Traffic flow velocity disturbance characteristics and control strategy at the bottleneck of expressway

In the three-phase traffic flow studies, the traffic flow characteristic at the bottleneck section is a hot spot in the academic field. The controversy about the characteristics of the synchronized flow at bottleneck is also the main contradiction between the three-phase traffic flow theory and the traditional traffic flow theory. Under the framework of three-phase traffic flow theory, this paper takes the on-ramp as an example to discuss the traffic flow characteristics at the bottleneck section.In particular, this paper mainly conducts the micro-analysis to the effect of lane change under the two lane conditions, as well as the effect of the on-ramp on the main line traffic flow. It is found that when the main road flow is low, the greater the on-ramp inflow rate, the higher the average speed of the whole road section. As the probability of vehicles entering from the on-ramp increases, the flow and the average speed of the main road are gradually stabilized, and then the on-ramp inflow vehicles no longer have a significant impact on the traffic flow. In addition, this paper focuses on the velocity disturbance generated at the on-ramp, and proposes the corresponding on-ramp control strategy based on it, and the simulation verified that the control strategy can reasonably control the traffic flow by the on-ramp, which can meet the control strategy requirements to some extent.

Lax-Friedrich Scheme for the Numerical Simulation of a Traffic Flow Model Based on a Nonlinear Velocity Density Relation

A fluid dynamic traffic flow model based on a non-linear velocity-density function is considered. The model provides a quasi-linear first order hyperbolic partial differential equation which is appended with initial and boundary data and turns out an initial boundary value problem (IBVP). A first order explicit finite difference scheme of the IBVP known as Lax-Friedrich’s scheme for our model is presented and a well-posedness and stability condition of the scheme is established. The numerical scheme is implemented in order to perform the numerical features of error estimation and rate of convergence. Fundamental diagram, density, velocity and flux profiles are presented.

A control method applied to mixed traffic flow for the coupled-map car-following model

In light of previous work [Phys. Rev. E 60 4000 （1999）], a modified coupled-map car-following model is proposed by considering the headways of two successive vehicles in front of a considered vehicle described by the optimal velocity function. The non-jam conditions are given on the basis of control theory. Through simulation, we find that our model can exhibit a better effect as p = 0.65, which is a parameter in the optimal velocity function. The control scheme, which was proposed by Zhao and Gao, is introduced into the modified model and the feedback gain range is determined. In addition, a modified control method is applied to a mixed traffic system that consists of two types of vehicle. The range of gains is also obtained by theoretical analysis. Comparisons between our method and that of Zhao and Gao are carried out, and the corresponding numerical simulation results demonstrate that the temporal behavior of traffic flow obtained using our method is better than that proposed by Zhao and Gao in mixed traffic systems.

An improved cellular automaton model considering the effect of traffic lights and driving behaviour

This paper proposes an improved cellular automaton model to describe the urban traffic flow with the consideration of traffic light and driving behaviour effects. Based on the model, the characteristics of the urban traffic flow on a single- lane road are investigated under three different control strategies, i.e., the synchronized, the green wave and the random strategies. The fundamental diagrams and time-space patterns of the traffic flows are provided for these strategies respectively. It finds that the dynamical transition to the congested flow appears when the vehicle density is higher than a critical level. The saturated flow is less dependent on the cycle time and the strategies of the traffic light control, while the critical vehicle density varies with the cycle time and the strategies. Simulated results indicate that the green wave strategy is proven to be the most effective one among the above three control strategies.

Modified coupled map car-following model and its delayed feedback control scheme

A modified coupled map car-following model is proposed, in which two successive vehicle headways in front of the considering vehicle is incorporated into the optimal velocity function. The steady state under certain conditions is obtained. An error system around the steady state is studied further. Moreover, the condition for the state having no traffic jam is derived. A new control scheme is presented to suppress the traffic jam in the modified coupled map car-following model under the open boundary. A control signal including the velocity differences between the following and the considering vehicles, and between the preceding and the considering vehicles is used. The condition under which the traffic jam can be well suppressed is analysed. The results are compared with that presented by t^onishi et al. （the KKH model）. The simulation results show that the temporal behaviour obtained in our model is better than that in the KKH model. The simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.

Iterative learning control approach for ramp metering

An iterative learning control scheme is developed to the traffic densitycontrol in a macroscopic level freeway environment. With rigorous analysis, the proposed intelligentcontrol scheme guarantees the asymptotic convergence of the traffic density to the desired one. Thecontrol scheme is applied to a freeway model, and simulation results confirm the efficacy of theproposed approach.

交通流的能耗问题和分岔分析

交通流模型的分岔现象,涉及复杂的动力学特征且研究较少.因此,提出了一个最优速度模型来研究驾驶员记忆对驾驶行为和燃料消耗的影响.利用非线性动力学,分析和预测了复杂的交通现象.运用双参数分岔、单参数分岔等分析方法,得到了BT分岔、尖分岔(CP)、鞍结分岔(LP)、Hopf分岔(H)等不同分岔结构.选择Hopf分岔和鞍结分岔作为密度演化的起点,描述了均匀流、稳定和不稳定的拥挤流以及走走停停等动力学现象.数值模拟了能源消耗在分岔点附近的变化特征.结果表明,当考虑分岔的影响时,既能发现燃料消耗规律,又能为合理控制能耗提供一定的理论依据.

基于轨迹谱聚类的终端区盛行交通流识别方法

为了改善终端空域扇区和进离场航线对实际空中交通的流量及空间分布的适用性,研究了从大量航空器飞行轨迹中识别主要交通流的方法.在分析飞行轨迹空间特征的基础上,建立了基于3D网格的轨迹间相似性模型.利用谱聚类算法对终端区飞行轨迹样本进行聚类划分,提出了一种基于轨迹聚类核密度估计的盛行交通流和异常轨迹的识别方法,用于从空管雷达记录的飞行轨迹中识别出盛行交通流的实验.实验研究结果表明:该方法将1 476条轨迹划分为5个聚类,识别出5个盛行交通流,且识别结果未受到异常轨迹的影响.

高速公路交通流密度控制器设计

高速公路宏观控制方法的目的在于防止交通拥塞 ,至少避免由于交通的多相性引起拥塞状况的恶化 ,通过寻求控制策略达到理想的交通密度轮廓。然而 ,由于交通模型的强耦合性和非线性 ,高速公路密度控制方法研究进展较慢。本文利用非线性积分器的 backstepping方法 ,分析和设计控制方案 ,提出了一种针对自动化公路系统 (AHS)的道路交通控制器。这种控制器在宏观水平上操纵 ,能够使拥塞的高速公路交通密度快速收敛到期望值 kdi(n)。

不同CACC渗透率条件下的混合交通流稳定性分析

未来协同自适应巡航控制(Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control,CACC)车辆和传统车辆混合交通流的稳定性决定了CACC技术对交通拥堵、能耗排放的改善程度.鉴于此,研究不同CACC渗透率时这种混合交通流的稳定性.应用基于轨迹数据标定的IDM(Intelligent Driver Model,IDM)模型和由加州伯克利PATH实验室实车测试验证的CACC模型分别作为传统车辆跟驰模型和CACC车辆跟驰模型.依据传统车辆在扰动下的稳定性,确定高稳态速度和低稳态速度,并考虑两种车型相对数量、相对位置的随机性,设计数值仿真实验.实验结果表明,在高稳态速度下,不同CACC渗透率时混合车队均整体稳定;在低稳态速度下,当CACC渗透率较小时,车队整体不稳定,CACC渗透率需达到50%以上时,才有可能使得混合车队由不稳定转变为稳定.

假设速度服从截断正态分布的公交车队密度离散模型

基于实地收集数据,针对我国大城市主道路上公交车流量普遍较大的情况,考虑公交车有别于小汽车的特有的运行特性,引入公交车停站平均延误参数,利用截断正态分布建立了相邻交叉口有停靠站的公交车队密度离散模型,分析了上游交叉口的排队公交车辆在绿灯放行后往下游道路行驶过程中的离散特性,利用分段函数方式构造了公交车队在时空坐标上的交通流密度分布函数.针对相邻交叉口有一个停靠站的信号协调控制实例,提出了在某一时刻公交车队头部驶过和尾部未驶过下游断面的车辆数计算公式,推导了上下游交叉口断面处的流量分布模式,结合实测数据分析验证了该模型的有效性.

一种高速公路交通流密度模型及其应用

根据等价速度描述所存在的问题 ,提出一种指数等价速度的模型。该模型考虑了整体车流的行为而不仅仅是单个车流的总合 ,使模型描述更为合理。仿真和实际计算表明 :使用该等价速度模型 ,可以大大降低车辆速度调节的冲击量 。

基于核密度估计的交通流速度分布

针对高速公路交通流速度分布特征,选取高斯核函数进行核密度估计分布分析。首先,采用独立分布和联合分布筛选微波检测器采集数据,并对故障数据和丢失数据采用加权平均值法进行修复。然后,在对交通流速度数据样本描述性统计和K-S检验不服从正态分布结果的基础上,采用均方误差(MSE)和启发法确定最优窗宽,并用拟合检验法对核密度估计分布进行拟合检验。结果表明,核密度估计法可以较好的拟合交通流速度的概率分布。

OV模型交通流阻尼特性研究

对交通流跟驰模型施以拉氏变换(或z变换),转换为控制系统传递函数形式,进而通过分析传递函数来探讨交通流系统稳定性及控制方法,这是交通流稳定性理论研究重要方向之一.为进一步挖掘分析稳定交通流系统在稳定状态下动态特性,基于最优速度跟驰模型,以控制理论时域分析方法,研究了交通流系统在欠阻尼和过阻尼两种情况下阶跃响应动态特性,并以仿真算例验证了理论正确性.过阻尼较欠阻尼交通流系统稳定性好,但调节时间更长,若将交通事件抽象为阶跃响应,通过分析交通流系统调节时间、超调量等参数,可为计算交通事件持续时间作参考,进而制定合理有效的交通管理措施.

基于BP神经网络的入口匝道控制算法

针对现有的入口匝道控制方案不能有效缓解高速公路交通拥挤及堵塞问题,提出了一种使用BP神经网络的非线性方法设计感应匝道控制的算法。首先建立了高速公路交通流动态模型,在此基础上,结合BP神经网络设计了非线性反馈匝道控制算法。在MATLAB环境下,比较了无控制、ALINEA控制和BP神经网络控制3种不同控制方法的有效性。结果表明,BP神经网络方法在抑制交通流密度波动方面优于ALINEA控制,且能使高速公路主线交通流密度保持在期望值附近。此外,该算法具有自学习功能,可以在线调节神经网络的连接权值以适应不同的交通流模式。

基于时空变化的哈尔滨市瓦盆窑路段交通量特性研究

通过时间变化特性和空间变化特性,研究哈尔滨市瓦盆窑路段的交通量分布情况,并对其进行交通负荷分析。哈尔滨市瓦盆窑路段交通量的空间分布基本均衡,该路段交通量日变化比较平稳,周变化呈现工作日交通量较小而休息日交通量较大的规律,月变化主要受春节探亲及哈尔滨市冰雪天气的影响。节假日对该路段的交通量时变化有较明显的影响,且不同节日交通量时变化规律也不同。该路段平均车速的小时变化规律与该路段的交通量小时变化规律相反,1~5月份中,4月份的月平均小时车速最大,1月份和5月份较小。

基于改进宏观交通流模型的MPC算法设计

为了得到稳定有序的道路交通流,针对高速公路系统,提出了一种基于改进宏观交通流模型的模型预测控制方法。考虑到由于匝道的流入和流出给交通流带来的不确定性,该方法以各路段的交通流密度和速度为控制目标。再以传统的宏观交通流模型为基础,改进得到一个宏观交通流状态空间模型。针对多变量和控制量约束的问题,设计了基于模型预测控制的交通流密度和速度控制器,以保证更好的控制效果。仿真结果表明,交通流的密度和速度最终趋于期望值,即该方法可有效避免交通拥堵。

高速公路交通流高密度区的入口匝道联合调节和出口分流协调控制

根据已建立的高速公路交通流宏观、动态、确定性模型，针对高速公路交通流高密度区如何快速消除偶发性事件所造成的严重阻塞，给出了一种新的解决方法。计算机仿真结果表明，该方法能够有效地解决偶发性阻塞问题。

基于含权Newman算法的交通控制子区划分

为使交通网络控制子区内的交通流具有更好的同质性,本文将道路网络中的路段抽象为点,相邻路段之间的连接关系抽象为边,形成一个对偶的网络拓扑结构图。以用户均衡交通分配得到的路段交通流数据除以路段长度计算得到路段的“拟交通密度”;通过引入路段拟交通密度,扩展了Newman子区划分算法。最后,选取实际路网、以NSK (Normalized cut Silhouette)指标验证K均值聚类算法、传统Newman算法和扩展的Newman子区划分算法的优劣。研究发现:传统K均值聚类算法得到的各子区NSK指标和路网NSK指标都相对最小,但同一个子区内的路段在空间位置上不相连,没有实际运用价值;扩展的Newman子区划分算法的NSK值优于传统Newman快速划分算法,证实引入了路段拟交通密度作为边权,使得划分出来的结果更加符合交通网络的特性。

利用高速路录像资料的交通流测量新技术

本文提出一种利用城市高速道路交通录像资料测量交通流模型中各种参数的新方法。通过测量和分析获得了Kerner非线性模型中的临界密度,宽运动堵塞的传播速度和Greenshields模型中的畅行速度等参数。结果显示,这是一种操作性强、成本很低且有多种应用前景的交通流测量新技术。