Perceptions and Controversies on Cholera in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Field in the Late Qing Dynasty

At the beginning of the initial cholera outbreak in China,Wang Qingren(王清任),after years of clinical trials,became an early representative who discovered the infectious characteristics and observed the course of cholera in the field of traditional Chinesse medicine(TCM).Kou Langao(寇兰皋)and Xu Zimo(徐子默),both medical practitioners,constructed a diagnosis and treatment system for cholera with cold patterns under the theory of typhoid.They represented“School of Cholera with Cold Patterns”(SCCP).In the 1860s,with the influence of Wang Shixiong’s(王士雄)studies on the nature of cholera under the theory of epidemic febrile disease,the“School of Cholera with Heated Patterns”(SCHP)prevailed thereafter.The two schools complemented each other in theories and contributed to the integrity of TCM in cholera diagnosis and treatment.By reviewing previous literature,books,clinical cases,and historical materials in medical field,this article aims 1)to summarise the influence of TCM on the cognitive development towards cholera in the late Qing dynasty;2)to explore the origin of the controversy between SCCP and SCHP from historical evidence;3)to summarize the historical lessons from the debate over cholera in TCM based on the principle of treatment based on pattern identification,and offer suggestions for the current prevention and treatment of new diseases using TCM.

Analysis of knowledge graph based on CiteSpace research on the treatment of pediatric pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine

Objective:Based on the CiteSpace tool,this study makes a visualization analysis on the treatment of infantile pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine in the past 20 years,so as to explore the development status,research hotspots and frontier trends of the treatment of infantile pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine,and provide a reference for the research on the treatment of infantile pneumonia and related diseases with traditional Chinese medicine.Methods:A total of 645 literatures related to the treatment of pediatric pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine were retrieved from CNKI.The visual atlas was made by year,author,institution and key words,and the co-occurrence,clustering and emergence analysis were performed.Results:The related literatures span from January 2001 to February 2021,and the number of related literatures showed an obvious increasing trend,with an average annual publication of 38 papers.From 2002 to 2014,the increase was the most obvious,and began to show a gentle growth trend in 2015.Twelve main clusters were obtained by keyword cluster analysis.Emergent analysis results in a total of 19 emergent words,which are composed of 439 nodes and 1,452 lines in total.There are different research hotspots in different periods,and in the past five years,the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of infantile pneumonia and the related research of traditional Chinese medicine characteristic nursing has become a contemporary hot spot.Conclusion:At present,the research on the treatment of children's pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine shows an increasing trend.There is still a lack of continuity among various studies.The cooperation between the authors and various institutions is low.Moreover,the research direction in this field mainly focuses on children's mycoplasma pneumonia.In addition,the clinical efficacy observation of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and azithromycin in the treatment of children's pneumonia will become a hot topic in the future.In addition to the research focus in this field,the clinical efficacy of TCM(traditional Chinese medicine)in the treatment of infantile pneumonia and the characteristic nursing of traditional Chinese medicine may still become one of the hot spots in the future.

Profiles of Traditional Chinese Medicine Schools

Many schools of academic doctrines have emerged throughout the development history of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） due to geographic, time, Shicheng （mentor-apprentice system） and academic diversities. Classic TCM School, Classic Formula School and Febrile Disorder School, though all lacking a clearly demonstrable or continuous Shicheng relationship, are nevertheless so classified because of their consistency in reference to the classic TCM works. Each of the Four Famous Masters of Jin and Yuan Dynasties had its distinctively different academic doctrine, resulting in the establishment of individually integrated academic schools. The emergence of the Warming and Tonifying School in late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties was realized as a means to rectify the ill effects of the cool and cold medications prevalent at the time. On the other hand, the advent of the Warm Disease School and the rise of the Confluence School embodied the close relationship carried by TCM academic schools to contemporary historical background. Looking at this development history, it is evident that the development of TCM academic schools could flourish only if it allows dissenting, yet mutually tolerant, opinions. In present medical environment where TCM and Western medicine are of equal importance, Classic TCM Schools, TCM Modernization Schools and Integrative Medicine Schools should all receive emphasis to foster development.

The 7th Pong Ding Yuen International Symposium on Traditional Chinese Medicine cum the 10th Anniversary of the Full-time Bachelor of Chinese Medicine Programme Was Successfully Organized by the School of Chinese Medicine,the University of Hong Kong

The School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong has organized the 7th Pong Ding Yuen International Symposium on Traditional Chinese Medicine cum the 10th Anniversary of the Full-time Bachelor of Chinese Medicine Programme on 1 December, 2012, and 2 December, 2012, in Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong.

明清以来吴门中医师承教学模式的思考

师承是中医药人才培养的重要模式。在中医药发展过程中,以吴门医派为例,吴门中医在传承教学方面积累了丰富的经验,培养了大量中医药人才。在时代进步、教育发展的背景下,作者通过研究明清以来吴门中医教学模式,在开展师承工作时不断探索和检验,提出重视中医经典与临床实践、宽进严出、突出流派特色等观点,以提高现代化中医药人才培养成效。

Examining patterns of traditional chinese medicine use in pediatric oncology: A systematic review, meta-analysis and data-mining study

Background Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is becoming a popular complementary approach in pediatric oncology.However,few or no meta-analyses have focused on clinical studies of the use of TCM in pediatric oncology.Objective We explored the patterns of TCM use and its efficacy in children with cancer,using a systematic review,meta-analysis and data mining study.Search strategy We conducted a search of five English(Allied and Complementary Medicine Database,Embase,PubMed,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,and ClinicalTrials.gov)and four Chinese databases(Wanfang Data,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Chinese Biomedical Literature Database,and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Database)for clinical studies published before October 2021,using keywords related to“pediatric,”“cancer,”and“TCM.”Inclusion criteria We included studies which were randomized controlled trials(RCTs)or observational clinical studies,focused on patients aged<19 years old who had been diagnosed with cancer,and included at least one group of subjects receiving TCM treatment.Data extraction and analysis The methodological quality of RCTs and observational studies was assessed using the six-item Jadad scale and the Effective Public Healthcare Panacea Project Quality Assessment Tool,respectively.Meta-analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy of combining TCM with chemotherapy.Study outcomes included the treatment response rate and occurrence of cancer-related symptoms.Association rule mining(ARM)was used to investigate the associations among medicinal herbs and patient symptoms.Results The fifty-four studies included in this analysis were comprised of RCTs(63.0%)and observational studies(37.0%).Most RCTs focused on hematological malignancies(41.2%).The study outcomes included chemotherapy-induced toxicities(76.5%),infection rate(35.3%),and response,survival or relapse rate(23.5%).The methodological quality of most of the RCTs(82.4%)and observational studies(80.0%)was rated as“moderate.”In studies of leukemia patients,adding TCM to conventional treatment significantly improved the clinical response rate(odds ratio[OR]=2.55;95%confidence interval[CI]=1.49-4.36),lowered infection rate(OR=0.23;95%CI=0.13-0.40),and reduced nausea and vomiting(OR=0.13;95%CI=0.08-0.23).ARM showed that Radix Astragali,the most commonly used medicinal herb(58.0%),was associated with treating myelosuppression,gastrointestinal complications,and infection.Conclusion There is growing evidence that TCM is an effective adjuvant therapy for children with cancer.We proposed a checklist to improve the quality of TCM trials in pediatric oncology.Future work will examine the use of ARM techniques on real-world data to evaluate the efficacy of medicinal herbs and drug-herb interactions in children receiving TCM as a part of integrated cancer therapy.

Yinlai decoction alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced pneumonia by changing the immune status of juvenile rats:A study based on network pharmacology

Objective:Pediatric pneumonia is a common respiratory disease and Yinlai Decoction (YLD) is a commonly used treatment in China.We explored the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of this traditional Chinese medicine for pneumonia.Methods:We studied,by experimentation,the mechanism of action of YLD in treating pneumonia according to network pharmacology.By comparing YLD with dexamethasone (DXMS),we investigated the efficacy of YLD in treating pneumonia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in juvenile rats.Results:In an aqueous extract of YLD,22 chemical compounds were identified,among which 10 were related to inflammation,involving 78 target genes and 16 signaling pathways.Among them,45 core target proteins were related to biologic processes and functions,such as response to stimuli,biologic regulation,cell communication and protein binding.Animal experiments showed that YLD relieved pulmonary inflammation and demonstrated no significant damage to the liver,spleen or kidneys of rats.YLD could regulate expression of inflammatory cytokines in serum and inflammation-related proteins in lung tissues to some extent,but its effect is less significant than that of DXMS.Conclusions:YLD protected juvenile rats against LPS-induced pneumonia,and showed fewer side effects in comparison with DXMMS.YLD could be efficacious treatment for pediatric respiratory infections and even pneumonia.

Clinical Study of Acupoint Application of Jiezi Fangxiao Ointment Combined with Pingchuan Prescription in the Treatment of Pediatric Asthma

[Objectives]To study the clinical effect of Acupoint Application of Jiezi Fangxiao Ointment combined with Pingchuan Prescription in the treatment of pediatric asthma.[Methods]A total of 40 children with asthma admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine from July 2017 to September 2018 were selected as the research subjects,and divided into control group and observation group according to random classification method,with 20 cases in each group.Among which the control group was given routine symptomatic treatment,the observation group was treated with Acupoint Application of Jiezi Fangxiao Ointment combined with Pingchuan Prescription on the basis of the control group.After 4 weeks of continuous treatment,the clinical efficacy was observed and the changes of traditional Chinese medicine symptom scores,forced expiratory volume in the first second(FEV1),maximum expiratory flow(PEF),forced vital capacity(FVC),peripheral blood eosinophils(EOS)and interleukin-17(IL-17)were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.[Results]After treatment,the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)scores such as asthma,cough,expectoration,chest tightness,dyspnea and wheezing sound of lungs in the two groups were significantly improved,and the improvement in the observation group was superior to that in the control group.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).FEV1,PEF and FVC in the two groups were significantly improved after treatment,and the improvement in the observation group was superior to that in the control group.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);after treatment,the levels of EOS and IL-17 decreased in both groups,and the improvement in the observation group was superior to that in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).[Conclusions]The clinical effects of Acupoint Application of Jiezi Fangxiao Ointment combined with Pingchuan Prescription in the treatment of infantile asthma were obvious,which can significantly improve the TCM symptoms scores,pulmonary function and immune function of patients.

混合式教学法在中医儿科学的运用

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的发生,促使医学院校将课程建设重心放在教学方法的改革当中。长久以来,各大高校对混合式教学法的探索不断进步、不断发展,这是对教育教学改革的促进,也是中国现代教育发展的必然。混合式教学法将传统填鸭式教学方式转变为“以学生自主学习为主”的信息化教学新模式。此研究从课程特点、线上微课设计、线上课程模式、线下翻转课堂等方面开展,得出混合式教学法在中医儿科学课程教学中发挥着积极有效的优势作用,对临床专业课课程建设的发展起到深远影响。

中西医结合儿科学课程思政案例设计

课程思政是我国高等教育教学改革的重要举措,也是培养高素质医学人才的现实需要。深入挖掘中西医结合儿科学中蕴含的思政元素,以课程思政素材贯穿教学始终,将课程专业知识与价值引领有机融合,对课程思政案例在中西医结合儿科学教学中的实现路径进行探索,让“大医精诚”的观念以及科学家精神、工匠精神和创新精神、批判性思维在教师的言传身教中,润物细无声地融入学生心中。中西医结合儿科学课程思政团队在建设及教育教学改革中,总结课程思政建设经验与方法,以期为中西医结合专业课程思政的建设提供一定的参考。

海派中医特色优势病种儿童腺样体肥大中医临床诊疗专家共识

腺样体是具有免疫作用的位于鼻咽顶和后壁交界处的淋巴组织团块,其随着年龄的增长而逐渐萎缩[1],腺样体肥大是指由于各种因素刺激腺样体淋巴组织而产生的病理性增生;对于该病的治疗中医优势较为明显,海派儿科根据多年临床实践经验在本病的治疗中提出“运脾治鼻”理念[2-4],并在临床以及机制研究中得到验证,但是目前尚缺乏基于流派经验的专家共识,本研究以龙华医院海派“徐氏儿科流派”学术思想为基础,结合文献研究结果制定儿童腺样体肥大中医诊疗专家共识。

卵巢癌中西医结合“全周期”诊疗上海专家共识

上皮性卵巢癌发病隐匿,是女性生殖器官常见的恶性肿瘤之一,病死率居妇科恶性肿瘤之首。70%以上的上皮性卵巢癌患者在就诊时已属晚期,表现为盆腹腔内组织器官的广泛转移,5年生存率仅为30%左右[1]。除了早期筛查意识欠缺、诊断困难,卵巢癌患者的高复发率和复发后可选择方案少也是其高病死率的重要影响因素,患者的长期预后面临着极大的威胁。

中医儿科优势病种认识与发展专家探讨

中医儿科在临床工作中发挥着巨大的功效,挖掘中医儿科的优势和特色,整理、遴选、推广中医儿科优势病种对于临床工作具有重要意义。中华中医药学会组织临床优势病种系列青年沙龙,旨在探明中医诊治的优势和特色,凝练中医解决临床问题的相关科学问题,为中医的精准发展提供支撑。本专家探讨意见从中医儿科优势病种的范畴、建设意义以及建设建议三个方面进行阐述,希冀广大同行及行政管理部门重视并推动中医儿科优势病种工作进展,这将对人民健康及中医儿科的振兴与发展大有裨益。

卵巢癌腹水中西医结合临床诊疗专家共识

腹水是腹膜腔内的过量积液,主要由原发或转移性肿瘤表面裸露的毛细血管渗出导致。恶性肿瘤相关腹水占所有腹水类型的10%,其中又以卵巢癌最为常见。卵巢癌的发病率居女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤第三位,病死率居妇科恶性肿瘤之首[1]。绝大多数卵巢癌患者初诊时已出现广泛腹腔转移,大量腹水增加腹腔压力,引起不同程度恶心、呕吐、纳差、腹部胀痛、呼吸困难等症状,若不及时控制可进一步诱发心肺功能不全,危及生命。

黄河文化视域下的中医骨伤流派研究

黄河流经不同地域,形成了各具特色的地域文化及中医药文化。黄河流域中医骨伤流派是中医学重要组成部分,千年来植根于黄河文化的沃土,结合当地地域特色,形成了各具特色的学术流派,推动了黄河流域骨伤科学的发展。通过文献资料研究黄河文化视域下各骨伤流派的历史渊源、特色及其对地方医学的贡献,探究黄河文化与学术流派的传承与发展,加深对黄河流域中医骨伤流派的认识,对推动中医骨伤科学发展,促进中医药传承与创新具有重要意义。

融入中医思政元素的多元化儿科护理学教学实践研究

目的探索在高等中医院校儿科护理学课程中融入中医思政元素多元化教学的实践效果。方法选取安徽中医药大学2019级429名学生作为研究组,选取安徽中医药大学2018级432名学生作为对照组。对照组在儿科护理学教学中采用常规课堂教学方法,研究组在儿科护理学教学中结合学科特点、护生的特征和中医文化的特色,采用融入中医思政的多元化教学方法。比较两组师生的教学反馈。结果儿科护理学课程中融入含中医思政元素的多元化教学后,97.4%的学生能明显感受到老师的亲和力、正向引导力,99.3%的学生认为最满意的事是获得中西医专业知识和能力,97.2%的学生能积极利用资源完成学习任务,学生普遍认为自主学习能力、对专业课和中医的兴趣、职业信念及规划均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。教师认为本教学改革更具有现代意识和中医特色,有利于护理本科生适应中医护理临床和塑造职业价值观。结论儿科护理学课程中融入中医思政元素的多元化教学可有效提升学生的学习效率和综合素质,引导学生正确认识护理专业地位和社会价值、中医在健康维护中的作用,有助于稳定护理队伍。

陈华教授传承浙派中医儿科学术特色治疗小儿肺系疾病经验探析

[目的]总结陈华教授传承浙派中医儿科学术特色治疗小儿肺系疾病的经验。[方法]通过随师临证,研究浙派儿科学术特点,从病因病机、遣方用药等方面阐释陈师治疗小儿肺系疾病的临床经验及方药特色,并通过临床验案加以佐证。[结果]陈师诊疗小儿肺系疾病的经验可概括为融通中西,谨守病机;四望一听,尤重望诊;分期论治,善用和清;用药轻灵,顾护脾胃。所列案例为小儿急性上呼吸道感染的典型案例,急性感染期解表清里,迁延反复期益气养阴,缓解恢复期补肺健脾,疗效显著。[结论]陈师小儿肺系疾病的诊治经验,不仅有较高临床实用价值,更是对浙派中医儿科学术特色的传承和发展。

儿童过敏体质与过敏性疾病的中医特色诊断与预防

过敏体质是多种过敏性疾病发生的共同土壤,早期识别和诊断过敏体质,有效地避免过敏体质的发生,并采用合适的调理措施,已经成为治疗儿童过敏性疾病的核心所在。中医理论认为,过敏体质形成的病因病机为脏腑功能失调,阴阳失衡,与伏邪关系紧密。中医儿科特色诊断方法有助于过敏体质的早期识别,但临床上仍需四诊合参,整体辨证。在过敏体质的形成过程中,父母禀受是儿童禀赋的决定因素,父母孕前和母亲孕期的状态起到了关键作用。提高父母备孕意识,调理好自身状态,重视胎教调护,辨证施治,加强运动锻炼,药膳结合,可以减少过敏儿的出生。

浙派中医治疗痛经经验整理

[目的]总结1911年前浙派中医治疗痛经的经验,探究其特色。[方法]对浙派中医古籍文献中有关痛经的论述、病案等进行摘录整理,总结痛经病机及治疗特色。[结果]浙派中医治疗痛经以“气血失调”为主要病机,提倡以寒热虚实为纲的气血辨证法,从月经有无先后失期、经血色量如何、痛在经行前后三方面进行辨证。文献所记载的痛经证型共8种,分别为血气虚证、血虚有滞证、血虚有寒证、血虚有热证、冲任不足证、肝气郁滞证、气滞血瘀证、寒凝血瘀证,以“温通清化、调和血气”为治则。浙派中医发扬命门学说,擅用温药,记载痛经要药10味,分别为凌霄花、白芍、马鞭草、玄胡、京三棱、鹿角、阳起石、白头翁根、莲房、荷叶。[结论]浙派中医治疗痛经从“气血”立论,“温补”“清化”以治本,“调畅气血”为根本,以辨证论治、治病求本为宗。

江苏地方医派传承发展张仲景学说刍议

仲景学说自明清开始出现北学南移,此与江苏地方医派关系密切。除刊刻《仲景全书》,精研仲景学术思想外,江苏医家结合当地气候、饮食及患者体质等因素,灵活变通《伤寒杂病论》的证治思路,促进了温病学派的诞生。此外,江苏地方医派秉承寒温一体理论,临证融伤寒、温病之长,同时将此思想融入中医教育中;并且借鉴西方院校教育模式,发展中医学校教育,开辟当代中医教育之先河。文章对江苏中医流派的学术及教育学思想进行了简单阐述,并对后续的中医药数字化科普工作进行了思考及展望,为中医流派的守正创新研究提供思路。