Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Community-based Natural Resource Management in Northeast India

Community-based natural resource management in northeast India has a long history. Indigenous knowledge and adaptation are the collective information, with improvement from generation to generation. The expectation is that under community control, local expertise on biodiversity will play a significant role in natural resource management through traditional practices. This paper discusses the characteristics and application of the traditional ecological knowledge of aboriginal peoples in northeast India and its role in natural resource management. Examples are provided in two different eco-cultural landscapes, i.e., Demazong (the Buddhist eco-cultural landscape in Sikkim Himalaya) and the Apatani eco-cultural landscape in Arunachal Pradesh, which illustrate the utility value of traditional ecological knowledge in sustainable natural resource management. Both eco-cultural landscapes are indeed very complex and highly evolved systems with high levels of economic and ecological efficiencies. The paper concludes that traditional ecological knowledge systems and institutions could serve as entry points into the sustainable utilization and management of natural resources. This could be achieved through the exploration of the cultural practices of the local people and integrating useful aspects into the modern natural resource management expertise. With rapidly depleting biodiversity in the developing tropic regions, there is a greater utilization today than ever before of the value of respecting the "Sacred" as a tool towards better conservation of natural resources.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Sacred Groves and Conservation of Biodiversity in the Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve of India

The sacred groves in the Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve (PBR) of India were studied to understand the concept of traditional ecological and biodiversity conservation systems. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the selected villages of the PBR along with the survey of sacred groves. In 10 selected villages of the PBR 7 sacred groves were managed by Mawasi and 16 sacred groves by Gond tribal communities. Different deities were worshipped in the sacred groves and each grove was named after the deity dwelling in the respective sacred grove. A total of 19 such deities were recorded during the survey worshipped by the local people. In study area, various traditional customs associated with sacred groves were in practice. The sacred groves were rich in plant genetic diversity and were composed of many ethnobotanically useful species, including wild edible fruits, medicinal plants, fodder, fuelwood and timber yielding species. Given the importance of conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem attempts should be made to maintain the sanctity of sacred groves.

Application of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Food and Water Security in the Semi-Arid Turkana County, Kenya

Weather extremes negatively affect socioeconomic developments in arid and semi-arid areas (ASALs) and increase vulnerability of residents to food and water insecurity. Thus, communities adapt to such extremes of weather using Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and/or Modern Technologies. Modern farming technologies and land resource developments in ASALs have in past ignored TEK, and in most cases led to undesired outcomes. It’s against this backdrop that this study was conceived to assess TEK among the Turkana people, its application and contribution to food and water security. The research adopted a cross-sectional social survey in collecting data from Central Turkana Sub-County residents. The study revealed that the Turkana people possess vast knowledge related to their environment;that this TEK plays a significant role in food production, preservation and in natural resource management. For instance, in 82% of the respondents use TEK in enhancing livestock production through the selection of livestock species that are suitable and drought tolerant;over 70% of them use TEK in reducing risk associated with livestock losses due to prolonged droughts. Further, TEK influenced the development and conservation of the water resources (r = 0.631;p < 0.01) including siting boreholes and wells. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.755;p < 0.01) between TEK and food security. TEK should be incorporated into the decision-making processes involving development projects within the ASALs.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Practices of Ethnic Kyrgyz of the Eastem Pamir in Ethnotoponyms

The author analyzes ethnotoponyms, the local place names of Kyrgyz people living in the Murgab region of Tajikistan＇s Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous region. The author conducted field research in the region in 2010-2015. The article also builds on data from the works of pre-Soviet Russian and western travelers, who studied the region at middle 19th early 20th centuries. The author concludes that local place names given by Kyrgyz people to the mountains, rivers, lakes, and valleys reflect the unique features of natural landscapes of Eastern Pamir as well as Kyrgyz nomads＇ empirical observations of natural phenomena and processes, livelihoods and nomadic values.

On the Construction of Knowledge Ecology Models in the Strategic Change from Traditional Enterprises to Innovative Enterprises from the Perspective of Combination Innovation

The paper expounds the extensive ecological process of knowledge creation in the strategic change from traditional enterprises to innovative enterprises from the perspective of integrating innovation,analyzes the systematic integration process of the three links including knowledge preparation,knowledge production and knowledge diffusion in the two different change paths of integrated innovation and digestive absorption innovation,and establishes the knowledge ecology models in different paths.

生态文明视域下民族传统生态知识的价值探赜

世界上并存着数千个民族,这些民族在与环境的长期互动过程中建构了自己的民族生境,形成了与之适应的传统生态知识,这样的知识在维护自身民族生境稳定的同时,也使得其他区域民族从中受益,建构了全人类和谐的人与自然关系。然而,随着工业文明的兴起和发展,这样的和谐被打乱了,工业文明的发展不仅给自身生境带来诸多“生态灾难”,而且还危及其他民族的生存。因此,要开展生态文明建设,在全球范围内重树人与自然和谐共荣关系的新格局,还得借鉴、消化与吸收各民族的传统生态知识。故充分发掘和创新利用好此类知识,对今天生态文明建设依然具有不可替代的价值和作用。

地方性生态知识视野下的岭南庭园研究进展

岭南庭园中丰富的、有待挖掘整理的地方性生态知识是地域性的重要体现。目前,人文视角下岭南庭园研究已构成完整研究体系并呈现往细分领域成熟发展趋势,生态视角下以岭南庭园气候适应性研究为主,尚未完成全生态因子测量与整体景观要素生态过程分析。尽管岭南庭园研究重点关注于地方性自然环境及地方性物质空间载体,但是基于整体性的地方性知识体系仍需完善。从地方性生态知识视野对岭南庭园再认知,提出了适应于岭南庭园营造的地方性生态知识框架体系,由场地生态关系、地方生态技能、传统生态智慧三部分组成,可为岭南庭园营造提供具有整体性、生态性、创新性和国际化的研究视野。

基于CiteSpace的生态适应理念下传统村落空间形态研究

系统梳理我国传统村落空间形态在生态环境影响下的研究成果,多角度提供协同方法,共同推进传统村落生态适应性的科学理论发展研究。以CNKI作为数据源,将近20年来传统村落空间形态生态适应性研究进程作为研究对象,以社会事件为背景,采用CiteSpace 6.3R2(64-bit)软件进行可视化分析得出科学知识图谱,对关键词热点聚类进行分析解读。结果表明:①近年来在国内村落相关方面学者研究中,“传统村落”“空间形态”“适应性”这3个词为高频关键词;②国内对村落空间形态研究过程经历了从广度向深度的转变,“传统聚落”“黄河流域”“生态适应”和“三生空间”等是热点领域;③未来的研究应以建立传统村落生态保护制度为基础,着重于从学科交叉和地域系统等层面探讨生态适应性与传统村落空间形态之间的关系,为传统村落的生态传承提供理论与实践的支持。

Effects of Traditional Ecological Knowledge on the Droughtresistant Mechanisms of the Hani Rice Terraces System

The Hani Rice Terraces System is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems（GIAHS） sites which can successfully resist extreme droughts.The reason is not only that the forests and terraces have the important function of water conservation,which provide and conserve adequate water resources for this complex ecosystem,but also that Hani traditional ecological knowledge plays an important role in the drought-resistance process.In this paper,drought-resistant mechanisms of the Hani Rice Terraces System have been analyzed first,then Hani traditional ecological knowledge has been analyzed based on a comprehensive literature review,a questionnaire survey and key informant interviews.The results show that the Hani nationality has developed knowledge of water management techniques,including water conserving construction,water allocation and ditch management.The Hani people are also highly conscious of water resources protection.There is a good deal of forest resource management knowledge and worship of forests,which have effectively helped in protecting the forest ecological system.In the reclamation and maintenance of Hani terraced fields,the Hani people have developed a series of farming systems,which have effectively protected the terrace ecosystem.Through analyzing this knowledge of water management,forest resource management and Hani terraced fields management,our paper confirms the important role that traditional ecological knowledge plays in maintaining stability of the system and realizing the efficient use of water resource.This is not only helpful for preserving cultural heritage,but is vital for protecting the Hani Rice Terraces System as a whole.

The Value of the Miao People’s Traditional Ecological Knowledge for a Solution to Rocky Desertification in Mashan

There are many branches of the Miao people in China, one of which is the Mashan Miao, who have been living in karst mountainous areas in southwest Guizhou Province. The Mashan Miao have adopted various measures for the conservation and effective utilization of the local ecological system and have made great achievements in this area. From the 1950s, their social environment has changed a lot due to political and economic movements. The rocky desertification in the Mashan area has gradually expanded. After the 1990s, relief work was carried out to address the desertification problem, but it was not very effective. We have been doing fieldwork in this area for more than 20 years and from our fieldwork records, we have found that the local Miao people have traditional ecological knowledge and skills that are of irreplaceable valuable for finding a solution for rocky desertification. Using the Miao knowledge we think a feasible way to control this disaster can be found.

河西走廊传统牧业生产中的地方性生态知识及其发展

世代生活在河西走廊的藏族、裕固族、蒙古族、哈萨克族等游牧民族,在千百年来的生产生活实践中,形成了一整套人与自然共荣共生的生态智慧和地方性生态知识体系,包括观念层面的生态认知、生产生活层面的生态技术和语言与口传文化中的生态表达。在传统牧业社会转型的当下,河西走廊各民族的地方性生态知识依然有其独特价值和意义。在祁连山国家公园框架下选择适当的区域建立河西走廊传统牧业文化保护区,或许是引导地方性生态知识积极对接现代科学技术系统,贯彻“人与自然和谐共生”理念,实现生态文化多样性的可行路径。

基于湘桂黔界邻区调查的侗族传统村落生态智慧系统构建

侗族传统村落生态智慧是族群生命观、非物质文化传播及生态知识遍布的系统构建。其诗意栖居的理想生态关联智慧为“辨物居方”、“与祖先同在”、居安思“久”三要素。文章以侗族传统村落表象为切入点,认为视觉意义上的干栏木构、稻作田园、山水自然三者和谐统一具有内在成因,是生态智慧构建、是族群对生存认知的重要追求。生态智慧不仅是一个目的,更是一个“有始无终”的过程。因此,侗寨景观构建特色小镇、侗寨旅游开发、乡村振兴是侗族传统村落生态智慧优化的最佳策略。

Indian time:time,seasonality,and culture in Traditional Ecological Knowledge of climate change

Introduction:Western climate science and Traditional Ecological Knowledge(TEK)represent complementary and overlapping views of the causes and consequences of change.In particular,observations of changes in abundance,distribution,phenology,or behavior of the natural environment(including plants and animals)can have a rich cultural and spiritual interpretation in Indigenous communities that may not be present in western science epistemologies.Results:Using interviews with Indigenous elders and other Traditional Knowledge holders,we demonstrate that assumptions about the nature,perception,and utilization of time and timing can differ across knowledge systems in regard to climate change.Conclusions:Our interviewees’focus on relationality predisposes them to notice interactional changes among humans and other species,to be sensitive to smaller scale examples of change,to be more likely to see climate change as part of a broader time scale,and to link changes to a greater suite of socio-political phenomena,including the long arc of colonialism.One implication of this research and the interactions among humans and other species is that policies restricting Native and non-Native access to resources(i.e.,hunting and fishing)to certain calendar seasons may need to be revisited in a changing climate.

武陵山区永顺人工油茶林传统生态知识探析

中国南方各民族在驯化和利用油茶的历史进程中,经过不断试错求对和积淀形成了人工油茶林的生物物种、生态功能、人林共生的传统生态知识。人工油茶林传统生态知识是文化与特定物种兼容互惠、协同演化的结果,对新时代生态文明建设具有直接的借鉴意义。

土著人民传统生态知识国际法律保护的弊失及其匡治

传统生态知识业已广受关注和重视,诸多国际法律文件对其予以保护。但囿于相关国际组织众多且分散、土著民族位处弱势地位、土著人民传统观念与现代社会冲突,传统生态知识保护存在保护体制上的边缘化、立法上的碎片化、机制上的残缺化等诸多弊处,亟待寻求改进之道。鉴于此,以观念变革推动保护立法向以平等主义为核心的方向转变,寻求保护格局的利益均衡,加强保护立法和平台建设,推进国内保护与国际保护机制的衔接和完善,多元保护路径加强保护治理,以真正实现有效保护。

传统生态知识的民族生态学分析框架

传统生态知识是民族生态学研究的核心范畴,国外已有多年的研究基础,国内的相关研究正是方兴未艾。通过文献查询和比较分析等方法,介绍了国外已有的传统生态知识的民族生态学分析框架的3个模型:知识-实践-信仰的三角形框架;本土经验知识-资源管理知识-社会制度知识-世界观知识的四椭圆框架;事实观察-管理体系-旧有及当下利用-伦理价值-文化特征-宇宙观的五边形框架。结合田野调查研究,提出了一个立体的传统生态知识的民族生态学分析模型,强调了传统生态知识的动态特征,将民族对于自然的被动认识和主动认知、民族人际关系规范、民族的哲学与伦理等方面所呈现出的传统生态知识进行了分类,从而为民族生态学的调查研究提供了方法上的建议。最后总结了这个立体的传统生态知识分析框架的意义,并建议在我国的生态文明建设中发展和应用民族生态学。

香格里拉县五境乡传统人工种植羊肚菌对经济生态的影响

在云南省滇西北香格里拉县五境乡,经过村民长期的试验和实践,野生羊肚菌(Morchella spp.)得到了成功的人工种植与推广。2010年8～9月,为了了解五境乡羊肚菌人工种植的经济和生态效益,对该乡的羊肚菌种植"示范村"—仓觉村进行了调查。结果表明,仓觉村具有悠久的羊肚菌分布、收集与栽培历史;羊肚菌的种植与其他地区相比有明显的差异,当地羊肚菌的种植以传统方法为主;随着羊肚菌种植面积的扩大,羊肚菌对当地人民的生计和经济收入有着越来越重要的作用;由于需要砍伐一些森林资源作为栽培料,羊肚菌的种植对当地的生态环境有一定负面影响,然而在一定程度上反而有利于森林的替代和增加生物多样性。为了促进羊肚菌种植的可持续发展和生态保护,当地村民也采取了一些积极的措施,如对栽培料森林资源的采伐方式为伐大留小和砍密留稀,村民在退耕还林地上自发种植大量的栽培料木材资源,并开始尝试其他的种植方式。

我国民族生态学研究进展

本文对我国民族生态学的学科发展与研究进展进行了回顾和总结.我国民族生态学研究在民族生态学概念与理论探讨、少数民族传统知识与生物多样性保护、传统文化与生态保护、自然资源利用与可持续发展等方面取得了大量研究成果,为我国民族生态学的未来发展奠定了良好基础,对于我国民族地区生态文明建设与可持续发展具有重要参考价值.

村落传统生态知识的多样性表达及其特点与利用——湘西土家族村落“苏竹”个案研究

武陵山区特定的生活空间塑造了土家族既受水系又受山系双重制约的生态认知体系。这种认知体系以生产劳动中人们对生境的认知和信仰为基础,以生活中人们对生境的维护和适当利用为内核,以具体的文化事象为表达形式。本文以湘西龙山县苏竹村为个案,初步探讨了村落传统生态知识在现代社会中的利用价值。

中国北方传统村落的古代生态实践智慧及其当代启示

传统村落是我国仅存不多的古代生态实践智慧的鲜活载体,其中所蕴含的朴素而可持续的生态智慧哲学观对我国现代城市规划领域具有重要启示意义。本文在对我国黄土高原、黄淮海、东北、甘新、珠三角、长三角等地40余个传统村落进行深入调研的基础上进行了如下三个思考:为什么从北方传统村落视角思考中国古代生态实践智慧?我国北方传统村落中生态实践智慧的核心特点是什么?应当采用什么样的方法对其进行挖掘和研究?并最终提出三个关键启示:中国古代生态智慧的挖掘应重点关注传统村落;中国古代城乡营建中可持续思想的核心是"低维护成本";中国传统村落的生态实践智慧是实现从文化自信到文化输出的关键。