speed.A multi-drive track link structure,which changes the traditional induction wheel into the driving wheel was proposed.The mathematical model of the system was established and the distribution of track tension was studied.The combined simulation model of RecurDyn and Simulink of the structure with multi-drive track was established.The simulation results show that our proposed structure has more uniform tension distribution than traditional structures,especially under the high speed condition.The maximum tension can be reduced by 28 kN-36 kN and the transmission efficiency can be improved by10%-16% under high speed condition with this new structure.

Analysis on the crossing obstacle of wheel-track hybrid mobile robot

A novel wheel-track hybrid mobile robot with many movement patterns is designed.According to different environments,it can switch between the pure wheel pattern and the pure track one.According to a homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix,gravity stability and its obstacle performance are analyzed.Its gravity equation and climbing obstacle conditions are established.Experimental results show that this hybrid mobile robot could fully possess the advantages of both the wheel and the track mechanisms and achieve a good obstacle climbing capability.

Calculation and Analysis for Temperature Field of Tank Track and Wheels

To know the temperature status of track and wheels on tank,the finite element calculation of temperature field was implemented with ANSYS software.The detailed temperature distributions for road wheel,drive wheel,idle wheel and track loop were obtained.The effect of factors,such as tank speed,environment temperature,sun radiant energy,ground deformation resistant and tank load,on the temperature of road wheel was studied.The sensitivity analysis shows that the effect of tank load on the temperature is the most,and the effect of ground deformation resistant is the least.The temperature testing device for road wheel on tank was developed to perform the experiments in real time.The calculated temperatures are in accord well with the experimental values.

Rutting Resistance of Asphalt Overlay with Multilayer Wheel Tracking Test

The rutting resistance of maltilayer asphalt overlay was researched by using laboratoty wheel tracking test. The effects of loading level and test temperature on rutting resistance of asphalt overlay structure were evahuaed by means of multilayer specimens . In comparison with multilayer tests, standard specimens of various layers were also conducted to evaluate the rutting resistance. Experimental results indicated that the test tempercature and applied load have a significant effect on rutting resistance of asphalt concrete. Higher test tempercature and heavier applied load resulted in higher rut depths. In addition, the mutilayer wheel tracking test has been demonstrated to be a more reasonable solution in evaluation on rutting resistance of asphatt pavement structure beasuse it reflects the cumulative permanent deformation in all of asphalt layers.

The effect of track alignment irregularity on wheel-rail contact geometry relationship in a turnout zone

The irregularity is a key factor affecting the wheel-rail contact geometry relationship. In this paper, we calculated the wheel-rail contact points at typical sections and obtained the longitudinal variation of the wheel-rail geometry relationship with the trace line method. The profile of the key rail sections was matched by cubic spline curve, and the shape interpolation was realized in non-controlling sections. The results show that the roll angles at each typical section increases gradually with the enlargement of track alignment irregularity. When the flange contact occurs, the roll angle increases dramatically. Proper track alignment irregularity towards the switch rail improves the structure irregularity of the turnout.

Interaction of subway LIM vehicle with ballasted track in polygonal wheel wear development

This paper develops a coupled dynamics model for a linear induction motor （LIM） vehicle and a subway track to investigate the influence of polygonal wheels of the vehicle on the dynamic behavior of the system. In the model, the vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system with 35 degrees of freedom. A Timoshenko beam is used to model the rails which are discretely supported by sleepers. The sleepers are modeled as rigid bodies with their vertical, lateral, and rolling motions being considered. In order to simulate the vehicle running along the track, a moving sleeper support model is introduced to simulate the excitation by the discrete sleeper supporters, in which the sleepers are assumed to move backward at a constant speed that is the same as the train speed. The Hertzian contact theory and the Shen– Hedrick–Elkins’ model are utilized to deal with the normal dynamic forces and the tangential forces between wheels and rails, respectively. In order to better characterize the linear metro system （LMS）, Euler beam theory based on modal superposition method is used to model LIM and RP. The vertical electric magnetic force and the lateral restoring force between the LIM and RP are also taken into consideration. The former has gap-varying nonlinear characteristics, whilst the latter is considered as a constant restoring force of 1 kN. The numerical analysis considers the effect of the excitation due to polygonal wheels on the dynamic behavior of the system at different wear stages, in which the used data regarding the polygonal wear on the wheel tread are directly measured at the subway site.

Wheel-rail Profiles Matching Design Considering Railway Track Parameters

The profile of wheel/rail has great concern with the vehicle running safety, the wheel/rail wear and the rolling contact fatigue between wheel and rail, due to its severer impact on the dynamic behavior of both the railway vehicle/track, and the wheel/rail rolling contact status. However, recent studies in this respect are mainly explored in reverse methods, where track parameters are predetermined and invariable during the optimizing process. This paper attempts to propose a wheel-rail profiles matching design method considering multi-parameter, through optimizing wheel/rail profile under different rail cants and track gauges, based on the existed optimization technology for the normal gap of wheel/rail. The method presented in this paper can also, compared with the prior reverse methods, be called ＂forward solution method＂ in which the riding comfort, wheel unloading rate and wheel/rail contact stress of the speed-up railway passenger car are calculated by means of a vehicle-track coupling dynamic model, with the range of the rail cant varying from 1/20 to 1/40 and the rail gauge from 1 433 mm to 1 441 mm. These results show that the distribution status of the pairs of contact points can be obviously improved and the contact stress can be reduced significantly; a great influence is exposed by the rail cant and track gauge on the dynamic behavior of the high speed passenger car, and an optimal vehicle dynamics behavior are obtained with the optimized wheel/rail profile when the rail cant is 1/30 and the track gauge is 1 435 mm. This research can provide important references for the investigation of the wheel-rail profiles matching design method considering multi-parameter.

Adaptive trajectory tracking control of two-wheeled self-balance robot

Wheeled mobile robot is one of the well-known nonholonomic systems.A two-wheeled self-balancerobot is taken as the research objective.This paper carried out a detailed force analysis of the robot andestablished a non-linear dynamics model.An adaptive tracking controller for the kinematic model of anonholonomic mobile robot with unknown parameters is also proposed.Using control Lyapunov function(CLF),the controller's global asymptotic stability has been proven.The adaptive trajectory trackingcontroller decreases the disturbance in the course of tracking control and enhances the real-time controlcharacteristics.The simulation result indicated that the wheeled mobile robot tracking can be effectivelycontrolled.

Real-time Non-linear Target Tracking Control of Wheeled Mobile Robots

A control strategy for real-time target tracking for wheeled mobile robots is presented.Using a modified Kalman filter for environment perception,a novel tracking control law derived from Lyapunov stability theory is introduced.Tuning of linear velocity and angular velocity with mechanical constraints is applied.The proposed control system can simultaneously solve the target trajectory prediction,real-time tracking,and posture regulation problems of a wheeled mobile robot.Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed tracking control laws.

地面机动平台可重构轮履复合推进机构研究现状与展望

可重构轮履复合推进机构兼具轮式推进机构的快速性和履带推进机构的通过性,是提高地面机动平台在极端地形上综合性能的关键技术,在各类机器人和特种车辆上都得到了一定应用.文中在系统调研国内外相关文献的基础上,按轮履构型重构互换原理对推进机构进行分类,着重对比分析了不同构型的结构特点和应用场景,指出了可重构轮履复合推进机构的主要技术难点和发展前景.

随机轮载下钢桥面顶板与纵肋焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展特性研究

车辆轮迹横向分布是钢桥面板焊缝处产生随机应力谱的一项关键因素,加之焊接缺陷形态的随机性,诱发钢桥面板疲劳裂纹随机扩展行为。为了研究钢桥面顶板焊缝处疲劳裂纹的随机扩展特性,基于断裂力学理论与扩展有限元方法分析了轮迹横向分布对钢桥面板顶板焊根和焊趾等效应力强度因子的影响规律,揭示了轮迹横向分布离散度、初始裂纹深度和初始裂纹形态比对焊缝处疲劳裂纹随机扩展路径分布的影响规律。结果表明:轮载中心处于U肋正上方中心和焊缝中心位置分别为顶板焊趾和焊根的最不利横向加载工况;车辆轮迹横向分布对顶板焊根和顶板焊趾疲劳裂纹前缘应力强度因子影响差异显著,顶板焊根最大等效应力强度因子为85.99 MPa·mm^(1/2),比顶板焊趾增加了6.72%;轮迹横向分布离散度和初始裂纹深度与钢桥面板焊缝处疲劳裂纹随机扩展路径分布离散程度成正相关,初始裂纹形态比与其成负相关;焊缝细节初始裂纹深度越大,车辆荷载对其横向影响范围越大;焊缝细节初始裂纹形态比越大,车辆荷载对其横向影响范围变化不明显。

轮轨摩擦系数对低地板轻轨动力响应及车轮磨耗的影响

为了确保低地板轻轨车辆安全且平稳地运行,以某轻轨线路为依托,利用多体动力学软件UM(Universal Mechanism)建立了低地板轻轨车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型。选用LM磨耗型车轮踏面以及R50标准钢轨,以美国六级不平顺轨道谱作为线路激扰。基于Hertz及Kalker简化理论、Archard模型,进行不同摩擦系数共5个工况下车辆动力响应以及车轮磨耗变化规律的仿真分析。在此基础上进一步分析了4个不同运行里程阶段对应共96组车轮磨耗型面下轻轨车辆安全性指标的变化规律。研究了4个不同运行里程阶段对应的不同车轮磨耗型面下车辆过曲线时安全性指标随摩擦系数的变化情况。结果表明:脱轨系数、轮轴横向力、轮轨横向力、车体横向加速度受摩擦系数的影响较为显著,而轮重减载率、车体垂向加速度对摩擦系数的改变并不敏感。车轮磨耗深度随里程和摩擦系数的增加而增大,且相同工况下独立旋转车轮的磨耗情况更加严重。在车辆运行40000 km后,其轮轨横向力、轮轴横向力、脱轨系数整体呈现随里程增加而增大的规律,而轮重减载率基本不受运行里程的影响。在不同摩擦系数及运行里程的叠加影响下,轮轨横向力、轮轴横向力、脱轨系数的峰值出现的位置不同,而轮重减载率却始终处于较为稳定的状态。

基于变前视距离的四轮同步转向农机改进纯跟踪控制

路径跟踪控制是提高自主导航系统控制精度的关键。针对在复杂农田作业环境下转弯时纯跟踪算法跟踪精度不高的问题,本文提出了一种基于改进纯追踪模型的四轮同步转向农机路径跟踪控制算法。建立了基于四轮同步转向农机的运动学模型和纯跟踪模型,在此基础上考虑航向误差得到改进纯跟踪模型,进行RTK定位坐标修正,根据量化误差的评价函数搜索前视区域最优目标点,得到最优前视距离。本文算法能实时确定四轮同步转向农机改进纯跟踪模型中的前视距离,使航向误差和横向误差最小化,实现目标点的自适应优化。仿真结果表明,本文方法转弯时平均绝对横向误差减至0.035 m,平均绝对航向误差减至0.212°;水田实验结果表明,当四轮同步转向农机作业速度为3.6 km/h时,四轮转向农机轨迹跟踪平均绝对横向误差减至0.109 m,平均绝对航向误差减至2.799°,转弯跟踪精度显著提高。

自动泊车前轮转角闭环的分层控制方案

为提高自动泊车系统中控制器的抗扰动能力,优化控制律执行效果,提出了前轮转角闭环的分层控制方案.设计了以行驶距离为非时间参考量的fal函数非光滑控制律,输出前轮转角控制量.以阿克曼转向模型为基础,建立了前轮转角观测器,并使用模糊滑模控制器实现前轮转角闭环的横向控制.搭建Carsim/Simulink联合仿真系统,在典型泊车场景下验证所设计控制器的有效性、跟踪效果及鲁棒性.使用实车测试平台开展了试验.结果表明:所设计的前轮转角闭环分层控制方案能够快速准确地跟踪目标路径,提高了泊车系统的横向控制精度,并在未知转向非线性扰动下也具有良好的跟踪控制效果.

基于车辆动力学的铁路轨道曲线啸叫时域模型

曲线啸叫是轮轨切向黏滑接触、轮轨动力学和通过曲线时车辆运行状态的综合结果。为综合研究曲线啸叫的影响因素,基于整车车辆多体动力学,并采用改进的轮轨接触力计算方法,建立了曲线啸叫时域模型。在接触力计算中,使用了离散接触模型,为引入下落摩擦机理,在切向力计算中使用迭代方法确定摩擦系数和接触力,使用模态叠加法计算车轮振动响应,采用无限元方法计算车轮声辐射。研究不同曲线半径和通过速度下,曲线段轮轨间接触力的变化及接触区的黏着-滑动状态,对车轮振动特性进行分析,并研究了车轮声学响应。研究发现,在下落摩擦和整车车辆运动状态的共同作用下会出现啸叫现象;曲线段轮轨间的法向力和切向力均会出现振荡,接触区呈现黏滑振荡状态;车轮振动速度谱的峰值频率与车轮特征模态相近,车轮轴向和径向模态的高幅振动是高频啸叫的原因之一。啸叫现象主要出现在前轮上,相同工况下,前后轮声压级相差近20 dB,车辆速度和曲线半径对啸叫程度有明显影响,当车辆的曲线通过速度为60 km/h时,小曲线半径会出现严重啸叫现象;当曲线半径由200 m增大到400 m时,最大声压级降低34 dB;曲线通过速度由60 km/h降至40 km/h时,最大声压级下降13 dB。

考虑滚动噪声的地铁波磨打磨限值评估方法

钢轨打磨能有效抑制波磨的发展,目前的打磨限值制定标准主要以车辆运行平稳性和行车安全性为依据,对影响环境线路的轮轨滚动噪声重视不足。为了获取服役条件下轮轨滚动噪声约束的地铁波磨打磨限值,根据对某地铁线路噪声段波磨情况的调查,建立了地铁波磨打磨限值综合评估模型。模型中将连续谐波模拟钢轨波磨作为系统输入,根据车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论以及轮轨接触关系确定轮轨动作用力和轮轨表面粗糙度之间的关系,分析获取了车辆-轨道耦合系统的振动响应和轮轨滚动噪声,指出了轮轨动作用力、轮重减载率和轮轨滚动噪声声压级3个指标对地铁线路钢轨波磨打磨限值的影响,进而形成了融合轮轨滚动噪声的地铁波磨打磨限值评估方法。结果表明:考虑轮轨滚动噪声影响的钢轨波磨打磨限值评估,不仅满足车辆运行平稳性和行车安全性的要求,而且保证地铁沿线噪声处于合理范围;基于轮轨滚动噪声对钢轨波磨最为敏感的特性,综合评估地铁波磨打磨限值,提高了载重变化时的车辆运行平稳性。

基于G-W理论的轮轨三维粗糙表面摩擦生热

为了研究粗糙表面形貌特征对轮轨摩擦副滑动过程中产生的热、温度场和应力场的分布规律及其相互影响,基于G-W模型,将轮轨摩擦副简化为一不同形貌的微凸体粗糙表面与一理想平面,通过数值模拟方法研究了粗糙表面轮轨摩擦过程中热的大小及温度场和应力场的分布规律。结果表明:微凸体之间的相互作用对摩擦生热有影响,随着球冠状微凸体堆叠度的增大,热区分布面积增加,热源减小;微凸体的数量和排布规律对摩擦生热有影响,微凸体横向排布时,摩擦温升随微凸体数量的增加而减小,微凸体纵向排布时,摩擦温升随微凸体数量增加而增大,热区分布向滑动方向后方集中;不同形貌微凸体对对摩擦温升结果也会产生影响,球冠状微凸体粗糙表面摩擦温升总体高于长方体状微凸体摩擦温升。可见,微观层面粗糙表面形貌特征对轮轨摩擦副热源、热区分布、温度场和应力场分布等都会产生影响,为进一步研究轮轨相互作用,保障列车安全运行提供理论依据。

小曲率路面车辆差动转向与横摆稳定性集成控制研究

为减小车辆在前轮转向系统失效的负面影响,保证转向系统的瞬态控制性能,本文提出差动转向控制与横向稳定性控制相结合的控制方法,通过调节左右轮毂电机转矩形成横摆力矩,实现对系统完全失效车辆的转向控制与横向稳定性控制。首先设计基于LQR差动转向控制器跟踪参考前轮转角与参考横摆角速度,保证车辆轨迹跟踪能力,然后设计基于模糊PID横向稳定性控制器跟踪参考质心侧偏角,保证车辆横摆稳定性,两者构成双闭环控制系统将控制量最终转化为横摆力矩,实现车辆的集成控制。最后通过Simulink-Carsim联合仿真验证,仿真结果表明差动转向系统能够在前轮转向系统失效情况下实现车辆转向控制,并在横向稳定性控制系统的作用下有效地提高了车辆瞬态控制性能。