Research on the Spatial Characteristics of Traditional Residential Buildings in Ningxia Region

This article takes traditional residential buildings in Ningxia region as the starting point,and through field research and data analysis,demonstrates the specific elements of the spatial composition of traditional residential buildings and the common forms of courtyard space.The study summarizes the regional cultural characteristics of traditional residential buildings in the region,laying a foundation for subsequent research and providing some reference basis.

Mechanical properties of monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints of the traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River region

The mechanical properties of the monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints of the ancient Chinese traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River region were studied using the experimental method. Three monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints were designed according to the actual configurations. The failure modes,the hysteretic curves,the skeleton curves, the rotation rigidities, and the energy dissipation capacity of this type of mortise-tenon joints under the low cyclic reversed loading were obtained. The results show that the hysteretic curves of the monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints appear to be Z shape and have obvious pinch effects. During the process of the test,these mortisetenon joints pass orderly through the elastic stage,the yield stage and the failure stage. The energy dissipation capacity of these mortise-tenon joints generally decreases with the increase in the rotation angle. The equivalent viscous damping coefficients of the monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints are between 0. 161 and 0. 193. The results can provide the theoretical base for the computing analysis and repair design of Chinese traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River region.

Material Analysis of Traditional Folk Dwellings and Its Modern Inheritance:A Case Study of Traditional Folk Dwellings in Hunan Province

Traditional folk dwellings contain rich cultural connotations and plain architectural techniques.In architecture,material is the most fundamental thing,different materials can demonstrate different architectural forms,and reflect local characteristics and change of the time.Therefore,it is of great significance to explore the material selection of traditional Chinese folk dwellings.The paper took traditional folk dwellings in Hunan for example to analyze the regional materials and construction of these dwellings,discussed the application of traditional materials in modern architecture,used some cases to explore the innovative application of traditional materials,so as to figure out the new direction of applying traditional materials,and provide references for the construction of modern architecture.

Research on the Preservation Method of Traditional Village Roof Information:A Case Study of Gubeikou Village

Traditional Chinese villages serve as crucial repositories of traditional culture.However,In China,the urgent task of preserving information about traditional village architecture has arisen due to the degradation of these villages’appearance caused by rapid urbanization in recent years.This paper proposes a method for preserving information about traditional village rooftops based on high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery.Leveraging an improved Mask R-CNN model,the method conducts target recognition on the rooftops of traditional village buildings and generates vectorized representations of these rooftops.The precision rate,recall rate,and F1-score achieved in the experimental results are 93.26%,86.33%,and 92.02%,respectively.These findings indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method in preserving information about traditional village architecture and providing a viable approach to support the sustainable development of traditional villages in China.

High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery for the Recognition of Traditional Villages

Traditional Chinese villages,vital carriers of traditional culture,have faced significant alterations due to urbanization in recent years,urgently necessitating artificial intelligence data updates.This study integrates high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery with deep learning techniques,proposing a novel method for identifying rooftops of traditional Chinese village buildings using high-definition remote sensing images.Using 0.54 m spatial resolution imagery of traditional village areas as the data source,this method analyzes the geometric and spectral image characteristics of village building rooftops.It constructs a deep learning feature sample library tailored to the target types.Employing a semantically enhanced version of the improved Mask R-CNN(Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network)for building recognition,the study conducts experiments on localized imagery from different regions.The results demonstrated that the modified Mask R-CNN effectively identifies traditional village building rooftops,achieving an of 0.7520 and an of 0.7400.It improves the current problem of misidentification and missed detection caused by feature heterogeneity.This method offers a viable and effective approach for industrialized data monitoring of traditional villages,contributing to their sustainable development.

A primary study of the acoustics of Chinese traditional theatrical buildings

The traditional performing arts and theatrical buildings in China can be traced back to a long history and were well developed during Song and Yuan Dynasties, 11th-14th centuries. Pavilion stage, opened on three sides and thrusting into the audience area, was unique and the most popular form in the open-air theatres, the courtyard theatres, and the indoor theatres up to the present day. As the traditional Chinese opera is performed in an abstract way, no stage settings are required and used. Therefore, the pavilion stage including the flat or domed ceiling and the back wall is virtually functioned as a reflective shell, which increases the early reflections and also intensifies the sound in the audience area. Meanwhile, it provides sufficient self-support to the performers. Acoustical parameters including reverberation time RT, early decay time EDT, acoustic ratio C （50）, strength index （loudness） G, and stage support factor ST1 were measured and reported on several traditional theatrical buildings.

Application of Traditional Building Materials in Modern Architecture

This paper elaborates the application value of traditional building materials in modem architecture and analyzes the specific application modes of traditional building materials in modem architecture, so as to make traditional building materials advance with the times, better express their unique value, serve modem architecture, and realize combined application with modem architecture.

The Rising,Recession and Revitalization of the Traditional Industrial Base in the Northeastern United States

The distribution of American industries has been unbalanced and most of the early industrial regions were centered in northeastern America.The northeastern traditional industrial base once was called"manufacturing belt".Since the 1950s,old industrial bases in the United States have been under recession.The northeastern region was then even called"rust belt".Some issues and measures of policy were set up by the government to adjust and restructure the old industrial bases,and some are useful experience and inspirations for our country,such as setting up special branches and organizations,establishing and implementing strategic planning for the adjustment and restructure of old industrial bases,adjusting the industrial branch and system,emphasizing on environment control and preservation and so on was achieved.Learning the successful experience from America,effective countermeasures and steps must be taken to accelerate the revival of the old industrial base in Northeastern China.

Varieties of Chinese Traditional Medicines Protected by the State (Part One)

Approved by the Ministry of Public Health,the following Medicines,producedby the named enterprises,are listed as varieties of Chinese traditionalmedicines that are protected by the state.

1989 12 Good Building Material Products Won State Awards in China

In 1989, there were 12 different building ma-terial products winning state awards for theirgood quality, among which two got gold medals andten got silver medals.

Running States of China's Iron & Steel,Nonferrous,and Building Materials Industries in 2012

Iron ＆ Steel Industry China＇s outputs of crude steel, steel products, coke and ferrous alloys in 2012 were 716.54 million tons （up 3.1% YOY）, 051.86 million tons （up 7.7% YOY）, 443.23 million tons （up 5.2% YOY） and 31.29 million tons （up 15% YOY）,

Running State of China's Building Materials Industry in 2013

In 2013, China＇s outputs of cement and flat glass were 2. 414 billion tons and 778.98 million weight cases, increasing by 9.6% and 11.2% YOY, respectively.

China's study on coal mining beneath surface buildings——state-of-the-art and developing trend

Extensive coal deposits are sterilized beneath surface buildings in China. The paper elaborates on the present status of the study on mining beneath surface buildings from several aspects involving the techniques for reducing ground subsidence and deformation and the measures for protecting buildings. Following that, it is pointed out that, in the future, more efforts should be directed forwards the following aspects: the laws governing the ground movement; the techniques for constructing anti-deformation buildings; coal-bed gasification and protection of buildings; grouting of the overlying strata with bed separation phenomena; and the method for evaluating the stability of the ground above a worked-out area.

Seismic hazard level reduction for existing buildings considering remaining building lifespans

Seismic hazard levels lower than those for design of new buildings have been permitted for seismic evaluation and retrofi t of existing buildings due to the relatively short remaining lifespans. The seismic hazard reduction enables costeff ective seismic evaluation and retrofi t of existing buildings with limited structural capacity. The current study proposes seismic hazard reduction factors for Korea, one of low to moderate seismicity regions. The seismic hazard reduction factors are based on equal probabilities of non-exceedance within diff erent remaining building lifespans. A validation procedure is proposed to investigate equality of seismic risk in terms of ductility-based limit states using seismic fragility assessment of nonlinear SDOF systems, of which retrofi t demands are determined by the displacement coeffi cient method of ASCE 41-13 for diff erent target remaining building lifespans and corresponding reduced design earthquakes. Validation result shows that the use of seismic hazard reduction factors can be permitted in conjunction with appropriate lower bounds of the remaining building lifespans.

Merging Traditional Dwelling Form into Modern Neighborhood—— A Holiday Villa District's Planning and Design in Shanghai

Taking a holiday villa district for example, this paper explored the ways of merging traditional dwelling form into modern neighborhood, in the planning and design of this villa district, external space designs of traditional villages were borrowed to stress the construction of traditional spaces, and the layout of road traffi c. It was elaborated that in the design of Chinese residential buildings, not only should Chinese style be applied in the facade design of dwellings, but also traditional dwelling forms should be merged with modern life, so the essence of traditional resident culture can be demonstrated in modern residential areas.

Russian architectural town-planning traditions and innovations in the Far East in the second half of the XIX-the beginning of the XX centuries

The establishment on the Far East of the orthodox Church and cultural stereotypes of the traditional Russian city occurred through active church building. The temples of the Far Eastern cities by its position in urban environment played a role of the basic exponents of the spiritual-state ideals of Russia. Ussumption cathedrals in Khabarovsk and Vladivostok, Nikolsky cathedral in Nikcolsk-Ussurisk, Shadrinsky cathedral in Blagoveshchensk, Saint-Nikolaevsky at Russiand iplomatic mission in Seoul and other orthodox temples of the last thirty years of the XIX-the beginning of the XX-th centuries inherited ancient Russian tradition and were designed in the Byzantian style, style of the Moscow XVII century architecture, in Russian style. The ideas of ″the orthodox, the autocracy and the nationality″ in town-planning are expressed also in devotions of temples and names of new settlements. For example, a large number of temples is devoted to Saint Nicholas. Only in the Primorye Territory they are about 20. Harbin’s Saint-Nikolaevsky cathedral also in a name Nicholas. Harbin’s the Sofia church is devoted to a great symbol Ancient Russia and Russian Empire - church of Saint Sofia in Constantinople. The general plans of settlements and cities of the Far East of the second half of the XIX and boundary XIX-XX centuries were realized by two leading directions of town-planning of Russia: the first is based on the norms of regular town-planning, the second is one connected with the realization of the city - garden concept. The priority remains for classicismical tradition. At the same time, the general plans of Harbin, Dairen realized the innovative idea of the time-the concept of city-garden. On the Russian Far East social town-planning ideas of the city -gardens in a certain measure were embodied in 1910-s in the project of Alexseevsk town; Anutovsky country settlement on Ocean station near Vladivostok, later it was officially named-Garden-City; in a settlement for the railway servicemen on Nikolskay station of the Ussuriskay railway and others. Russian architectural town-planning tradition was enriched by new understanding of the social and town-planning purposes, realized in cities of the Far East in the end of the XIX-the beginning of the XX centuries.

Ecological strategy analysis of human habitation environment in Shanggantang traditional village,Hunan province,P.R.China

Based on the field survey of the traditional village in Shanggantang,Hunan province,P.R.China,we analyzed ecological strategies in aspects of the whole human habitation environment and vernacular building human habitation environment.The ecological strategies included adapting to the local climate,reducing source consumption,utilizing local materials and so on.The research is to provide a reference to practice and theoretical development of eco-folk houses in the area.

Yanbu,Saudi Arabia:A Traditional City in Transition

Transition in the urban configuration of Arab cities has never been as radical and visible as it has been since the turn of the last century.The emergence of new cities near historical settlements of Arabia has spawned a series of developments in and around the old city precincts.New developments are based on advanced technology and conform to globally prevalent standards of city planning,superseding the vernacular arrangements based on traditional norms that guided so-called“city planning”.Evidence to this fact are the extant Arab buildings present at the urban core of modern cities,which inform us about intricate spatial organization.Organization subscribed to multiple norms such as,satisfying gender segregation and socialization,economic sustainability,and ensuring security and environmental coherence etc.,within settlement compounds.Several participating factors achieved harmony in such an inclusive city—an organization that was challenged and apparently replaced by the new planning order in the face of growing needs of globalized,economy-centric and high-tech models of development.Communities found it difficult to acclimatize with the new western planning models that were implemented at a very large scale throughout the Kingdom,which later experienced spatial re-structuring to suit users’needs.A closer look the ancient city of Yanbu,now flanked with such new developments,allows us to differentiate and track the beginnings of this unprecedented transition in settlement formations.This paper aims to elaborate the Arabian context offered to both the“traditional”and“modern”planning approaches,in order to understand challenges and solutions offered by both at different times.In the process it will also establish the inconsistencies and conflicts that arose with the shift in planning paradigm,from traditional-“cultural norms”,to modern-“physical planning”,in the Arabian context.Thus,by distinguishing the two divergent planning philosophies,their impact of the Arabian morphology,relevance to lifestyle and suitability to the biophysical environment,it concludes with a perspective on sustainability particularly for in case of Yanbu.

Paradigms and Methodologies for Knowledge Building

A diversity of methodologies can be utilized for knowledge building in social sciences, particularly in education. Nevertheless, in order to give meaning to the research findings and progressively create theories, an awareness of the epistemological framework appears to be necessary. The aim of this article is to present the main epistemological paradigms and their coherent correspondence with respective ontologies and corresponding methodologies. This article supports and describes four paradigms or epistemological traditions: logic empiricism, constructivism, conceptualism or Aristotelian tradition, and phenomenology. Understanding the diverse possible epistemologies as well as the coherence with methodologies is a necessary step for presenting well-informed research. Knowledge building requires comparison, replication, generalization or integration of results in theories, and all these processes need the critical instance of the epistemological and methodological coherence. Additionally some concrete examples of methodologies have been detailed to illustrate the diversity of available ways of knowledge building in education. The Review of Educational Theory, as a new journal that aims to create a scientific community, will increase the research quality by enhancing the epistemological and methodological awareness of their pieces of research.