Trade Barriers and Countermeasures for Export of China's Agricultural Products

At present,export of China's agricultural products is faced with many trade barriers,especially technological barriers.Trade barriers include(1)technological barriers(such as quarantine and inspection barrier,identity certification/authentication barrier and labeling rules barrier);(2)trade remedy barrier;(3)other non-tariff barriers(NTB).Through positioning and analysis of trade barriers of China's agricultural products,it is known that technological barriers should not be deemed unreasonable totally.Some barriers also have certain positive significance.To respond to trade barriers,it comes up with countermeasures and recommendations from the perspective of agricultural producers and government.Agricultural producers should actively improve product quality,abide by requirement of importers,and treat quarantine and inspection in a rational manner;government should supply information and issue early warning,assist domestic producers in responding to lawsuits,and take advantage of WTO platform to solve trade disputes.

Empirical Analysis on the Impacts of Technical Barrier to Trade on Chinese Agro-products Export

In view of the impacts on Chinese agro-products export caused by various technical barriers to trade,the academic circles analyzed them from the costs and quantity of exported agro-products.On the basis of the status quo of Chinese agro-products,the gravity model is introduced to analyze the impacts on Chinese agro-product export caused by technical barriers to trade.The results show that as long as the quality of Chinese agro-products can achieve the standard set by developed countries,for one thing,the health of Chinese consumers can be ensured,for another thing,the export of Chinese agro-products will be more smooth,which can provide reference for our government to make decisions and solve trade dispute.

Influences and Countermeasures of Green Trade Barrier on Export Trade of Chinese Agricultural Products

With the worsening of environment, many countries pay more attention to the environmental protection. Green （organic） trade barrier gradually attracts more attention to the non-tariff barrier in the international trade. However, according to the economic levels of different countries, great differences exist in environment standards of these countries which resulted in the appearance of green trade barriers as trade protection. This study classified the connotations and characteristics of green trade barrier, gave the descriptions on the development and type of green trade barrier, and analysed the influences on China＇s export and put forward some countermeasures which aimed at stimulating the development of our foreign trade.

Changes in Net Barter Terms of Trade for Sino-Australian Agricultural Products after China's Accession to the WTO

Using " chain-based and constant-based" two-step method,this paper measured Paasche net barter terms of trade index for SinoAustralian agricultural products from 2001 to 2013,and further calculated contribution of each category of agricultural products to changes in overall net barter terms of trade. The results showed that since 2001,the overall net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products fluctuated between deterioration and improvement. In 2013,the net barter terms of trade index was 1. 02,and its improvement is not significant. From 2001 to 2013,the net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products improved about 16. 44%,which dominated by the category 0 agricultural products whose influence degree is 6 times and 28 times the degree of category 4 and category 1. In years when the net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products deteriorated,category 2 agricultural products were the root cause for the deterioration.

Research on the exports trade of Shandong agricultural products

This paper analyses the internal problems and external constraints against the further development of exports trade of Shandong agricultural products. The countermeasures in solving those problems and constraints are recommended to ensure a sustainable development of Shandong regional agricultural products exports.

基于熵权TOPSIS模型的陕西省农产品出口竞争力分析

本文依托比较优势理论和竞争优势理论,通过构建陕西省农产品出口竞争力评价指标体系,基于2010—2020年统计数据,建立熵权TOPSIS模型对陕西省农产品出口竞争力进行分析。结果表明:第一,从权重来看,农药产业、资本资源和金融环境对陕西省农产品出口竞争力的影响较大,农用机械产业、教育资源和基础设施资源所占的权重较小;第二,从贴近度来看,陕西省的基础设施资源、需求条件和金融环境尚可;第三,从时序变迁轨迹来看,2010—2020年陕西省农产品出口竞争力在稳步提高。

Export competitiveness of agricultural products and agricultural sustainability in China

The competitiveness of a country’s agricultural products is not only related to its capacity to export agricultural products,but also to the sustainability of its agricultural sector.How to improve the international competitiveness of a country’s agricultural products while maintaining the sustainability of its agricultural sector is a practical problem of great urgency for a country with a large agricultural sector such as China.With this in mind,this study should have a considerable policy and practical significance.We used two evaluation indices,namely trade competitiveness(TC)index and revealed comparative advantage(RCA)index,to measure and analyze the international competitiveness of six China’s representative agricultural products,i.e.,live pigs,live chickens,live cattle,apples,tea,and beer,and to examine the changing trends of these products’competitiveness during 1994-2013.The results indicate that the export competitiveness of China’s agricultural products is weak and likely to deteriorate further.However,some traditional agricultural products with distinctive regional characteristics,for example,tea and live pigs,are relatively strong internationally.To this end,China should vigorously promote the production and foreign trade in traditional agricultural products with distinctive regional characteristics.At the same time,comprehensive measures should be taken to enhance the international competitiveness of disadvantaged agricultural products.

The influence of green barrier on China＇s agricultural products trade and countermeasure analysis

With the change and development of modern international new situation, some of the more traditional tariff barriers declining, green barriers to trade with their own unique and distinct era characteristic become the mainstream of the development of international trade today. Along with the Western Europe in some developed countries protect their existing markets, with the name of environmental protection and green trade protection measures, construction of the green trade barriers, so in practice to a certain extent seriously hindered the of some agricultural products sales and foreign trade credits. In this paper, starting from the factors and characteristics of green barrier produces, analyzes the causes of the green trade barrier of positivity and negativity, and contact our country agricultural product export and the present situation of the green trade barrier causes, analysis the reason of the thwarted by the green trade barrier, the feasibility of the agricultural development status in China, and puts forward some operable countermeasures, in order to adapt to the new situation of the development of foreign trade of agricultural products in China and good circulation.

Analyzing the Influence of TBT on Chinese Agricultural and Food Exports

Technical Barriers to Trade （TBT） have become an important obstacle to the export of Chinese agricultural products. This paper illustrates the characteristics of TBT and measures their influence on the export of Chinese agricultural products and food. In conclusion, some countermeasures are discussed for China responding to TBT.

基于农产品进出口贸易视角的农业机械化发展研究

为推进全程全面绿色高效农业机械化发展,基于农产品进出口贸易的视角分析农业机械化存在的短板弱项问题。目前我国农业存在贸易逆差逐年增加、主要农产品贸易逆差扩大、劳动密集型农产品比较优势逐渐消失、主要农产品自给率较低等发展现状。在农业机械化方面,小农经济及二元经济结构现状制约着适度规模经营的发展进度,农业规模化种植的生产效益还未充分体现;全程全面高质高量农业机械还不充分;全程农业机械化种植农艺技术推广应用还需加强。农业机械化发展应立足于保障粮食安全与提高农业经营主体经济效益的基本定位,关键在于提高农产品生产效率,改善农产品质量,提高农产品国际竞争力。基于上述分析,提出推进适度规模经营、推动短板弱项农业装备创新发展、优化农业机械化支持政策、推进先进适用农艺技术推广应用、强化农产品初加工装备研发及推广等发展建议。

贸易自由化与中国出口农产品质量:基于双边贸易成本的研究

出口农产品质量直接关系农产品出口的长远发展。基于双边贸易成本的视角,利用中国与127个贸易伙伴847种农产品的数据,运用回归反推法测算了中国出口农产品的质量水平,并从理论和实证两个方面分析了贸易自由化对中国出口农产品质量的影响。研究发现,样本期间,中国出口农产品质量呈波动上升趋势,且贸易自由化总体上可显著促进中国出口农产品质量的提高,但对出口到不同收入组国家农产品质量的影响存在显著差异。具体而言,贸易自由化对中国出口到埃塞俄比亚等低收入组国家农产品质量的促进作用最为显著,对出口到孟加拉等中等偏低收入组和日本高收入组国家农产品质量的促进作用次之,对出口到印度尼西亚等中等偏高收入组国家的农产品质量反而具有阻碍作用。

中国农产品出口贸易隐含碳排放测算及异质性分析——来自“一带一路”沿线国家(地区)的证据

采用环境拓展投入产出法测算了2007—2021年中国对“一带一路”沿线国家(地区)农产品出口贸易的隐含碳排放,进而运用LMDI模型探究贸易规模因素、出口结构因素和农业技术因素对隐含碳排放变动的贡献值与贡献率,从农产品部门和贸易区域两个层面对隐含碳排放变动的驱动因素进行异质性分析。研究发现:第一,2007—2021年中国对“一带一路”沿线国家(地区)的出口贸易隐含碳排放整体呈上升趋势,农产品出口贸易隐含碳排放年均增长率超过农产品出口贸易额年均增长率2.75%,隐含碳排放效率下降。第二,农产品出口贸易隐含碳排放存在明显的部门差异,因不合理的出口结构,农业、食品制造业和食品加工业等中高度碳排放密集型部门对隐含碳排放总量变动的贡献值占比较大,而林业、畜牧业等低度碳排放密集型部门的这一占比较小。第三,农产品出口贸易隐含碳排放存在明显的区域差异,对东南亚国家(地区)出口农产品产生的隐含碳排放占总碳排放的60%以上,贸易规模因素和农业技术因素是造成区域差异的主导因素。上述发现揭示了中国农产品出口贸易隐含碳排放变动的原因,为优化农产品出口结构、调整农产品出口贸易策略及碳排放双控制度的实施提供了新的思路与经验证据。

技术性贸易壁垒对我国农产品的出口影响分析——以SPS措施为例

入世23年以来,我国农产品出口规模持续扩大、出口品类日益丰富、出口结构日益完善。SPS措施因其设置和实施的隐蔽性及灵活性,被许多国家用来降低风险和防止其他国家农产品流入本国市场。我国对SPS措施认知尚浅,在农产品的检验检疫标准和品质上与发达国家存在差距,使得我国农产品在全球贸易竞争中处于不利地位。本研究采用2002—2022年我国向主要贸易伙伴国的农产品出口数据,实证评估SPS措施对我国农产品出口的影响。结果表明,虽然SPS措施在短期内会抑制我国农产品出口,但从长远看,SPS措施能倒逼农产品企业提高质量标准,有利于推动我国农产品出口贸易,并且这种正向作用是逐步深化的。基于此,为更好地推动我国农产品出口,政府需建立完善的SPS措施风险警示制度和严密的农产品质量安全规范体系,协助企业开拓新兴市场;行业协会需发挥监督指导作用,参与国际标准制定;农业企业应开展技术创新和品牌建设,获取国际认证。

自贸试验区背景下新疆农产品出口贸易结构优化研究

新疆农业资源丰富、品类繁多,地理位置优越,农产品贸易发展潜力巨大。从新疆农产品出口总量结构、出口市场结构、商品结构及贸易方式等结构特征方面分析,新疆农产品贸易结构中存在出口市场较为集中、贸易方式单一、出口企业规模较小且农产品出口结构不合理等问题。因此在自贸试验区建设背景下,新疆要通过加强基础设施建设和优惠政策的支持来扩大特色农产品的出口,并强化对企业的引导与监督,不断改善新疆农产品的贸易结构。

农产品出口贸易、数字乡村建设与农业碳排放强度

利用2005—2019年30个省份(不含港澳台和西藏)面板数据,在对农业碳排放强度进行测算的基础上,实证分析农产品出口贸易对农业碳排放强度的影响。研究发现:农产品出口贸易对农业碳排放强度有较强的促进作用,总体上提升了农业碳排放强度,表现为正的结构效应、负的规模效应和负的技术效应;地区异质性分析表明,东、中、西与东北四大板块中,只有西部地区农产品出口贸易降低了农业碳排放强度;随着数字乡村建设水平的提升,农产品出口贸易对农业碳排放强度的影响效果逐渐减弱,而后转为抑制。基于此,提出如下建议:优化农产品出口贸易结构;加快农业绿色技术创新和引进;提高数字乡村建设水平。

贸易便利化对黄河流域农产品出口二元边际影响的空间效应

随着经济全球化和国际贸易的发展,贸易便利化逐渐成为全球经贸新规则的核心要素。本文基于经济双循环和黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的内在要求,通过构建指标体系综合评估沿黄九省区的贸易便利化水平,利用二元边际效应,对贸易便利化的构成要素在不同贸易增长维度上的作用进行了细化分解,并对影响的空间效应进行分析。研究发现,以基础设施质量、商务信息技术效率、海关与贸易环境、政府管理水平、金融服务质量表征的贸易便利化水平,均对黄河流域贸易的集约边际表现出正向的促进作用,且影响显著。

中国农产品出口所面临的绿色贸易壁垒的产生原因、影响及对策——以中日农产品贸易为例

当前,伴随着国际贸易保护主义尤其是粮食贸易保护主义的盛行,世界主要粮食贸易国家纷纷设置绿色壁垒保护本国粮农。这种绿色贸易壁垒的存在给中国农产品出口带来了严重的影响和破坏,为了推动农产品贸易的稳定和发展,需要从理念、制度、标准等层面积极应对绿色贸易壁垒。因此,通过对中日两国之间农产品贸易的实际情况,探寻我国目前面临的绿色贸易壁垒的产生原因、影响及对策,并得出相关结论:中日农产品贸易绿色壁垒产生的原因主要有官方组织的影响、中国农产品价格优势较大、中国农产品存在客观上的绿色问题、中日双方产业结构相似等方面。绿色贸易壁垒对我国经济发展造成了消极影响:减少了我国农产品总出口量、阻碍了农业发展、削弱了中国农产品在海外的竞争优势等。提出了相应的对策:对绿色贸易壁垒进行客观评价;推进绿色农业生产,提高农产品出口水平;积极申请绿色认证;建立科学的预警反应体系;积极建立并发挥专业协会的作用。

技术贸易壁垒与中国企业出口产品质量

随着贸易自由化的深入发展,全球关税税率已大幅下降,以技术贸易壁垒为主的非关税措施逐渐成为贸易保护的主要手段。面对中国遭受日益增多的技术贸易壁垒,企业出口产品质量会发生怎样的变化?本文基于中国工业企业数据库和海关数据库的匹配数据,结合WTO/TBT-SPS的技术贸易壁垒通报数据,以2000~2013年制造业26个细分行业的面板数据作为研究样本,考察技术贸易壁垒对企业出口产品质量的影响及作用渠道。研究发现:技术贸易壁垒显著提升了我国企业出口产品质量,且在考虑了样本选择偏差、滞后效应、极端值和内生性的影响后,回归结果依然稳健;一般贸易企业、私营企业和资本密集型行业企业更容易受到技术贸易壁垒的激励作用而实现出口产品质量升级;技术贸易壁垒对出口产品质量的影响可能通过提高出口强度和提升创新能力两个渠道实现。本文不仅有助于我们从另一个视角深入理解贸易自由化对企业出口绩效的影响,还为提升国内制造业出口竞争力、深度融入全球价值链和推动高质量发展提供了路径参考。

国际贸易新形势下中国农产品出口中亚五国贸易效率及潜力研究

面对当今全球经济形势动荡、政治环境复杂、文化冲突不断的国际新形势,文章对2001-2020年中国与中亚五国农产品贸易进行总结。使用时变随机前沿引力模型,探究影响中国农产品出口中亚国家的主要影响因素,进一步测算了中国农产品出口中亚国家的贸易效率和贸易潜力,对经济规模、政治环境、人口因素、地理位置等变量进行实证分析。研究结果表明,经济规模、政治环境、人口规模等因素能够正向促进中国对中亚国家的农产品出口。此外,中亚国家农业产值占本国GDP比值与贸易效率呈现负相关关系,而法律法规完善程度和WTO等贸易非效率项显著提高中国的农产品出口贸易效率。根据研究结论,文章提出如下建议:积极参与国际治理;开展友好磋商;坚定文化自信和促进文化交流;发展跨境电商等外贸新业态。

技术性贸易壁垒对山东省农产品出口贸易的影响及对策研究--基于贸易引力模型的实证分析

为了测度我国入世后,TBTs对山东农产品出口所产生的具体经济影响,本文选取2010—2020年中国对欧美、东盟、中美洲、日韩等主要贸易伙伴国农产品出口的面板数据,采用实证调查探究TBTs对山东农产品出口量占比、中国制造业出口额占比等的宏观经济影响。研究显示,进口国在前一时期提交的与农产品有关的TBTs产品,对当期山东农产品出口额占比、工业出口额占比等都具有负向效应,即TBTs产品所限制的生产领域越集中于农村生产地区,其负向效应越突出。最后,本文针对当前山东省内农产品交易如何合理避免TBTs的不良影响,分别从政府、行业和企业层面提出具体建议,以供参考。