Trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services in Yutian County along the Keriya River Basin,Northwest China

The Keriya River Basin is located in an extremely arid climate zone on the southern edge of the Tarim Basin of Northwest China,exhibiting typical mountain-oasis-desert distribution characteristics.In recent decades,climate change and human activities have exerted significant impacts on the service functions of watershed ecosystems.However,the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services(ESs)have not been thoroughly examined.This study aims to reveal the spatiotemporal changes in ESs within the Keriya River Basin from 1995 to 2020 as well as the trade-offs and synergies between ESs.Leveraging the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)and Revised Wind Erosion Equation(RWEQ)using land use/land cover(LULC),climate,vegetation,soil,and hydrological data,we quantified the spatiotemporal changes in the five principal ESs(carbon storage,water yield,food production,wind and sand prevention,and habitat quality)of the watershed from 1995 to 2020.Spearman correlation coefficients were used to analyze the trade-offs and synergies between ES pairs.The findings reveal that water yield,carbon storage,and habitat quality exhibited relatively high levels in the upstream,while food production and wind and sand prevention dominated the midstream and downstream,respectively.Furthermore,carbon storage,food production,wind and sand prevention,and habitat quality demonstrated an increase at the watershed scale while water yield exhibited a decline from 1995 to 2020.Specifically,carbon storage,wind and sand prevention,and habitat quality presented an upward trend in the upstream but downward trend in the midstream and downstream.Food production in the midstream showed a continuously increasing trend during the study period.Trade-off relationships were identified between water yield and wind and sand prevention,water yield and carbon storage,food production and water yield,and habitat quality and wind and sand prevention.Prominent temporal and spatial synergistic relationships were observed between different ESs,notably between carbon storage and habitat quality,carbon storage and food production,food production and wind and sand prevention,and food production and habitat quality.Water resources emerged as a decisive factor for the sustainable development of the basin,thus highlighting the intricate trade-offs and synergies between water yield and the other four services,particularly the relationship with food production,which warrants further attention.This research is of great significance for the protection and sustainable development of river basins in arid areas.

Spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their trade-offs and synergies against the background of the gully control and land consolidation project on the Loess Plateau,China

Studying the spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their interrelationships on the Loess Plateau against the background of the gully control and land consolidation(GCLC)project has significant implications for ecological protection and quality development of the Yellow River Basin.Therefore,in this study,we took Yan'an City,Shaanxi Province of China,as the study area,selected four typical ecosystem services,including soil conservation service,water yield service,carbon storage service,and habitat quality service,and quantitatively evaluated the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services from 2010 to 2018 using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.We also analysed the relationship between the GCLC project and regional ecosystem service changes in various regions(including 1 city,2 districts,and 10 counties)of Yan'an City and proposed a coordinated development strategy between the GCLC project and the ecological environment.The results showed that,from 2010 to 2018,soil conservation service decreased by 7.76%,while the other three ecosystem services changed relatively little,with water yield service increasing by 0.56% and carbon storage service and habitat quality service decreasing by 0.16% and 0.14%,respectively.The ecological environment of Yan'an City developed in a balanced way between 2010 and 2018,and the four ecosystem services showed synergistic relationships,among which the synergistic relationships between soil conservation service and water yield service and between carbon storage service and habitat quality service were significant.The GCLC project had a negative impact on the ecosystem services of Yan'an City,and the impact on carbon storage service was more significant.This study provides a theoretical basis for the scientific evaluation of the ecological benefits of the GCLC project and the realization of a win-win situation between food security and ecological security.

Trade-Offs and Synergie Effects of Regulating Ecosystem Services along an Climatic Gradient in Slovakia

This study aims to assess the synergies and trade-offs of regulating ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are non-linearly interconnected and changes in one service can positively or negatively affect another. We evaluated ecosystem services based on biophysical indicators using an expert scoring system that determines the corresponding soil functions and is part of the existing databases available in Slovakia. This methodological combination enabled us to provide unique mapping and assessment of ecosystem services within Slovakia. Correlation analysis between individual regulating ecosystem services and climate regions, slope, texture, and altitude confirm the statistically significant influence of climate and slope in all agricultural land, arable land, and grassland ecosystems. Statistically significant synergistic effects were established between the regulation of the water regime and the regulation of soil erosion within each climate region, apart from the very warm climate region. Only in a very warm climate region was potential of regulating ecosystem services mutually beneficial for soil erosion control and soil cleaning potential (immobilization of inorganic pollutants).

Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in Karst Area of China Driven by Grain-for-Green Program

As an important means regulating the relationship between human and natural ecosystem,ecological restoration program plays a key role in restoring ecosystem functions.The Grain-for-Green Program(GFGP,One of the world’s most ambitious ecosystem conservation set-aside programs aims to transfer farmland on steep slopes to forestland or grassland to increase vegetation coverage)has been widely implemented from 1999 to 2015 and exerted significant influence on land use and ecosystem services(ESs).In this study,three ecological models(In VEST,RUSLE,and CASA)were used to accurately calculate the three key types of ESs,water yield(WY),soil conservation(SC),and net primary production(NPP)in Karst area of southwestern China from 1982 to 2015.The impact of GFGP on ESs and trade-offs was analyzed.It provides practical guidance in carrying out ecological regulation in Karst area of China under global climate change.Results showed that ESs and trade-offs had changed dramatically driven by GFGP.In detail,temporally,SC and NPP exhibited an increasing trend,while WY exhibited a decreasing trend.Spatially,SC basically decreased from west to east;NPP basically increased from north to south;WY basically increased from west to east;NPP and SC,SC and WY developed in the direction of trade-offs driven by the GFGP,while NPP and WY developed in the direction of synergy.Therefore,future ecosystem management and restoration policy-making should consider trade-offs of ESs so as to achieve sustainable provision of ESs.

Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in the Taihu Lake Ba- sin of China

Understanding the spatial interactions among multiple ecosystem services is crucial for ecosystem services management. Ecosystem services, including crop production, freshwater supply, aquatic production, net primary production, soil conservation, water conservation, flood regulation, forest recreation, were measured at 1-km grid scale covering the Taihu Lake Basin(TLB) of China. Our objective is to get a comprehensive understanding of the spatial distributions, trade-offs, synergies of multiple ecosystem services across the TLB. Our results found that: 1) majority of ecosystem services were clustered in space and had a similar spatial distribution pattern with the geographical resource endowment. Most of the landscape contributed a high supply of no services, one or two, and a low supply of three to seven services. 2) There were high correlation between forest recreation and freshwater supply and regulating services. Aquatic production had low correlation with other services. 3) The changes of provisioning services led to trade-offs between regulating services and cultural services in the TLB, while synergies mainly occurred among the provisioning service. 4) The spatial relationships of multiple services are consistent at 1-km spatial scale, counties and provinces. This research could help integrate multiple ecosystem services across scales and serve as a reference for decision making.

Trade-offs/Synergies in Land-use Function Changes in Central China from 2000 to 2015

To solve the problems caused by irrational land-use, studying the functions of land-use, its changing characteristics, and the relationship between each land-use function will be beneficial for achieving sustainable land development. In this research, we constructed an evaluation framework of multiple land-use functions(LUFs) based on sustainable land-use theory. Specifically,, we classified the multiple LUFs into three types: agricultural production function(APF), living function(LVF), and ecological service function(ESF).We then spatialized the economic and social data, and implemented the InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) model and RUSLE(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) model to evaluate each sub-LUF(crop production, aquatic production, woodlands production, livestock production, living space, life quality, water supply, soil conservation, climate regulation, biological conservation) in central China in 2000 and again in 2015. Moreover, by analyzing the changes to LUFs and the relationships between each LUF change, we were able to discern patterns of LUF change in central China. The results show that: (1)42.12% of total territory in the study area increased their APF from 2000 to 2015, while 43.41% of the lands increased their ESF yet only 8.98% of the lands increased their LVF;(2) in Hubei and Hunan, there was more land with an increase of APF than in Anhui or Jiangxi. The APF in Jiangxi exhibited the greatest decline over time period, the LVF increased more in the provincial capital cities than in other regions, and the ESF expanded more in Jiangxi than in the other provinces;and (3) the changes in APF were significantly and positively correlated with changes in LVF. Additionally, changes in ESF were negatively but non-significantly correlated with changes in APF and LVF.

Trade-offs and synergies of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa:A systematic review

Climate change adaptation strategies provide a cushion for smallholder farmers,especially in subSaharan Africa against the risks posed by climate hazards such as droughts and floods.However,the decision-making process in climate adaptation is complex.To better understand the dynamics of the process,we strive to answer this question:what are the potential trade-offs and synergies related to decision-making and implementation of climate adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa region?A systematic literature review methodology was used through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis(PRISMA)statement with the four-stage inclusion/exclusion criteria to identify the literature from selected databases(Scopus and Google Scholar).The climate adaptation strategies are organized into five broad categories(crop management,risk management,soil/land management,water management,and livestock management strategies).Evidence suggests that potential trade-offs may arise concerning added costs,additional labor requirements,and competition among objectives or available resources.The synergies,on the other hand,arise from implementing two or more adaptation strategies concurrently in respect of increased productivity,resilience,yield stability,sustainability,and environmental protection.Trade-offs and synergies may also differ among the various adaptation strategies with minimum/zero tillage,comparatively,presenting more tradeoffs.The development and promotion of low-cost adaptation strategies and complementary climate adaptation options that minimize the trade-offs and maximize the synergies are suggested.Skills and knowledge on proper implementation of climate change adaptation strategies are encouraged,especially at the local farm level.

Analysis on synergies and trade-offs in green building development:from the perspective of SDG 11

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a prospect for the future development of all countries in the world.Its core is to set up the Sustainable Development Goals for the year of 2030,and develop a series of institutional mechanisms around SDGs to promote its implementation.The SDGs include 17 goals,of which SDG 11 is to make cities and human settlements inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable.Green building can play a positive role in the implementation of SDG 11.However,the entire process of green building development involves multiple stakeholders and various professional fields,which play different roles where may be positive synergies or negative trade-offs in the whole process.This paper uses the nexus approaches to clarify how multiple stakeholders and professions interact with each other in the green building development with the aim of promoting SDG 11.

Synergies and trade-offs of climate-smart agriculture(CSA)practices selected by smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed,Southwest Ethiopia

Studies on mainstreaming climate-smart agriculture(CSA)practices can increase smallholder farmers’capacity and awareness to improve food security and establish sustainable livelihoods through resilient agricultural systems,while achieving adaptation and mitigation benefits.Hence,valuable insights can be obtained from smallholder farmers in responding to present and forthcoming challenges of climate change impacts.However,there is little research work on trade-off and synergy assessments.Taking Geshy watershed in Southwest Ethiopia as a case study area,both quantitative and qualitative data analysis were undertaken in this study.The data were collected from 15 key informant interviews,6 focus group discussions,and 384 households to answer the following questions:(1)what are the top 5 preferred CSA practices for smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed when coping with the impacts of climate change?(2)What is the performance of the preferred CSA practices?And(3)which trade-offs and synergies are experienced upon the implementation of CSA practices?The study came up with the most preferred CSA practices such as the use of improved crop varieties,small-scale irrigation,improved animal husbandry,the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers,and crop rotation with legumes.The selected CSA practices showed that the productivity goal exhibit the best synergy,while the mitigation goal has trade-offs.The study also indicated that the use of improved crop varieties causes high synergies in all 3 goals of CSA practices;small-scale irrigation provides a medium synergy on productivity goal but high synergy for adaptation and mitigation goals;improved animal husbandry shows a high synergy with the adaptation goal,a relatively lower synergy with the productivity goal,and a trade-off with the mitigation goal;the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers shows maximum synergy for the productivity and adaptation goals;and crop rotation with legumes exhibits high synergy with the productivity and mitigation goals but a relatively lower synergy with the adaptation goal.These results can provide evidence to various stakeholder farmers in the value chain that the impacts of climate change can be addressed by the adoption of CSA practices.In general,CSA practices are considered indispensable.Smallholder farmers prefer CSA practices that help to increase crop productivity and household resilience to climate change impacts.The results generate a vital foundation for recommendations to smallholder farming decision-makers.It also sensitizes actions for innovative and sustainable methods that are able to upscale the preferred CSA practices in the agricultural system in Geshy watershed of Southwest Ethiopia and other regions.

Exploring the complex trade-offs and synergies of global ecosystem services

The trade-off and synergy relationship of ecosystem services is an important topic in the current assessment.The value of each service provided by the ecosystem is substantially affected by human activities,and conversely,its changes will also affect the relevant human decisions.Due to varying tradeoffs among ecosystem services and synergies between them that can either increase or decrease,it is difficult to optimize multiple ecosystem services simultaneously,making it a huge challenge for ecosystem management.This study firstly develops a global Gross Ecosystem Product(GEP)accounting framework.It uses remote sensing data with a spatial resolution of 1 km to estimate the ecosystem services of forests,wetlands,grasslands,deserts,and farmlands in 179 major countries in 2018.The results show that the range of global GEP values is USD 112e197 trillion,with an average value of USD 155 trillion(the constant price),and the ratio of GEP to gross domestic product(GDP)is 1.85.The tradeoffs and the synergies among different ecosystem services in each continent and income group have been further explored.We found a correspondence between the income levels and the synergy among ecosystem services within each nation.Among specific ecosystem services,there are strong synergies between oxygen release,climate regulation,and carbon sequestration services.A trade-off relationship has been observed between flood regulation and other services,such as water conservation and soil retention services in low-income countries.The results will help clarify the roles and the feedback mechanisms between different stakeholders and provide a scientific basis for optimizing ecosystem management and implementing ecological compensation schemes to enhance human well-being.

Spatio-temporal Differentiation of Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in Typical Mountain Areas of China

Mountain area accounts for a high proportion of the land area in China,and it is the focal area to solve the contradiction of imbalanced regional development,as well as an important source of ecosystem services.Therefore,this area has been facing long-term pressure and challenges in economic development and ecological protection.In this paper,we selected a rocky desertification mountain area,an active mountain area of new tectonic movement and a typical northern earth-rock mountain area,as Qian-Gui karst Mountain area,Hengduan Mountain area and Taihang Mountain area,as examples to represent three main types of mountain areas.Three representative types of ecosystem services,including NPP(Net Primary Productivity)as a support service,water conservation as a regulation service,and agricultural produce as a supply service,were incorporated into this study.Linear regression,correlation analysis and other methods were then used to investigate the spatial-temporal characteristics of the trade-offs and synergies in each of the three kinds of mountain areas during 1990-2015 in China.The analysis yielded three main conclusions for the three mountainous areas.(1)The agricultural produce supply service decreased relatively,while the support and regulation services of NPP and hydrological regulation increased significantly.(2)There was a synergistic relationship between NPP and the hydrological regulation services in the three mountainous areas.The synergistic relation in Qian-Gui karst Mountain area became enhanced,while those in Hengduan and Taihang Mountain areas became weakened,and the former was weakened to a greater extent.There was a trade-off between NPP,the hydrological regulation service and the agricultural produce supply service among the three mountainous areas.In particular,the trade-off between NPP and the agricultural produce supply service in Qian-Gui karst Mountain area became weaker,while those in Hengduan and Taihang Mountain areas were enhanced,and the latter was enhanced to a greater degree.(3)Significant spatial differentiation was evident in the trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services among the three mountain areas.

What is the relationship between ecosystem services and urbanization? A case study of the mountainous areas in Southwest China

China is undergoing a rapid urbanization process,and urbanization will have a direct impact on regional ecosystems and affect regional ecosystem services.Considering the mountainous counties in Southwestern China as the research object,this study reveals the spatial clustering characteristics of four typical ecosystem services(food production,soil conservation,water yield and carbon sequestration)as well as the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services in different urbanized areas.At the same time,piecewise linear regression is used to determine the threshold of the influence of urbanization on ecosystem services.The results indicate that:1)There are spatial autocorrelations among the four typical ecosystem services;with strong clustering characteristics,the positive correlation types are"clustered"locally;and with significant spatial heterogeneity,the negative correlation types are scattered and mainly appear in the highly urbanized area.2)There are also remarkable differences in the relationship among various ecosystem services in different urbanized areas,and in particular,there are marked trade-offs between food production and carbon sequestration in the moderately urbanized area and the highly urbanized area.However,there are synergies between them in the lowly urbanized area.3)With an increase in the compounded night light index(CNLI),water yield,carbon sequestration,food production and overall ecosystem services values present an increasing-decreasing trend,the soil conservation function value shows a decreasing-increasing trend.The response of water yield,carbon sequestration,food production,and overall ecosystem services to the compounded night light index(CNLI)has a threshold of 1.2642,1.4833,1.3388,1.5146 and 1.2237,respectively.Based on the detected relationships between urbanization and ecosystem services,this study provides a theoretical reference for the selection of urbanization development models in key ecological functional areas.

Trade-off and Synergy of Rural Functions Under County Depopulation in the Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

As the population continues to shrink in the black soil region of Northeast China since 2000,it is critical to master the impact of population shrinkage on rural functions to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development.In this study,we focused on the impacts of depopulation on the evolution and interrelationship of rural subfunctions.Based on the rural function indexes system,the TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution)method,spatial analysis method,and mathematical statistics analysis method were used to summarize the spatial and temporal characteristics of rural function development,as well as the effect of population shrinkage in the typical black soil region of Northeast China.The results showed that depopulation varied in the extent and duration between the forested region and plain areas,which both impacted the trajectories of rural subfunctions evolution.For the economic development function and ecological conservation function,the effect of continuous slight depopulation was beneficial,while the effect of rapid depopulation was adverse,which was exactly opposite to the agricultural production function.All forms of population shrinkage were conducive to the development of the social security function.With the deepening population shrinkage,depopulation mainly promoted the collaborative development between subfunctions in this study,except the relationship between agricultural production and social security function.But effects of depopulation on the interrelationship of rural subfunctions varied between the forested region and plain areas in some cases.The results provided evidence for the cognition that population shrinkage had complicated effects on rural subfunctions.

Exploring the Scale Effects of Trade-offs and Synergies of Multifunctional Cultivated Land——Evidence from Wuhan Metropolitan Area

The purpose of this paper is to explore the trade-offs and synergies of multifunctional cultivated land(MCL) at multiple scales. The study area is Wuhan Metropolitan Area, China. The entropy method and the method of Spearman’s rank correlation were employed for the analysis of combined land use/cover data, administrative division data, population data and statistical yearbook data, from the multi-scale perspectives of cities, counties and townships. The results showed that:(1) The multi-functionality of cultivated land had obvious spatial differences and its overall spatial patterns were relatively robust, which did not change very much at the single scale.(2) At each single scale, the MCL’s trade-offs and synergies had spatial heterogeneity.(3) Scale effects existed in the MCL’s trade-offs and synergies. From the prefecture-level city scale, to the county scale, and to the township scale, the MCL’s trade-offs were changed to synergies, and some synergic relationships were enhanced. This article contributes to the literature by deepening the multiscale analysis of trade-offs and synergies of multifunctional cultivated land. The conclusions might provide a basis for helping policy-makers to implement protection measures for the multi-functionality of cultivated land at the right spatial scale, and to promote the higher-level synergies of multifunctional cultivated land to realize its sustainable use.

森林生态系统服务多功能性:概念、指标和经营模拟模型

森林生态系统同时提供多种功能和服务的能力,被称为森林生态系统多功能性,可分为生态系统功能多功能性和生态系统服务多功能性。近年来,生态学领域对生物多样性与多功能性关系机理、多功能性驱动因子等进行了大量研究,这些研究持续成为热点。然而,这些研究成果在实际应用,尤其是在指导森林经营实践方面,尚显不足。森林经营一直以实现多种功能或服务的最大化为目标,但目前还缺乏与生态学中多功能性理论研究的有机联系,迫切需要将二者结合。本文对国际国内森林生态系统服务多功能性的概念、指标、评价方法、经营模拟和优化模型进行了综述,认为预测森林生态系统服务及多功能性、在森林经营单位层面实现多功能性最大化是将来的研究方向。因此,需要加强森林经营模型模拟研究,寻找减少不同服务间冲突、增加协同(即增加多功能性)的经营策略,回答森林经营和气候变化如何影响生态系统服务间的权衡和协调关系及其时空变化等理论和实际问题。

比例与预防原则关系理论对气候变化立法的阐释效应

为加快中国气候变化立法步伐,妥善处理比例原则和预防原则在气候风险规制领域的控权与保权问题上存在的抵牾、混用,采取规范分析、比较分析等方法,对二者的适用关系进行立法论和解释论相结合的研究。研究发现,学界对该两项原则的关系存在三种理论主张。其中,取代关系说易引发气候风险的过度预防问题;限制关系说可能会消解预防原则,致使气候风险规制难以有效开展。相较而言,协同关系说更适宜指引中国气候变化立法的建构路径,有助于贯彻《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》等国家政策中的协调式新发展理念,同中国在气候变化应对问题上的国家自主贡献主张理念相吻合。通过进一步的学理、事理和法理阐释发现,气候变化立法有待将“双碳”等议题纳入生态文明建设整体布局和环境法规范体系。协同关系说对中国气候变化立法的指引包括:①坚持总体国家安全观,将适度风险预防原则全面融入气候变化立法,推进气候风险规制的规范解释、气候变化法治原则与制度体系融贯;②促进气候变化减缓性工作的循序渐进、气候变化适应性工作的防微杜渐,优化减缓与适应兼顾并重的气候变化因应制度体系;③推动减污降碳协同增效,构建不同地域、不同行业及央地政府之间“共同但有区别”的气候风险合作治理与责任分工体系;④缓解气候风险规制中自由价值与安全价值间的紧张冲突,强化行政法与环境法的沟通与协调,推动环境法律规制实现由基于确定性的传统秩序行政和福利行政向基于不确定性的风险行政转型,从而促进气候法学的发展。

河南省耕地多功能权衡-协同关系与分区管制研究

研究耕地多功能权衡协同关系对于保护耕地资源、确保粮食安全、维护生态安全及推动乡村振兴等具有重要意义。本文以河南省105个县(市)为研究对象,采用Spearman秩相关分析法、K-means聚类分析法等方法,对河南省2000—2020年耕地多功能水平及其权衡协同关系进行研究。研究表明,2000—2020年,河南省耕地多功能指数整体呈上升趋势,呈现“东高西低”的空间格局,且各功能之间呈现出不同的时空分异特征,东部地区粮食生产功能强而西部生态服务功能优,经济贡献功能整体呈下降趋势,社会保障功能虽弱却逐年提升;耕地多功能权衡与协同关系时空差异变化显著,多功能间的相互作用表现出协同减弱与权衡加剧的特点,尤其是粮食生产与经济贡献功能、生态服务功能之间的权衡关系显著;结合耕地主导功能类型和多功能耦合协调特征,将河南省划分为现代农业示范区、城市农业休闲区、生态农业建设区、现代农业建设区4个多功能类型区,并提出了差别化的管制措施。研究结果对于指导粮食主产区耕地的合理配置以及提高耕地多元化利用效率具有理论和实践意义。

陕西省生态系统服务权衡/协同关系阈值识别

生态系统服务权衡/协同关系的时空格局变化和关键阈值识别对区域生态保护与修复工程的建设和效益评价具有重要参考意义。已有研究主要关注生态保护和修复工程带来的生态系统服务及其权衡/协同关系的变化,很少将生态恢复的阈值效应考虑其中。采用基于生态系统服务权衡/协同关系构建的生态获益指数,评价了陕西省2000年和2020年净初级生产力、土壤保持和产水服务的协同供给能力;利用地理探测器和约束线方法分析了生态系统服务协同供给能力的主导影响因素和阈值特征。结果表明:与2000年相比,2020年陕西省净初级生产力、土壤保持和产水服务均有所增加,两两生态系统服务之间总体表现为协同关系,但具有明显的时空差异。2020年生态系统服务协同供给能力明显增加,其中陕北中部和陕南西部提升最为明显。降水和归一化植被指数(NDVI)是生态系统服务协同供给能力的主导影响因素,他们对生态系统服务协同供给能力的影响具有非线性效应和阈值特征。当NDVI在0.6—0.7之间或年降水量为1100 mm左右时,生态系统服务协同供给能力达到最高,超过上述阈值后NDVI或降水对生态系统服务协同供给能力的促进作用减弱。研究能够为生态恢复效益评价提供参考方案,为陕西省生态保护和恢复建设提供决策支持。

权衡协同视角下城市边缘区生态系统服务优化研究——以苏州市为例

城市边缘区是城乡之间的过渡区域,具有人地关系复杂、城乡冲突尖锐的特征,其生态系统服务(Ecosystem Services,ESs)功能呈现权衡或协同的复杂相互作用。研究城市边缘区ESs的相互关系、基于功能协调目的对其进行优化,对于缓解人地关系矛盾、实现乡村振兴和促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义。以苏州市为例,在识别城市边缘区基础上,选取粮食供给、产水量、碳储存、土壤保持、生境质量、水质净化、文化服务7种关键ESs进行评估,结合Spearman相关性分析和自组织网络方法探究ESs权衡协同关系及其时空演变特征,最后对城市边缘区进行分类及提出优化策略。结果表明:1)苏州市918个村庄被识别为城市边缘区;2)生境质量与粮食供给存在极显著的权衡关系(R_((xy))=-0.77),生境质量与文化服务存在极显著的协同关系(R_((xy))=0.95),2010—2022年间ESs间的关系以权衡效应为主,协同效应较少,整体权衡关系呈减弱趋势;3)根据聚类分析结果,可将研究区分为5类生态系统服务簇,分别为生态服务协调簇、生态服务失调簇、生态保育簇、生态游憩休闲簇以及生态风险加剧簇;4)提出了促进城市边缘区ESs协调,有助于自然-经济-社会复合生态系统可持续发展的优化策略。

长江经济带生态系统服务时空变化及权衡/协同关系研究

长江经济带是生态文明建设的先行示范带,探明生态系统服务时空变化及权衡/协同关系,对区域生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义。基于土地利用转移矩阵、修正的当量因子法、敏感性指数、空间自相关分析及Pearson相关系数等方法,定量分析了长江经济带2000—2020年土地利用情况及其对生态系统服务的时空响应,并探究了各生态系统服务的权衡/协同关系,结果表明:长江经济带土地利用类型主要为林地、耕地和草地,其中转出面积和转入面积最多的分别为耕地和林地;长江经济带生态系统服务价值由2000年的70195.01亿元增长至2020年的70426.23亿元,增长率为0.33%;生态系统服务以水文调节、气候调节、土壤保持和气体调节为主;长江经济带生态系统服务价值的空间分布表现为上游>中游>下游;研究区生态系统服务价值空间分布的集聚效应显著,高高集聚区集中在上游地区,低低集聚区集中在下游的江苏省和安徽省等,低高集聚区集中在四川省攀枝花市;协同关系是长江经济带生态系统服务的主导关系,协同关系占比为63.64%。