Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)has been developed as a treatment for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms,which can achieve en bloc resection regardless of the lesion size.However,ESD is technically difficult ...Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)has been developed as a treatment for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms,which can achieve en bloc resection regardless of the lesion size.However,ESD is technically difficult because endoscopists cannot bring their hand into the gastrointestinal tract,unlike surgeons in regular surgery.It is difficult to obtain sufficient tension in the dissection plane and a good field of vision.Therefore,ESD is associated with a long procedure time and a high risk of adverse events in comparison with endoscopic mucosal resection.Traction methods have been developed to provide sufficient tension for the dissection plane and a good field of vision during the ESD procedure.However,traction direction is limited in most traction methods,resulting in insufficient effect in some cases.Although traction direction is considered important,there have been few investigations of its effect.In the first half of this review,important traction methods are discussed,including traction direction.In second half,appropriate traction methods for each organ are considered.Other important considerations for traction method,such as ability to adjust traction strength,interference between traction device and endoscope,and the need for specialized devices are also discussed.展开更多
This paper presents a direct traction boundary integral equation method(DTBIEM)for two-dimensional crack problems of materials.The traction boundary integral equation was collocated on both the external boundary and e...This paper presents a direct traction boundary integral equation method(DTBIEM)for two-dimensional crack problems of materials.The traction boundary integral equation was collocated on both the external boundary and either side of the crack surfaces.The displacements and tractions were used as unknowns on the external boundary,while the relative crack opening displacement(RCOD)was chosen as unknowns on either side of crack surfaces to keep the single-domain merit.Only one side of the crack surfaces was concerned and needed to be discretized,thus the proposed method resulted in a smaller system of algebraic equations compared with the dual boundary element method(DBEM).A new set of crack-tip shape functions was constructed to represent the strain field singularity exactly,and the SIFs were evaluated by the extrapolation of the RCOD.Numerical examples for both straight and curved cracks are given to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the presented method.展开更多
The mill roller bearing is made up of an internal ring, middlerolls and an external ring, the analysis of which is a multi-bodiescontact problem. In this paper, based on the three-dimensionalelastic contact BEM withou...The mill roller bearing is made up of an internal ring, middlerolls and an external ring, the analysis of which is a multi-bodiescontact problem. In this paper, based on the three-dimensionalelastic contact BEM without friction, and using the structuralcharacteristics of roller bearings, middle rolls are de- scribed byelastic plate units of different shapes, which is placed on theinternal ring.展开更多
电机温升测量对评估电机的性能、保障电机的安全运行具有重要意义。为了更有效、更准确、更科学地评价牵引电机温升测量结果,引入测量不确定度的概念,如此测量结果才有实际意义。文章基于技术规范JJF 1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与...电机温升测量对评估电机的性能、保障电机的安全运行具有重要意义。为了更有效、更准确、更科学地评价牵引电机温升测量结果,引入测量不确定度的概念,如此测量结果才有实际意义。文章基于技术规范JJF 1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》,提出一种牵引电机温升测量不确定度评定方法。其首先全面分析了采用标准IEC 60349-2:2010 Electric traction-Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles-Part2:Electronic converter-fed alternating current motors进行牵引电机温升测量其结果不确定度的来源,然后构建了不确定度评定模型,并借用实例进行测量不确定度的评定,涉及标准不确定度的评定、合成不确定度的计算和扩展不确定度的计算。结果显示,在置信概率为95%的情况下,电机温升测量结果为79.22 K,测量结果扩展不确定度为1.30 K,定量表征了测试结果的质量。该方法为机车车辆牵引电机温升测量结果的可信度提供了技术依据,同时为电机绕组温升测量及采用最小二乘法曲线拟合带来的不确定度评定提供了指导。展开更多
文摘Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)has been developed as a treatment for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms,which can achieve en bloc resection regardless of the lesion size.However,ESD is technically difficult because endoscopists cannot bring their hand into the gastrointestinal tract,unlike surgeons in regular surgery.It is difficult to obtain sufficient tension in the dissection plane and a good field of vision.Therefore,ESD is associated with a long procedure time and a high risk of adverse events in comparison with endoscopic mucosal resection.Traction methods have been developed to provide sufficient tension for the dissection plane and a good field of vision during the ESD procedure.However,traction direction is limited in most traction methods,resulting in insufficient effect in some cases.Although traction direction is considered important,there have been few investigations of its effect.In the first half of this review,important traction methods are discussed,including traction direction.In second half,appropriate traction methods for each organ are considered.Other important considerations for traction method,such as ability to adjust traction strength,interference between traction device and endoscope,and the need for specialized devices are also discussed.
基金This work was supported by The National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0804601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51741410)Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Z017017).
文摘This paper presents a direct traction boundary integral equation method(DTBIEM)for two-dimensional crack problems of materials.The traction boundary integral equation was collocated on both the external boundary and either side of the crack surfaces.The displacements and tractions were used as unknowns on the external boundary,while the relative crack opening displacement(RCOD)was chosen as unknowns on either side of crack surfaces to keep the single-domain merit.Only one side of the crack surfaces was concerned and needed to be discretized,thus the proposed method resulted in a smaller system of algebraic equations compared with the dual boundary element method(DBEM).A new set of crack-tip shape functions was constructed to represent the strain field singularity exactly,and the SIFs were evaluated by the extrapolation of the RCOD.Numerical examples for both straight and curved cracks are given to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the presented method.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50075075)
文摘The mill roller bearing is made up of an internal ring, middlerolls and an external ring, the analysis of which is a multi-bodiescontact problem. In this paper, based on the three-dimensionalelastic contact BEM without friction, and using the structuralcharacteristics of roller bearings, middle rolls are de- scribed byelastic plate units of different shapes, which is placed on theinternal ring.
文摘电机温升测量对评估电机的性能、保障电机的安全运行具有重要意义。为了更有效、更准确、更科学地评价牵引电机温升测量结果,引入测量不确定度的概念,如此测量结果才有实际意义。文章基于技术规范JJF 1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》,提出一种牵引电机温升测量不确定度评定方法。其首先全面分析了采用标准IEC 60349-2:2010 Electric traction-Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles-Part2:Electronic converter-fed alternating current motors进行牵引电机温升测量其结果不确定度的来源,然后构建了不确定度评定模型,并借用实例进行测量不确定度的评定,涉及标准不确定度的评定、合成不确定度的计算和扩展不确定度的计算。结果显示,在置信概率为95%的情况下,电机温升测量结果为79.22 K,测量结果扩展不确定度为1.30 K,定量表征了测试结果的质量。该方法为机车车辆牵引电机温升测量结果的可信度提供了技术依据,同时为电机绕组温升测量及采用最小二乘法曲线拟合带来的不确定度评定提供了指导。
