生成式大模型训练数据的法律规制——以比例原则为分析视角

依赖大量数据训练的生成式人工智能大模型正处于蓬勃发展时期,但其在训练数据收集、处理和输出过程中,存在的潜在的数据合规、数据偏见、数据泄露等风险不仅会威胁技术本身的发展,还会对社会相关利益群体产生一定的威胁,需要通过法律对其进行规制。首先,基于平衡人工智能发展与保障人类权益的目的,对生成式大模型训练数据过程中的风险进行分析,根据比例原则基本原理构建风险治理的框架,即对数据获取的来源与目的加以限制,充分平衡各方权利人的利益;其次,对数据内容与算法技术进行正当性管控,以使对各方的损害达到最小范围;最后,从执行数据收集最小化原则、增强合规数据使用和明确相关主体责任义务3个途径降低数据泄露风险。

Uncertainties of landslide susceptibility prediction:Influences of different spatial resolutions,machine learning models and proportions of training and testing dataset

This study aims to reveal the impacts of three important uncertainty issues in landslide susceptibility prediction(LSP),namely the spatial resolution,proportion of model training and testing datasets and selection of machine learning models.Taking Yanchang County of China as example,the landslide inventory and 12 important conditioning factors were acquired.The frequency ratios of each conditioning factor were calculated under five spatial resolutions(15,30,60,90 and 120 m).Landslide and non-landslide samples obtained under each spatial resolution were further divided into five proportions of training and testing datasets(9:1,8:2,7:3,6:4 and 5:5),and four typical machine learning models were applied for LSP modelling.The results demonstrated that different spatial resolution and training and testing dataset proportions induce basically similar influences on the modeling uncertainty.With a decrease in the spatial resolution from 15 m to 120 m and a change in the proportions of the training and testing datasets from 9:1 to 5:5,the modelling accuracy gradually decreased,while the mean values of predicted landslide susceptibility indexes increased and their standard deviations decreased.The sensitivities of the three uncertainty issues to LSP modeling were,in order,the spatial resolution,the choice of machine learning model and the proportions of training/testing datasets.

火车票实名制的冷思考——以行政法学中的比例原则为视角

火车票实名制作为铁路运输部门规范火车票市场的重要制度,有着特定的产生背景。对之进行实证分析,不难发现它在打击倒票贩票行为,规范市场秩序;维护公民的乘车权利,保证形式公平;加强社会治安管理等诸方面具有积极的进步意义。与此同时,其消极作用也是客观存在的。比例原则是公法领域尤其是行政法学中的软化剂和霸王条款,在厘清比例原则的内涵和运行机理的基础上,以该原则来审视之,该制度在我国现阶段仍不宜作为一项常设性的制度在全国范围内被推广和采用。

应用IHP双重训练法提高优秀曲棍球运动员下肢运动功能的个案研究

2008年获得奥运会女子曲棍球银牌的运动员L由于左腿膝关节半月板损伤停训5个月,为保证她顺利回归曲棍球场做好体能保障,首先对其下肢功能进行评价,发现其左右侧下肢存在严重的运动功能不平衡。应用美国"IHP双重混合力量训练法"为运动员L设计下肢力量训练计划,通过训练前后运动功能的测试,发现运动员L的下肢运动功能和双侧均衡性有明显提高。