Challenges Facing Zimbabwean Cross Border Traders Trading in South Africa： A Review of Literature

Cross border traders make a major contribution to the growth of economies in Southern Africa. Cross border trade is a source of livelihood for many poor people, especially women. However, few studies examined challenges facing cross border traders and future business prospects.The aim of this paper is to examine the challenges that face Zimbabwean cross border traders in South Africa. The paper goes further to review existing literature as well as empirical studies in order to identify the major challenges that face Zimbabwean cross border traders. Among the challenges noted are crime, harassment due to xenophobia, traders are often stigmatized as ＂prostitutes＂ or ＂smugglers＂, accommodation problems, extortion and bribery by the South African Police and municipal police officials, delays at the border post during peak periods and banks that close early and also do not operate on Sundays. The Zimbabwean Cross Border Traders Association should build office in Musina and Johannesburg so that members can easily consult with the association in times of problems and also help with marketing information like distribution of brochures showcasing Zimbabwean products sold by cross border traders and also organize fairs where Zimbabwean traders can display their products. Furthermore cases of harassment by police officials should be investigated and dealt with. Banks that do have branches at the border posts are also urged to provide 24 hour service to cross border traders.

On the Edge of Malfeasance： Informal African Immigrant Traders in the/ohannesburg Inner City, South Africa

Admittedly, the stratospheric rise of Informal African Immigrant Traders （IAIT） in the Johannesburg inner city within a climate of discrimination, harassment, hostility, and xenophobia has engendered survival strategies which border on the illegal and underground. Based on an in-depth interview study of 40 IAIT, operating in the Johannesburg inner city and specialising in clothes, cellphone and accessories, household goods, fruits and vegetables, and a courier company, this paper posits that the registered and unregistered IAIT operate side by side with the latter operating from undesignated sites, either bribing or deceitful evading the Johannesburg Metropolitan Police （JMP）. Is this the characteristic of IAIT in the Johannesburg inner city？ Ostensibly, the success of challenging the institutional regulatory regime points to the possibility of African immigrant traders existing on the edge of impropriety or lawlessness. To this end, there is a need for comprehensive policy initiatives starting from the national and cascading to the provincial and municipality levels that will effectively address and manage urban informality, including the activities of the IAIT, failing which these will fuel operations outside the regulatory regimes and the mushrooming of the underground economic activities.

Examining the Views and Opinions of Itinerary Traders on Adherence to COVID-19 Lockdown in Enugu State,Nigeria

The outbreak of COVID-19 caused human activities to be affected in one way or another.As a result,measures were put in place by various national governments to reduce the spread of the virus.This paper examines adherence to COVID-19 guidelines in Nigeria among itinerant traders,using a total of 40 eligible participants from selected local governments in Enugu state,Nigeria.The study adapted purposive sampling techniques to identify eligible participants;while in-depth interview was the method used for data collection.Among other findings,result shows that the control measures rolled out by government were seriously undermined.Nomadic traders,driven by economic gains,played covert role in the spread of the virus.This signalled a weak link in the efforts to curb the spread of the virus in Nigeria.The study contributes to a more exact diagnosis of the weak link in the efforts to contain the spread of the virus and how the quest for economic gains drove the abuse of COVID-19 mitigation protocols with its attendant health implications.It therefore recommends that government should strengthen the institutional capacity for detection and control,and provide the critical infrastructural facilities that will make for intensified surveillance in future epidemic or pandemic outbreak.Economic incentives and the effective monitoring of protocol enforcers saddled with the responsibility of enforcing government directives are also encouraged in order to curb compromise.

The Evolution Dynamic and Long-Run Equilibrium in a Stock Market with Heterogeneous Traders

This paper uses ideas from biological evolution to analyze the evolution of the securities market in which rational and irrational traders coexist.A market evolutionary model is developed to describe the dynamic trajectories of rational and irrational traders'wealth.The main question is,are irrational traders eliminated as the securities market evolves.The paper considers the impact of new entrants on the security market long-term equilibrium.In addition,it discusses the existence and uniqueness of the long-term equilibrium The paper finds that,under some market conditions,irrational traders could survive in the long run.

How do Normal Traders and Sharp Traders Make Profits in the Chinese Security Market?

In this paper,we consider the strategic interaction between the normal and sharp traders in a dynamic limit-order security market and its impact on the Chinese security market at different market volatility levels.We find that when the proportion of sharp traders is less than a threshold in an orderdriven market,the sharp traders who submit limit orders will get more returns than the normal traders.The participation of sharp traders in the market can increase the total social welfare of all the traders.In addition,we show that:(1)when the market volatility level is generally low,the short-term sharp traders benefit from larger volatility;(2)when the market volatility level is generally high,the insider/cheating sharp traders with high-frequent trading rather than the short-term sharp traders benefit from extreme high volatility;(3)when the market volatility level is moderate,the sharp traders can increase market liquidity.

Heterogeneous Traders, the Leverage Effect and Volatility of the Chinese P2P Market

The new financial industry represented by peer-to-peer lending has gradually become a new source of volatility due to the increasing complexity of the Chinese financial market.This volatility leads to greater risk to P2P investors and has become the focus of the regulatory authorities in China.Based on the background data of the P2P platform,Honglingchuangtou,we use the factor analysis method to construct a platform volatility(PV)index and we construct an HAR model to study the heterogeneous traders and leverage effect in the Chinese P2P market.The empirical results show that there are both short-term and long-term heterogeneous traders in the Chinese P2P market and that long-term traders have the greatest impact on market volatility.Similar to traditional financial markets,the volatility of the P2P market also shows a leverage effect,which means that the negative volatility of trader actions should have a negative impact on market fluctuations.With regard to the leverage effect,the LHAR-PV model is superior because of a higher goodness of fit and a lower prediction error.

一种构建CORBA Trader服务集群的方法

OMG的Trader服务是分布对象的“中介”服务 ,在大规模分布环境下 ,对Trader服务的需求日益显得迫切 .单一节点的Trader服务其本身会变成分布应用的性能瓶颈 .本文提出了一种基于一致性Hash方法的Cache节点定位算法和TraderCache集群框架 ,并对该框架的负载均衡能力和请求响应能力进行了测试 .

OMG Trader服务的软件过程模型

软件分产品和过程两方面。过程模型在软件开发中有重要的应用价值。结合面向对象开发方法学和工具，提出一种软件过程的Petri网模型。该模型适合描述软件开发中不断变化和不完整的过程，在OMGTrader服务的开发过程中取得很好的效果。

基于MDA的ODP互操作性软件过程研究

利用RM-ODP概念架构，提出了基于MDA的ODP软件过程，将互操作性的实现贯穿于整个系统的开发过程之中：在PIM中设计，在PSM中实现。为了使系统建立在正确的完整的PIM之上，在需求分析阶段采用了EDOC 模式进行可视化的建模，在功能设计阶段采用了E-LOTOS形式化描述得到PIM。因此，本软件过程实现了ODP系统基于可测试业务模型的互操作性。

“小而精”的乔氏商店

乔氏商店（Trader Joe′s）最早起源于1958年美国加州的一家便利连锁店,但真正具有今天乔氏商店雏形的店铺是在1967年洛杉矶帕萨迪纳开业的。当时乔氏商店已经筹划转型特色经营,不出售在其他超市很容易找到的商品。截至2013年年底,乔氏商店已进入美国的38个州,拥有411家门店。在近期的Temkin消费者调查评级机构评出的美国最受消费者喜爱的公司（包括零售业在内的19个行业的235个企业）中,乔氏商店在零售业中名列第1位,总排名为第8位。

Assessment of Pricing Efficiency and Levels of Concentration in Cashew Nuts Market in South Western Nigeria

Cashew nuts market in south western Nigeria is characterized by price fluctuations through space and time. This may be linked with the large number of market intermediaries who act between the primary producers and the markets. The sample for the study comprised 250 cashew nuts marketers who were randomly selected from the five south westem states of Nigeria. About 76 % of the cashew nuts marketers had up to secondary school education and 86% of them had 15-year marketing experience and below. Pricing efficiency of the marketers was highest in Ogun state with average efficiency level of85.1% and least for Oyo state （68.9%）. In all, 720 tonnes were transacted in the region with 206 marketers handling maximum of 2 kg per month per individual. Gini-coefficient estimate of 82.3% implied that there was a concentrated market for the cashew nuts. To further increase the pricing efficiency of the commodity it is necessary to reduce the costs incurred on various physical aspects in marketing system. Corporate organizations, government agencies and co-operative societies should assist the cashew nuts marketers in the provision of credit facilities so as to ensure a higher level of pricing efficiency, stable market prices and reduced level of concentration of the marketers.

The Most Significant Factors Influencing the Price of Gold： An Empirical Analysis of the US Market

Gold is always a precious metal for many hundred years. Semi flexible gold demand and supply chain determines international gold prices in the long term. USA is ranked the world’s largest gold producer. This study mainly aims to investigate the dynamic factors which affect the price of gold and determine the essential macro-economic variable that has the most important role during the process. This paper examines USA over 13 years applying a formal test for time series, which interrogate cointegration relationships, what is the affiliation between gold price and other factors, which are explained in detail below. The present study has used the monthly data from January, 2003 to June, 2016. Databases are provided by the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, and United States Energy Information Administration. Data analysis was performed with software package EViews 8. Through the time series, an analysis has been carried out on Dow Jones Index, the US exchange rate, silver price, interest rate, oil price and inflation rate which are thought to influence the price of gold in the most significant way. The data analysis includes the determination of the conditional heteroscedastic model to estimate volatility. Therefore, the best fitting model to the data set, which is the exponential GARCH model, is preferred. In accordance with the results of the empirical analyses in the USA, the highest negative correlation is found between gold prices and US exchange rate. Secondly, a positive correlation is found among gold prices, silver prices, and oil prices. Another point which takes attention as a result of the study is that economic and political structural breaks weighed heavily, traders and hedgers from all over the world were able to drive prices up to incredible highs. The added valueof our study arises from the inclusion in the analysis of macro economic variables, which has proved to have crucial relevance for the price of gold in the context of the recent economic structure.

A study of commonly occurring fungal diseases on stored tomatoes of Kathmandu Valley

Fungal pathogens destruct the quality and quantity of tomato production and cause health hazards to the consumers as well as economic loss to the traders.This study was carried out to identify some fungal diseases associated with post-harvest deterioration of stored tomato fruits in three vegetable markets of Lagankhel,Balkhu and Kalimati of Kathmandu Valley.The samples were collected from selected sites in three separate trials and cultured in Potato Dextrose Agar.During investigation,16 species belonging to 15 genera of fungi were identified.They were Alternaria alternata,A.solani,Aspergillus niger,Botrytis cinerea,Cladosporium fulvum,Colletotrichum truncatum,Curvularia tetramera,Fusarium oxysporum,Geotrichum candidum,Mucor mucedo,Penicillium notatum,Phytophthora infestans,Phoma exigua,Pullularia pullulans,Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizopus stolonifer.These were responsible for 15 different diseases of Alternaria fruit rot,Anthracnose,Black mold rot,Botrytis Bunch Rot,Damping off/fruit rot,Drechslera mold,Fusarium rot,Mucor rot,Penicillium rot,Phoma blight,Phytophthora rot,Rhizopus rot,Russet,Scab and Sour rot.The presence of these fungi and corresponding rot diseases on stored tomato indicate the need for management of fungi,farm sanitation and improved market in order to prevent field-to-storage transmission of pathogens.

Political Economy of Fishing Villages： A Case Study in the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia

The Tonle Sap Lake is home to three types of communities： land-based, water-based and land-water based communities, whose livelihoods are dependent on Lake＇s resources. This paper examines how fishing communities in the Tonic Sap Lake make their living in the context of declined resources, increased competition between fishers, the resources politics and the increased trades around the Lake. The paper concludes that in the old day, communities around the lake were related to one another through bartering rice and fish. However, at present, as resources declining, these communities compete over resources, and in doing so, they build relationship and connection with powerful elites including officials, fish traders and the fishing operators, who could protect them in fishing. As a consequence, fishers are trapped in the webs of vicious cycle of poverty, conflicts, corruption and patronage system and exploited and sucked in these webs.

Effect of Trader Composition on Stock Market

In this study, we build a double auction market model, which contains two types of agent traders, i.e., the noise traders and fundamentalists, to investigate the effect of the trader composition on the stock market. It is found that, the non-trivial Hurst exponent and the fat-tailed distribution of transaction prices can be observed at any ratio of the noise traders. Analyses on the price variation properties, including the Hurst exponent and the price variation region, show that these properties are stable when the ratio is moderate. However, the non-price variation properties, including the trading volume and the profitability of the two kinds of agents, do not keep stable untrivially in any interval of the ratio of noise traders.

Condition of Local Cattle at Slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh City,Cambodia

The survey was conducted four times between September 2015 and June 2016 with an interval of three months.Each survey lasted for 7 days at two main slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh city:Chroy Chongva and Beung Salang slaughterhouses.The objective of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of cattle traders on their business and the BCS(Body Condition Score)of cattle arriving slaughterhouses.Results have shown that the interviewed traders started their business between 1995 and 2013.Most of them bought 3 to 4 cattle per time and slaughtered one head of cattle each day with an interval of one day transit.The buying of cattle relied on collectors and during of the time of study cattle were purcahsed from 13 different provinces.The supply of cattle was high from July to August and low from March to April.When arriving gathering areas nearby slaughterhouse,cattle were sent to slaughterhouse within one day and could be maintained with one week.Beef was mostly sold by themselves and to their relatives for retailing.They also sold beef to outside retailer,distributor and sold at market.The price of beef was high from March to April.High percentage of male cattle were found in slaughterhouses than female cattle with the age of 3 to 6 years old.High distribution of cattle were found to have BCS between 2 and 3 scores,and it is found that male cattle had higher BCS than female cattle.The amount of meat varies with BCS,e.g.up to 57.56%of total liveweight when BCS was 4 scores.The price of live cattle varies with cattle BCS and meat proportion of animal.

Internal Transactions for Multiple Risky Assets

Most of the articles about insider trading assume that there is only one risky asset in the market. On the basis of these papers, this thesis is mainly divided into three parts to study the situation of multiple risky assets in the market. In the first part, the situation of multiple risky assets in the market when two transactions are in progress is studied and then, the equilibrium when the market requires the internal traders to disclose the trading volume after each transaction is analyzed. In the second part, the equilibrium of multi-period based on the two phases of transaction is derived. The third part is the summary of the paper.

How Many Family Businesses Are There Really and Does ICT and Innovation Improve Their Performance？

Depending on the source, a reader may be left with the impression that Family Businesses （FBs） typically account for between 75% and 95% of all enterprises operating in an economy. This study, using official structural business statistics from Ireland, suggests that in fact family businesses may account for a considerably smaller share of the business economy, something closer to 46%. This paper attempts to explain how such a discrepancy can arise. Using the Annual Services Inquiry compiled by the Central Statistics Office （CSO） as the anchor dataset, micro data are linked to the e-Commerce and ICT survey, Community Innovation Survey and VAT registrations datasets in order to determine whether labour productivity in Family Businesses （FBs） is significantly different to that of Non-Family Businesses （NFBs） and if Information and Communication Technologies （ICT） or innovation has an impact. The paper also highlights the significant impact that Foreign Direct Investment （FDI） makes to the Irish economy. This analysis is particularly relevant for a small open economy like Ireland where 31% of traded services GVA and 15% of employment is generated by multinational enterprises.

《WALL STREET TRADER 2000》过把炒股瘾

股票热潮 相信读者们在日常生活中,都曾经听到又或是接触过股票,近日来香港又或是全球各地正兴起炒买科技股,如果大家对炒买股票有浓厚兴趣又或者想学习现实股票市场的炒买技巧,相信《WALLSTREET TRADER 2000》这游戏可以给大家一个不错的体验！

买造船市场报告

1.新造船 第九周现代船厂将接到MISC的两艘105,400吨Aframax油轮的订单,合同将在近期签署,但目前还有一些细节问题需要进一步确定。另据非正式报道,三星船厂正在同BONA进行3艘Aframax油轮的谈判。 紧接着上周日本几条VLCC的订单,IHI又向NYK订造了一艘260,000吨VLCC,交船期为1998年10月。 尽管日元正在贬值,但据在伦敦的日本船舶中心报道。