Factors determining changes in the network of marked hiking trails in the Sudetes

Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are well designed and maintained).Owing to the variety of performed functions,their designation is determined by several factors:natural,technical,economic,social.Networks of trails change constantly.The aim of this article is to determine exactly what factors influence transformations within the hiking trail networks and what is their significance.To this end,three study areas in the Sudetes were analysed:one on the Polish side of the Sudetes-the Table(Stołowe)Mountains,and two on the Czech side-the rock town near the village of Sloup vČechách and the central part of Zlatohorskávrchovina.An analysis of changes in the shape of the networks over time was carried out,as well as surveys of institutions that were responsible for or influenced these transformations.These areas are characterised by a significant level of changes in the trail network.Among the factors influencing these changes,the tourist attractiveness of the area,the resilience of the environment,the intensity of tourism traffic,the environmental transformations associated with it,the history of tourism development and land ownership changes should be considered the most important.At each stage of forming networks,the key factor should be tourists’needs,including the desire to escape the urbanised environment.For this reason,trails should avoid roads with artificial(hard)surfaces and heavy automobile traffic.

Evaluation of the Shallow Gas Hydrate Production Based on the Radial Drilling-Heat Injection-Back Fill Method

It has been evidenced that shallow gas hydrate resources are abundant in deep oceans worldwide.Their geological back-ground,occurrence,and other characteristics differ significantly from deep-seated hydrates.Because of the high risk of well construction and low production efficiency,they are difficult to be recovered by using conventional oil production methods.As a result,this paper proposes an alternative design based on a combination of radial drilling,heat injection,and backfilling methods.Multi-branch holes are used to penetrate shallow gas hydrate reservoirs to expand the depressurization area,and heat injection is utilized as a supplement to improve gas production.Geotechnical information collected from an investigation site close to the offshore production well in the South China Sea is used to assess the essential components of this plan,including well construction stability and gas production behavior.It demonstrates that the hydraulic fracturing of the 60mbsf overburden layer can be prevented by regulating the drilling fluid densities.However,the traditional well structure is unstable,and the suction anchor is advised for better mechanical performance.The gas produc-tion rate can be significantly increased by combining hot water injection and depressurization methods.Additionally,the suitable produc-tion equipment already in use is discussed.

Performance of the walking trail making test in older adults with white matter hyperintensities

BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that the walking trail making test(WTMT)completion time is significantly higher in patients with developmental coordination disorders and mild cognitive impairments.We hypothesized that WTMT performance would be altered in older adults with white matter hyperintensities(WMH).AIM To explore the performance in the WTMT in older people with WMH.METHODS In this single-center,observational study,25 elderly WMH patients admitted to our hospital from June 2019 to June 2020 served as the WMH group and 20 participants matched for age,gender,and educational level who were undergoing physical examination in our hospital during the same period served as the control group.The participants completed the WTMT-A and WTMT-B to obtain their gait parameters,including WTMT-A completion time,WTMT-B completion time,speed,step length,cadence,and stance phase percent.White matter lesions were scored according to the Fazekas scale.Multiple neuropsychological assessments were carried out to assess cognitive function.The relationships between WTMT performance and cognition and motion in elderly patients with WMH were analyzed by partial Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS Patients with WMH performed significantly worse on the choice reaction test(CRT)(0.51±0.09 s vs 0.44±0.06 s,P=0.007),verbal fluency test(VFT,14.2±2.75 vs 16.65±3.54,P=0.012),and digit symbol substitution test(16.00±2.75 vs 18.40±3.27,P=0.010)than participants in the control group.The WMH group also required significantly more time to complete the WTMT-A(93.00±10.76 s vs 70.55±11.28 s,P<0.001)and WTMT-B(109.72±12.26 s vs 82.85±7.90 s,P<0.001).WTMT-A completion time was positively correlated with CRT time(r=0.460,P=0.001),while WTMT-B completion time was negatively correlated with VFT(r=-0.391,P=0.008).On the WTMT-A,only speed was found to statistically differ between the WMH and control groups(0.803±0.096 vs 0.975±0.050 m/s,P<0.001),whereas on the WTMT-B,the WMH group exhibited a significantly lower speed(0.778±0.111 vs 0.970±0.053 m/s,P<0.001)and cadence(82.600±4.140 vs 85.500±5.020 steps/m,P=0.039),as well as a higher stance phase percentage(65.061±1.813%vs 63.513±2.465%,P=0.019)relative to controls.CONCLUSION Older adults with WMH showed obviously poorer WTMT performance.WTMT could be a potential indicator for cognitive and motor deficits in patients with WMH.

Xiamen Mountains-to-Sea Trail

Xiamen,a coastal city famous for its impressive seascape,draws numerous tourists each year.One of the prime locations to appreciate the city’s beauty is the Mountains-to-Sea Trail,an approximately 23-kilometer-long pedestrian corridor that offers a unique experience for visitors.

Swiss cycling brand to pushing the boundaries of sustainability

Possenia,a trailblazing newcomer in the cycling industry,proudly announces a groundbreaking achievement:it is Switzerland’s first cycling brand to introduce the bluesign®PRODUCT label,marking an important milestone in sustainable cycling apparel in Europe.These environmentally conscious,premium cycling essentials are now available on Digitec Galaxus as well as directly through Possenia’s own website.

帕博利珠联合紫杉醇激活TRAILR/TRAIL促进食管癌细胞凋亡

目的:初步探索帕博利珠联合紫杉醇促进食管癌细胞凋亡的机制。方法:qRT-PCR和Western blot检测食管癌组织和细胞中TRAILR2表达,以及食管癌细胞中caspase3和caspase8表达。CCK-8检测紫杉醇对食管癌细胞存活的影响。紫杉醇处理食管癌细胞的同时过表达TRAILR2,鉴定紫杉醇对TRAILR/TRAIL途径的激活作用。构建小鼠食管癌异种移植模型,流式细胞术检测帕博利珠和紫杉醇对食管癌细胞凋亡的影响。结果:TRAILR2在食管癌组织和细胞中均正常表达。紫杉醇可有效抑制食管癌细胞存活,并激活TRAILR/TRAIL途径。紫杉醇可诱导食管癌细胞凋亡,而紫杉醇处理的同时过表达TRAILR2,细胞凋亡情况有所恢复。帕博利珠和紫杉醇均能抑制食管癌实体瘤体积和重量,而帕博利珠和紫杉醇联合处理可进一步增强这种抑制作用。流式细胞术结果表明,帕博利珠和紫杉醇联合处理促进食管癌细胞凋亡。结论:帕博利珠联合紫杉醇可通过TRAILR/TRAIL途径促进食管癌细胞凋亡。

TRAIL在HCC治疗研究中的新进展

肝细胞癌(HCC)是当今社会最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。手术切除仍是目前主要的治疗方法,但术后存在死亡率高、预后差等问题,因此寻求更加安全、高效的治疗策略尤为重要。肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)是肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)家族的新成员之一,相关受体在治疗肿瘤方面具有良好的优势,是具有抗肿瘤作用的潜在靶点。近年来,基于TRAIL受体激动剂及其联合治疗策略已经投入临床HCC的治疗,并取得了不错的临床治疗预期。但随着HCC耐药的发展,针对现有机制的TRAIL受体激动剂似乎难以达到预期效果,因此深入探寻HCC耐药机制及其新的联合治疗策略,对于HCC治疗十分必要。本文主要对TRAIL在发挥治疗HCC中涉及的相关机制尤其是相关耐药机制以及近年临床上使用的TRAIL受体激动剂联合用药策略进行综述。

Astrometric Reduction of Saturnian Satellites with Cassini-ISS Images Degraded by Trailed Stars

The Imaging Science Subsystem(ISS)mounted on the Cassini spacecraft has taken a lot of images,which provides an important source of high-precision astrometry of some planets and satellites.However,some of these images are degraded by trailed stars.Previously,these degraded images cannot be used for astrometry.In this paper,a new method is proposed to detect and compute the centers of these trailed stars automatically.The method is then performed on the astrometry of ISS images with trailed stars.Finally,we provided 658 astrometric positions between 2004 and 2017 of several satellites that include Enceladus,Dione,Tethys,Mimas and Rhea.Compared with the JPL ephemeris SAT427,the mean residuals of these measurements are 0.11 km and 0.26 km in R.A.and decl.,respectively.Their standard deviations are 1.08 km and 1.37 km,respectively.The results show that the proposed method performs astrometric measurements of Cassini ISS images with trailed stars effectively.

Health Phys.Abstracts,Volume 124,Number 6

Comparison of Doses from Disposals of Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Kentucky and Oregon Emily A.Caffrey1,Arthur S.Rood2,Helen A.Grogan3,Colby Mangini4,John E.Till5(1.Radian Scientific,LLC,806 Wells Ave SE,Huntsville,AL 35801;2.K-Spar,Inc.,4835 W Foxtrail Lane,Idaho Falls,ID 83402;3.Cascade Scientific,Inc.,1678 NWAlbany Avenue,Bend,OR 97703;4.Paragon Scientific,LLC,725 Rucker Avenue,Everett,WA 98201;5.Risk Assessment Corporation,417 Till Road,Neeses,SC 29107)Abstract:Oil and natural gas fracking waste contains technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material(TENORM)and has increasingly been disposed of in unpermitted landfills,causing concern among regulators and the public about potential exposures.There are numerous issues with TENORM waste,including the lack of Federal regulations on its disposal and the lack of permitted landfills capable of accepting these waste streams.This paper examines two situations in which TENORM was placed in unpermitted landfills,one in Kentucky and one in Oregon.The same modeling and dose calculation methods were used in both cases,allowing for a comparison between the two sites.

FEM1B促进TRAIL诱导的HIV潜伏库细胞ACH-2的细胞凋亡

目的探究FEM1B对HIV潜伏库细胞ACH-2的凋亡影响及作用。方法利用慢病毒转染构建FEM1B过表达的ACH-2细胞株,采用FITC-Annexin-V/7-AAD染色检测FEM1B过表达的ACH-2细胞株的细胞自发凋亡以及TRAIL作用24 h后的细胞凋亡情况,以及用qPCR检测TRAIL作用前后细胞上清病毒载量。结果FEM1B过表达的细胞株的细胞自发凋亡没有显著变化,但在TRAIL作用下,过表达FEM1B的细胞株的凋亡率显著增加,同时FEM1B过表达后TRAIL作用下ACH-2的上清病毒载量明显上升。结论FEM1B能够促进TRAIL作用下HIV潜伏细胞的细胞凋亡和病毒载量。

TRAIL基因通过PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制LPS诱导的A549凋亡和炎症反应

目的探讨过表达肿瘤坏死因子凋亡相关诱导配体(TRAIL)基因对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的人肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(A549)凋亡和炎症反应的影响及可能的机制。方法采用LPS处理A549构建急性肺损伤(ALI)体外细胞模型,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)和Western印迹测定TRAIL的表达变化。在A549中转染TRAIL-pcDNA3.1过表达载体质粒,RT-qPCR和Western印迹检测LPS诱导条件下的转染效果,CCK-8实验检测细胞活性,流式细胞术测定凋亡变化,Western印迹检测细胞中活化的半胱天冬酶(Cleaved Caspase)-3和Cleaved Caspase-9表达水平及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)和蛋白激酶B(Akt)的磷酸化水平,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、细胞间黏附分子(ICAM)-1和白细胞介素(IL)-8的含量。结果TRAIL mRNA和蛋白及A549活性在LPS处理后显著降低(P<0.05),A549凋亡率、Cleaved Caspase-3和Cleaved Caspase-9表达、p-PI3K和p-Akt水平及TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-8含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。过表达TRAIL能够明显提高LPS诱导的A549活性,明显降低LPS诱导的细胞凋亡率、Cleaved Caspase-3和Cleaved Caspase-9表达、p-PI3K和p-Akt水平及TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-8含量(P<0.05)。结论过表达TRAIL基因可降低LPS诱导的A549凋亡及炎症反应,其作用机制可能与阻断PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。

Research Note: A Multi-Method Approach to Monitor Recreational Trail Usage in Complex Spatial Settings

Trail use by pedestrians has become more popular in the United States over the last decade although few studies explore the use of technology to monitor high use trails. Monitoring trail users is an important part of trail management and an optimal monitoring system usually depends on site-specific characteristics. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how using a multi-methods system to monitor backcountry trail usage in complex spatial settings can be a useful approach for collecting the information that trail managers need. Given the national growth in recreational hiking, we were particularly interested in exploring these issues for highly visited trails close to urban areas and selected a portion of the Larch Trail leading to the top of Multnomah Falls for the study. The multi-methods approach that we used included a combination of automated infrared sensor counts, manual counts, parking lot data from an inductive loop, and travel time estimates collected with low-energy Bluetooth sensors. We found that using multiple methods allowed for a cost-effective and rich data set that considered the site characteristics and the specific need of the trail managers. We expect that many backcountry trail settings have complex landscape and physical design without robust pre-existing baseline data and hope that our insights will aid trail managers as they strive for a sustainable balance between human use and landscape impact.

A Central Axis in the 21st Century

The Central Axis of Beijing should blaze a trail of urban renovation to reflect an avant-garde vision of fresh symbolic value to both China and the world as a whole.

Financing a Green Future

AT the intersection of five riv­ers where the Beijing-Hang­zhou Grand Canal starts and the Canal Business District(CBD)is located,the landmark Art­Park9 Twin Towers bask in the morn­ing light.There are people exercising on the waterfront trail while egrets and silver gulls gracefully glide across the water,and a canopied boat passes by,picking up floating debris.

China and the World in the New Era

In a volatile and complex world,beset by geopolitical conflicts,bloc confrontation,surging inflation,and a harrowing energy crunch,China is blazing a trail in international engagement by following its major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics.Crisis begets change.

United States Secret War in Laos: Long-Term Environmental and Human Health Impacts of the Use of Chemical Weapons

In 1959, the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operation, against the Pathet Lao insurgences and Viet Mien military troops and supply route, began. The Ho Chi Minh Trail was developed after the North Vietnam government and military decided to reunify South and North Vietnam. The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) then connected the old trails leading from North Vietnam panhandle southward into eastern Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam. Starting from Hanoi, the primary trail turned southwest into Laos and eastern Cambodia before branching into South Vietnam. Beginning in 1960s, the volume of traffic on the network of trails expanded significantly, but it still took more than a month’s march, by foot and bicycle, to travel from North to South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic was impacted by repeatedly by Royal Laotian Air Force (RLAF), which was supported by US Air Force tactical herbicide spraying (Operation Ranch Hand program), and US Air Force bombing runs. By the late 1960s, the trail was improved and could accommodate heavy trucks in some sections and was used to supply the annual needs of over one hundred thousand regular PAVN troops active in South Vietnam. By 1974, the trail was a well-marked series of jungle roads (some of them paved) with underground support facilities such as hospitals, fuel-storage tanks, and supply caches with weapons. The Ho Chi Minh Trail was the major supply route for PAVN forces that overran Republic of Vietnam (RV) forces in 1975 and unified Vietnam. The primary objective of this paper is to determine the environmental and human health impacts of RLAF and US Air Force secret spraying of tactical herbicides on Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos.

白托村纪事

From a macro-topographic perspective,Lhorong County can be found in the northern portion of the Mt.Nyanchen Thanglha's eastern flank and the western flank of the Hengduan Mountains,with the Nujiang River trailing right down the middle.Patho Village of Xinrong Township,a place that sits at an average 4,300meters above sea level.

The Role of Rivers in the United States 19th Century Territorial Expansion from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean

This study explores the key role of rivers in the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century. In the early 1800s, President Jefferson envisioned a United States that extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. At the time, the entire United States territory was located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River. Much of the land west of the Mississippi River was claimed by Spain, France, or Canada. In 1803, President Jefferson was able to purchase the Missouri River watershed from France via the Louisiana Purchase. This allowed the United States to extend its land claim west from the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers to the head waters of the Missouri River at the continental divide in the Rocky Mountains. President Jefferson commissioned William Clark and Meriwether Lewis, in 1803, to explore, discover and describe the Missouri River watershed and find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. The Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery trip found no such waterway link but did continue to explore the Pacific Northwest lands north and west of the continental divide. The only way that the Pacific Northwest could be claimed as part of the United States was for Americans to settle there before the Canadians did. Starting in the 1820s, many Americans traveled via the Oregon Trail to the Willamette Valley (Land of Flowing Milk and Honey) in Oregon. The primary objectives of this study are to document how the United States: 1) extended its land claims west from the Mississippi River to the North American continental drainage divide;2) established an American claim to the Pacific North West territory;and 3) fulfilled President Jefferson’s vision of a United States extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

Review and Analysis: United States Secret Wars in Cambodia: Long-Term Impacts and Consequences

The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) decided to use conventional warfare to unify Vietnam. The United States military operation against the Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic began in 1959. The (PAVN) connected a series of old trails leading from North Vietnam to South Vietnam via Laos and Cambodia. In the 1960s the network of trails was expanded. Trail traffic was interdicted by repeated CIA (Air America) and US Air Force (Operation Ranch Hand) tactical herbicide spraying and bombing missions. During the late 1960s, the Khmer Rouge Army slowly grew in eastern Cambodia during a time when America was spraying and bombing the Ho Chi Minh Trail. On February 22, 1969, the PAVN launched a new offensive against American forces in South Vietnam from their sanctuaries in Cambodia. President Richard Nixon and Dr. Henry Kissinger, decided to spray and bomb Cambodia, a neutral country, to eliminate the PAVN sanctuary base camps. The damage and loss of life as a result of U.S. air campaign resulted in the insurgency (Khmer Rouge) being able to recruit civilian members. This created a dual effect of strengthening the popularity of the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, enabling him to overthrow the Khmer Republic in 1975. The primary objectives of this study are to determine the political impacts and consequences of: 1) the 1959 United States secret war on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia and 2) the 1969 President Nixon’s decision to destroy the PAVN bases hidden in the Cambodian jungles. These United States secret wars in Cambodia had long-lasting effects on Cambodian political, social, and economic stability.

Fas FasL TRAIL分子在尖锐湿疣皮损中的分布

目的 探讨Fas、FasL和TRAIL介导的细胞凋亡在尖锐湿疣发病中的可能作用及意义。方法 用免疫组化方法检测了 30例尖锐湿疣患者皮损中Fas、FasL和TRAIL的表达。结果 所有尖锐湿疣标本 ( 10 0 % )Fas均阳性 ,2 3例 ( 76 .7% )FasL阳性 ,2 1例 ( 70 .0 % )TRAIL阳性 ,三者分布基本一致 ,正常表皮基本不表达。且FasL和TRAIL分子与真皮单一核细胞浸润呈显著负相关 (γ =-0 .5 0 6和γ =-0 .45 0 ,P均 <0 .0 5 )。结论 尖锐湿疣组织中细胞凋亡相关分子Fas、FasL和TRAIL表达异常 ,且Fas、TRAIL分子表达影响局部免疫反应 ,考虑凋亡失控可能参与尖锐湿疣发病 ,引起复发。