Argа-Bilig theory in traditional Mongolian medicine:a theoretical and practical perspective

The concept of Arga and Bilig serves as a foundational principle in both ancient Mongolian philosophy and traditional Mongolian medicine (TMM). Arga, symbolized by brightness and associated with qualities of fire and activity, complements Bilig, symbolized by darkness and representing attributes of water and stillness. Together, these opposing forces permeate all aspects of existence, from the genesis of parenthood to the interplay of day and night. Understanding Arga-Bilig is crucial for diagnosing and treating diseases, as it illuminates the source of imbalance within the body. This review provides an overview of the significance of Arga-Bilig in Mongolian philosophy and its application in TMM, emphasizing the dynamic interplay of these opposing forces and their role in maintaining balance and harmony within the body.

Basic philosophy of three essences theory in traditional Mongolian medicine

Traditional Mongolian medicine(TMM)integrates Tibetan and Chinese medicine with indigenous Mongolian practices,focusing on the balance of three core essences:Khii,Shar,and Badgan,derived from the Five Elements-earth,water,fire,wind,and space.These essences regulate both physical and psychological processes,and their imbalance,often caused by diet,behavior,or environment,leads to disease.TMM utilizes holistic diagnostic methods such as pulse diagnosis,visual inspection,and lifestyle evaluation to identify imbalances of three essences.Treatments include herbal remedies,dietary adjustments,behavior modification,and accessory therapies like moxibustion and massage to restore balance.This mini review examines the philosophical underpinnings,diagnostic techniques,and therapeutic strategies to Khii,Shar,and Badgan,highlighting their importance in both traditional and modern integrative healthcare.

History, philosophy and modern research of traditional Mongolian medicine

The Mongolian nationality is a legendary ethnic group with a long history.In the long history process,Mongolians have developed broad,profound and gorgeous cultural patterns in many aspects,such as living,diet,clothing,language,writing,dance,art,medicine and health,which has accumulated tremendous achievements and formed its unique tradition.Traditional Mongolian medicine(TMM)is one of the most important ethnic medicines with systematic theories that has been developed over thousands of years among Mongolian people.The study of TMM has the potential to aid in the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases,as well as the provision of more effective medical services across the world.This paper reviews the key literature concerned with the origin and history,main theoretical philosophies and the modern research status of TMM.It provides a reference for the study of traditional medicine.

Classification and reduction manipulation of fractures in Chinese traditional Mongolian osteopathy

OBJECTIVE:To explore the concept of classification and reduction manipulation of fractures in Chinese traditional Mongolian osteopathy.METHODS:Based on the linear classification of fractures in Chinese traditional Mongolian osteopathy and the practice of reduction manipulation,a dynamic classification and reduction manipulation concept of fractures was established with the use of modern biomechanical principles and methods.RESULTS:We classified the linear classification and reduction manipulation of fractures in Chinese traditional Mongolian osteopathy based on the achievement of fracture line and used the cause of the formation of the fracture line for our dynamic classification and reduction manipulation of fractures concept.CONCLUSION:The etiology of the formation of fracture lines can be used to decrease diagnostic error,increase therapeutic effects of manipulation,and further provide a new concept and method for the development of the reduction concept of fractures.

Biological macro-idea and criterion of osteopathic fracture immobilization in China's traditional mongolian medicine

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the biological macro-idea and criterion of osteopathic fracture immobilization in China's traditional Mongolian medicine.METHODS:Based on biological naturalism regarding the relationship between man and universe(including psychosomatic integration) in osteopathic fracture immobilization in China's traditional Mongolian medicine,we used modern physiopsychological and biomechanical principles and methods to investigate the biological macro-characteristics of humanization,behaviorism,and wholism in "dynamic" fixation of fractures.RESULTS:Osteopathic fracture immobilization in China's traditional Mongolian medicine is based on the fixation criterion of macro-idea and method as well as on geometry,mechanics,motion,and stress and psychological stability in "non-sheltered fixation" of fractures contained in the life view of nature,regarding the relationship between man and universe(including psychosomatic integration) and on harmony between the limbs and the whole body,between body and function,and between man and nature.CONCLUSIONS:Osteopathic fracture immobilization in China's traditional Mongolian medicine is fixation without trauma or shelter.The principle and method of whole,dynamic,and functional fixation of fractures is not only radical,but also represents a new direction for developing the principle and method of fracture immobilization.

Moxibustion Therapy in Traditional Mongolian Medicine

From the medical history of traditional Eastern Asian and Tibetan medicine, the origin and development of moxibustion seems to be closely related to Mongolia. To explore the current clinical practice of moxibustion in Mongolia, we visited a teaching hospital, the Traditional Medical Science, Technology and Production Corporation of Mongolia, in February 2014. Many types of moxibustion are found to be used, and various modalities and methods are practiced based on the principles of traditional Mongolian medicine. In particular, Mongolian drug moxibustion, which uses small butter-warmed bags packed with powdered aromatic herbs instead of moxa cones, is a unique moxibustion technique not found in other countries. In this paper, we introduce the clinical practice of moxibustion, specifically Mongolian drug moxibustion in Mongolia.

The Present Scenario, Challenges, and Future Anticipation of Traditional Mongolian Medicine in China

The objective was to study the present scenario,challenges,and future anticipation of traditional Mongolian medicine(TMM)in China.The literature was retrieved using various sources of information such as meetings with TMM experts,research and review articles,national health databases,and government websites and authoritative papers.Health care using TMM,TMM education and research,and the pharmaceutical industry of TMM has been improved by implementing TMM growth policies.TMM has been extensively used for health care in Mongolia and in various regions of China including Beijing.The national education system of China contains a stream of TMM education.There is a yearly increase in research productivity in the field of TMM due to extensive research funding by the government.The rapidly growing pharmaceutical industry of TMM has provided more availability of TMM to more patients.The literature search revealed good preservation and development of TMM in China,urging the need to take steps for the promotion of its spread and development in China and worldwide.

Ideas, properties, and standards of fracture repositioning with osteopathy in traditional Mongolian medicine in China

OBJECTIVE: To explore the unique ideas, properties, and standards of fracture repositioning with osteopathy in traditional Mongolian medicine in China.METHODS: Based on the natural life concept of "integration of universe and man," osteopathy in traditional Mongolian medicine in China uses the modern principles and methods of physiology, psychol-ogy, and biomechanics. Against this background,we explored the unique ideas, properties, and standards of fracture repositioning in traditional Mongolian medicine.RESULTS: Fracture treatment with osteopathy in traditional Mongolian medicine in China is based on(a) the ideas of natural, sealed, self and dynamic repositioning of fractures;(b) the properties of structural continuity and functional completeness;(c) the standards of "integration of movement and stillness" and "force to force." CONCLUSION: The unique ideas, properties, and standards of fracture repositioning with osteopathy in traditional Mongolian medicine in China have resulted in the widespread use of such techniques and represents the future direction of the development of fracture repositioning.

YINDARA-4 relieves visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome rats via regulation of gut microbiota and serotonin levels

Objective:The present study aims to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of YINDARA-4 in improving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)in a rat model and investigate the impact of YINDARA-4 on potential targets of IBS management,such as the serotonin level in intestinal tissues and the structure and composition of the gut microbiota.Methods:We developed an IBS rat model by combining stress from maternal separation,acetic acid administration,and restraint.We administered YINDARA-4 water extract to the IBS rat model for 10 consecutive days.The fecal water content,visceral sensitivity,gut microbiota,and serotonin levels in the colonic tissue were then analyzed and compared between the control group,IBS model group,and YINDARA-4–treated groups.Results:Treatment with YINDARA-4 reversed visceral hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent manner in the experimental rat model of IBS.The relief of visceral hypersensitivity upon treatment with YINDARA-4 involved regulation of the gut microbiota structure and composition,and normalization of elevated serotonin levels in the colon.The decrease in colonic serotonin levels with YINDARA-4 treatment might be associated with a reduction in the abundance of Helicobacter and enrichment of Butyricimonas.Conclusions:Treatment with YINDARA-4 was beneficial against visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of IBS.The improved symptoms exhibited in IBS rats were associated with favorably altered gut microbiota and normalization of serotonin levels in the colon.

Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants in Baotou,Inner Mongolia,China

Objective To document the knowledge and the use of indigenous medicinal plants by traditional healers in Baotou,Inner Mongolia,China.Methods Data were collected from 112 randomly-selected interviewees using semistructured interviews in wild herbal plant collected from 2007 to 2010.The data from the interviewees were analyzed with two quantitative tools.With the informant consensus factor,the information homology was evaluated and with the fidelity level the most important species from the categories were found.Results One hundred and fifty-two species belonging to 112 genera in 48 families with medicinal values were recorded.The reported medicinal plants species were used to treat 63 kinds of diseases.And the medicinal plants in this district possessed significant potentials for their pharmacological activities in the context of ethnopharmacological knowledge,especially in the treatments of gastrointestinal,dermatological,and cardiovascular diseases.Conclusion In this work,152 medicinal plants with their ethnopharmacological information are reported.This study demonstrates that many species play an important role in healing practices among inhabitants from Baotou.More ethnopharmacological information of Mongolian medicinal plants should be gathered and documented in further studies,which is a fundamental step toward developing efficacious natural drugs for various diseases.