This study aims to evaluate measures against the Urban Heat Island (UHI) regarding artificial exhaust heat of road traffic using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the Tokyo Ward Area where the degree of UHI is p...This study aims to evaluate measures against the Urban Heat Island (UHI) regarding artificial exhaust heat of road traffic using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the Tokyo Ward Area where the degree of UHI is particularly strong. We developed a GIS database that reflected road traffic conditions, and calculated the volume of artificial exhaust heat of road traffic to evaluate measures against the UHI. The findings of this study can be summarized in the following three points. 1) Artificial exhaust heat volume for moving targets was remarkably higher than that of stationary targets and, in particular, artificial exhaust heat volume was high on roads with remarkable numbers of vehicles and running speeds such as expressways and ring roads. 2) In UHI- related policy for moving targets, the suppression of waste heat through choice of fuel burned, improvement of traffic flow by securing space for cyclists and pedestrians, development of bypasses, and upgrading signal control managed to reduce artificial exhaust heat volume, even though there were differences in degree of reduction. 3) In UHI-related policy for stationary targets, special road surfaces and the increase in efficiency of energy consumption equipment achieved a reduction ratio of around 30% in artificial exhaust heat volume, more than moving targets as well as making it possible to expect a reduction in artificial exhaust heat volume on a wide scale.展开更多
为了解北京城市街区PM10浓度日变化特征及其影响因素,利用2003年10月BECAPEX(Beijing City Air Pollution Experiment)街道、街区及周边小区4个测点PM10浓度的对比观测试验资料和同期街道机动车流量、采样点附近自动气象站风速及探空资...为了解北京城市街区PM10浓度日变化特征及其影响因素,利用2003年10月BECAPEX(Beijing City Air Pollution Experiment)街道、街区及周边小区4个测点PM10浓度的对比观测试验资料和同期街道机动车流量、采样点附近自动气象站风速及探空资料进行了综合对比分析。通过天气诊断和统计学分析相结合,初步分析了北京市城区街道大气污染物PM10浓度日变化特征及机动车排放污染、气象条件对PM10浓度日变化的影响。结果表明,试验期间北京市城区街道PM10浓度日变化特征存在明显差异,交通源污染物PM10浓度日变化具有单峰与双峰型差异的特殊性。工作日PM10浓度日变化出现双峰,周末PM10浓度日变化仅有单峰出现;交通污染源和气象条件对城市街区PM10浓度日变化特征的影响程度存在空间差异。离交通污染源较近的街区PM10浓度日变化受机动车排放污染的影响程度较大,而离交通源较远的小区PM10浓度受机动车排放污染的影响相对较小;不稳定天气条件下交通污染源影响范围较小,在特定天气条件下,气象条件的影响强度可显著超过交通污染源的影响。展开更多
将时间-活动模式与微环境空气污染物监测相结合估计儿童个体NOx暴露水平.分别在北京和青岛两市各选择3所学校监测校园环境污染物,并在每个学校选择10名儿童监测其家庭居室空气中ρ(NOx)及个体24 h NOx暴露水平,同时收集其时间-活动信息...将时间-活动模式与微环境空气污染物监测相结合估计儿童个体NOx暴露水平.分别在北京和青岛两市各选择3所学校监测校园环境污染物,并在每个学校选择10名儿童监测其家庭居室空气中ρ(NOx)及个体24 h NOx暴露水平,同时收集其时间-活动信息,采用时间-活动模式估计儿童的个体暴露水平.交通工具中的NOx暴露水平可通过校门口空气中ρ(NOx)和交通工具的污染水平系数(λ)估计.结果表明:利用时间-活动模式模拟的儿童个体24 h NOx暴露水平为0.041mg/m3,与调整后的个体暴露实测水平相关性较好(R=0.785,P<0.01),差值为(-0.0026±0.0130)mg/m3,二者的差异无统计学意义(t=0.139,P>0.05).表明采用时间-活动模式与微环境空气质量监测结果相结合方法估计的儿童NOx暴露水平与个体实际暴露水平一致.展开更多
文摘This study aims to evaluate measures against the Urban Heat Island (UHI) regarding artificial exhaust heat of road traffic using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the Tokyo Ward Area where the degree of UHI is particularly strong. We developed a GIS database that reflected road traffic conditions, and calculated the volume of artificial exhaust heat of road traffic to evaluate measures against the UHI. The findings of this study can be summarized in the following three points. 1) Artificial exhaust heat volume for moving targets was remarkably higher than that of stationary targets and, in particular, artificial exhaust heat volume was high on roads with remarkable numbers of vehicles and running speeds such as expressways and ring roads. 2) In UHI- related policy for moving targets, the suppression of waste heat through choice of fuel burned, improvement of traffic flow by securing space for cyclists and pedestrians, development of bypasses, and upgrading signal control managed to reduce artificial exhaust heat volume, even though there were differences in degree of reduction. 3) In UHI-related policy for stationary targets, special road surfaces and the increase in efficiency of energy consumption equipment achieved a reduction ratio of around 30% in artificial exhaust heat volume, more than moving targets as well as making it possible to expect a reduction in artificial exhaust heat volume on a wide scale.
文摘为了解北京城市街区PM10浓度日变化特征及其影响因素,利用2003年10月BECAPEX(Beijing City Air Pollution Experiment)街道、街区及周边小区4个测点PM10浓度的对比观测试验资料和同期街道机动车流量、采样点附近自动气象站风速及探空资料进行了综合对比分析。通过天气诊断和统计学分析相结合,初步分析了北京市城区街道大气污染物PM10浓度日变化特征及机动车排放污染、气象条件对PM10浓度日变化的影响。结果表明,试验期间北京市城区街道PM10浓度日变化特征存在明显差异,交通源污染物PM10浓度日变化具有单峰与双峰型差异的特殊性。工作日PM10浓度日变化出现双峰,周末PM10浓度日变化仅有单峰出现;交通污染源和气象条件对城市街区PM10浓度日变化特征的影响程度存在空间差异。离交通污染源较近的街区PM10浓度日变化受机动车排放污染的影响程度较大,而离交通源较远的小区PM10浓度受机动车排放污染的影响相对较小;不稳定天气条件下交通污染源影响范围较小,在特定天气条件下,气象条件的影响强度可显著超过交通污染源的影响。
文摘将时间-活动模式与微环境空气污染物监测相结合估计儿童个体NOx暴露水平.分别在北京和青岛两市各选择3所学校监测校园环境污染物,并在每个学校选择10名儿童监测其家庭居室空气中ρ(NOx)及个体24 h NOx暴露水平,同时收集其时间-活动信息,采用时间-活动模式估计儿童的个体暴露水平.交通工具中的NOx暴露水平可通过校门口空气中ρ(NOx)和交通工具的污染水平系数(λ)估计.结果表明:利用时间-活动模式模拟的儿童个体24 h NOx暴露水平为0.041mg/m3,与调整后的个体暴露实测水平相关性较好(R=0.785,P<0.01),差值为(-0.0026±0.0130)mg/m3,二者的差异无统计学意义(t=0.139,P>0.05).表明采用时间-活动模式与微环境空气质量监测结果相结合方法估计的儿童NOx暴露水平与个体实际暴露水平一致.