On Protection System of the Domestic Trade Name Rights

商号一直是我国知识产权保护的弱点,但商号在我国有着广泛的应用,并且具有巨大的商业利益,因此,我国的商号保护制度需要加强和改进。本文主要从商号的保护重要性和商号保护的具体措施的改进进行论述。

Whether “Buy American” Could Become “Bye America”——Trade Protection in the Stimulus Package

Congress is working toward swift passage of economic stimulus legislation to jolt the U.S.economy out of a downward spiral.

Revision of Trade Union Law: For Better Protection of Workers' Rights and Interests

On October 27, 2001, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress adopted a decision on revision of the People's Republic of China Trade Union Law. Guan Huai, legal advisor to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, had the following to say in an interview with the Human Rights:

Preserving the Ozone Layers: Battling Illegal Trade in Ozone-Depleting Substances

The depletion of the ozone layer, a vital shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is now a worldwide environmental concern. Human activities, particularly the release of ozone depleting substances (ODS), have led to the thinning of this protective layer over recent decades. Simultaneously, illegal trade has emerged as a global challenge, giving rise to economic issues, losses of tax revenue, heightened criminal activities, health risks, and environmental hazards. The depletion of the ozone layer, a critical shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, has become a global environmental concern. This paper delves into the legal dimensions surrounding ozone-depleting substances (ODS), their impact on the ozone layer, and the subsequent risk of skin cancer. As countries navigate international agreements, domestic regulations, and enforcement mechanisms, the intricate interplay between legal frameworks and the health implications of ozone layer depletion comes to the forefront. The paper highlights particular instances of illegal trade in ozone depleting substances, drawing from data reported by the parties to the Montreal Protocol. Notably, China stands out as a significant source of contraband ODS, with other countries such as Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, and France reporting numerous cases. Analyzing these case instances offers insights into the efficacy of legal frameworks and enforcement measures. The paper offers a comprehensive set of recommendations to strengthen global control and enforcement against the illegal trade of ozone depleting substances. These recommendations span diverse aspects such as production monitoring, customs collaboration, mutual verification, cross-border agreements, public-private partnerships, international cooperation, detection equipment, global regulatory standards, resource allocation, public awareness campaigns, alternative substance development, and controlling the trade at its source. By applying these recommendations and enhancing enforcement measures, we aim to protect the ozone layer and create a healthier and safer world for future generations and achieve sustainable development goals.

Field Observations of the Vulnerable Impressed Tortoise, Manouria impressa, from Southern Laos and Notes on Local Chelonian Trade

Observations of wild chelonians in Indochina are uncommon with most records and specimens coming from the commercial wildlife trade. During the surveys of the Xe Sap National Protected Area in southern Laos between February and May 2012, four impressed tortoises, Manouria impressa （IUCN Red List： Vulnerable） were found in three separate field locations. There are few published observations of this species in the wild. We also present data on threats and local value of chelonians in the wildlife trade.

Chinese Trade Unions:Shifting Priority from Corporate Interest to Employee Interest

With rising labor disputes over recent years,the role of Chinese trade unions has come to the spotlight of public attention.Based on the latest practices of labor relations in China,this paper employs such methods as text analysis,treatment effect model and instrumental variable to theoretically and empirically demonstrate the shifting role of trade unions in China.Our findings suggest that:(1)Trade unions have lived up to their mandate of protecting employee interest,and have significantly improved employee benefits.(2)Trade unions are no longer preoccupied with corporate interest as they did in a previous period and have restored their role as labor organizations.(3)With the shifting priority of the Party and government,administrative affiliation may propel the transition of operational and organizational models of trade unions,and contribute to rather than impede the shift in trade union functions.Thus,the Party and government should enhance leadership over trade union organizations to create harmonious labor relations.

Reducing pollution by adjusting China's trade mix—A case study using SO_2 emissions

This paper investigates the impact of foreign trade on China’s pollution emissions using an input-output model. Generally speaking,as exports are more pollution-intensive than imports,foreign trade helps reduce China’s emissions. Given the huge surplus of trade in goods and declines in the ratio of import/export emission intensities,an emission deficit emerged in China’s foreign trade.The fundamental cause is the worsening product mix of foreign trade.With technical progress outpaced by foreign trade growth,however,total emissions of export goods have been on the rise.

Chinese Trade Unions Strive to Protect Workers' Rights and Interests in Dealing with the Global Financial Crisis

Protecting the rights and interests of workers and staff members constitutes an important aspect of China＇s human rights protection. At the time when the country is dealing with impacts of the global financial crisis, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions has been working fruitfully and effectively to accelerate economic and social development and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of workers, therefore making contributions to the protection of the rights and interests of Chinese workers. Now I would like to make a brief introduction on this subject.

Implementation of Action Research to Challenge Poverty of Local Communities in Forest Protection Area

Forest land including forest protection areas in Indonesia have been degraded due to poverty of local communities who live in the surrounding areas. They tend to destroy the forest and are less attentive to forest conservation causing conflict between local community and government. Forest protection areas are very fragile and at risk from natural disaster, mainly in small islands. Natural resources management in small islands needs to be done properly. Therefore, a research has been done for local communities in the Gunung Sirimau forest protection area, Ambon, with objectives to increase income in local communities and knowledge of forest conservation. This study used the action research method. The results of this study showed that income of local communities in three demplots increased by IDR 3,966,000 （in cycle 1）, IDR 20,107,000 （in cycle 2） and IDR 25,897,000 （in cycle 3）. Unfortunately, their knowledge regarding forest conservation and tree maintenance, both in theory and practice is still low. A lot of effort is needed to increase their knowledge in the next action research. The effort to increase income of local communities and its knowledge of forest conservation should be done step by step. If their knowledge is sufficient, promotion of the environmental service of forest protection areas through carbon trade implementation can be carried out.

中美新局势下的贸易摩擦——动因、影响及我国对策

近年来,美国打着“国家安全”和“公平贸易”的幌子,对中国采取了一系列不公正的强硬措施,标志着两国关系进入新局势。美国发起贸易战,名义是平衡贸易关系,实则意图遏制中国经济发展和技术进步,以维护其全球霸主地位。美国拜登政府沿袭了特朗普政府对华贸易政策,以冷战思维与“零和”博弈为基调,通过关税战、芯片战、汇率战和金融战,使中美贸易摩擦蔓延至经济、科技、文化、社会等多个领域,深层次地影响中美经贸合作的长远利益。因此,在新局势下,中国须保持战略定力,构建高效投资框架和应急响应机制,探索“中国式区域合作”新模式,促进内部变革与区域合作协同发展,推动产业技术升级,完善市场体系,优化投资结构,稳固在新国际格局中的地位。

RTA知识产权保护强度对出口贸易稳定性的影响研究

在国际贸易不确定性加剧的背景下,RTA知识产权保护强度对其成员国间出口贸易有着重要的影响。基于DESTA数据库2003—2020年间有效运行的RTA,选取有RTA关系的165个国家组成的2927组国家对作为研究对象,测度了RTA的知识产权保护强度,并构建回归模型探究RTA知识产权保护强度对出口贸易稳定性的影响。研究发现:RTA知识产权保护强度越大,越有利于提高RTA成员国间出口贸易的稳定性。此外,国家间信息流动性越强,以及进口国经济自由度越高,RTA知识产权保护对出口贸易稳定性的促进作用就越强。该效应对于不同类型国家和不同出口行业而言不一样:RTA知识产权保护对南北国家间的双边出口贸易稳定有促进作用,而对南南国家和北北国家间的促进作用不显著;对动植物及食品制造类,皮革、纺织及杂制类,电子、化工及机械制造类行业出口贸易稳定有促进作用。这些研究结论对国家间开展贸易合作,签订合理知识产权保护强度的RTA,维护长久稳定的出口贸易关系具有重要意义。

碳排放权交易、媒体负面关注与企业资本性环保支出

以碳排放权交易为准自然实验,以2010—2020年间沪深A股540家上市公司为样本,采用双重差分法,对比碳排放权交易政策实施前后试点地区相对于非试点地区企业资本性环保支出的变化情况,探究碳排放权交易政策对企业环保投资活动的影响,并检验媒体负面关注的调节作用。结果表明:碳排放权交易能够促进企业增加资本性环保支出;媒体负面关注对碳排放权交易与企业资本性环保支出的关系具有积极的调节作用,当媒体负面关注度较高时,试点地区控排企业资本性环保支出有显著增加;异质性分析结果表明,碳排放权交易对内陆地区、重污染行业、国有企业和大规模企业的资本性环保支出的促进作用更强;通过经济后果分析发现,碳排放权交易最终会提升企业财务绩效和绿色创新能力。

药品数据专有权国际立法溯源与中国制度安排

药品上市审批对于药品安全有效性数据的专门审查要求,造就了涉及药品数据的独特知识产权保护机制。基于药品数据获取的高昂投入及其对于药品仿制与后续创新的重要价值,美欧发达国家在世界范围内率先建立了药品数据保护机制,其逐渐成为一项国际性的法律规则。无论是美欧发达国家的立法,还是相关国际法律规则,对于药品数据的知识产权保护都呈现从商业秘密模式向专有权机制转变的立法格局。产业利益驱动无疑是其中的一个重要诱因,但归根结底是源自药品数据专有权有效兼顾原研发药企经济利益与社会公众健康权益的制度优势。鉴于此,在药品数据专有权保护的国际趋势下,我国应从本土药品产业激励创新与规范仿制的基本诉求出发,以必要的内部限制与外部监管明确药品数据专有权的法律边界,并通过药品数据动态化公示平台的设置与药品数据付费使用模式的创设,建构起与药品专利制度有机衔接的数据专有权保护机制。

价值观贸易泛起:内涵、缘起与对策

百年大变局加速演进期,中美大国竞争进入新阶段,全球贸易治理体系生变,全球化遭遇逆流,价值观贸易还魂。美国试图以美式价值观来界定和塑造中美经贸事务,以整体国家价值观来区分“你我”、整合盟伴,推进“友岸外包”“价值观同盟”“小院高墙”等形态,意图打造基于价值观的产业链,重构对华新竞争优势,已成为排他性贸易政策新的形态。价值观贸易可溯至美西方以“自由、民主和人权”为核心的西方主流意识形态,是“普世价值”的经济性延伸。价值观贸易泛起既缘于中美价值观分歧、制度差异、双方认知转变与战略竞争升级,又因美国内部政治分裂与社会、文化认同恶化,且是美国对华战略竞争中弥补传统举措乏力、极力凝合全球资源和寻求道义藉端的新政策工具。对此,中国应保持大国战略思维,找寻远离价值观、意识形态领域的中美共情话题,做好中国崛起外宣文章、夯实外宣内功,团结更多力量应对美国“脱钩断链”,以人类命运共同体价值观消弭“普世价值观”。

《尼日利亚数据保护法》解读与中国企业应对

尼日利亚高度重视本国数字经济发展,提出多项倡议规划发展前路。中国诸多数字贸易企业进入尼日利亚市场开展业务,并取得显著成就。《尼日利亚数据保护法》的发布,表明尼日利亚当局对个人信息保护的重视,也使在尼日利亚中国数字贸易企业在保障数据主体权利以及合规开展跨境数据流动等方面面临新要求新挑战。本文聚焦该法,通过解释研读该法的重要条款细则及与欧盟《通用数据保护条例》《中华人民共和国数据安全法》和《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》等法规的不同,分析中国在尼日利亚开展数字贸易企业在“数据安全”“数据主体权利”“跨境数据流动”等条款下受到的影响,并针对性地就以上几方面为企业提出应对策略,以此助力中国企业在尼日利亚合规合法运营和发展数字贸易业务。

现代化中医药专利保护的制度困境与出路--基于对中医药特点与专利保护适应性的反思

符合西医药特点的专利保护制度在中医药现代化进程中难以适应。尽管现行专利制度已对涉及中药领域发明专利申请审查的特殊情形作出了具体规定,但在本土语境下据此保护主要根植于我国传统知识领域的中医药发明创造时,中医药的复杂性、整体性、道地性和时节性、差异性等特点仍未得到充分体现,并由此产生中医相关发明创造不具有专利适格性、专利审查缺乏一般性指导规则、申请文件难以通过合规性审查、申请主题的可专利性要求过高、关键性概念缺乏细化指导规则等问题。为此,可从专门审查标准的制定和商业秘密的补充保护两方面出发,寻求前述问题的具体解决方案,以应对中医药专利保护的适应性需求,从而完善中医药知识产权保护体系。

价值回归背景下国际碳交易制度的完善

《巴黎协定》国际碳交易制度体现了环境价值、经济价值和社会价值相统一的多维价值目标,这是对《京都议定书》时期碳交易实践的价值纠偏,也是对制度初衷的价值回归。然而,价值实现的关键在于制度规范与价值目标的契合度。以“价值——原则——规则”作为分析框架,解析国际碳交易制度的功能价值,可知公平、环境完整性、人权保障和可持续发展应作为其核心原则。通过对国际碳交易规则与原则的匹配度检视,发现存在“国家自主贡献”的充分性和公平性评估机制缺失、资金和技术以及能力建设缺乏履约执行机制、人权保障和可持续发展原则存在“建设性模糊”、ITMOs实现核心原则具有不确定性等问题。故此,完善“国家自主贡献”的自证和跟踪机制、落实资金和能力建设支持机制、构建国际碳交易原则评估体系以及加强ITMOs规则的指导性是制度完善的有效路径。

应对贸易保护蔓延和供应链重组的中国对外开放

改革开放是推进中国式现代化的必由之路。对外开放是接续进行和动态调整的,同时也是在不断变化的国际环境中展开的。当前,国际经贸环境主要体现在两个方面:一是“去全球化”的贸易保护蔓延;二是“去中国化”的供应链重组。面对贸易保护蔓延和供应链重组的冲击,未来需要进一步走好高水平开放(“中国式全球化”)之路,在高质量发展的引领下,统筹好开放和安全之间的平衡,明确开放什么、向谁开放、开放收益等议题,从高水平开放和高水平放开两方面着手。以高标准市场体系为导向,提升市场主体参与国内国际两个市场的主动性和适应性;在规则制度方面,做好国内外标准衔接、知识产权保护等工作,降低企业的市场转换成本,保障内外贸双向流通;在市场渠道方面,加强内外贸、内外资企业的供应链整合对接,带动上下游企业合作联动,以利于国内外市场的双向开拓。