The main subject of this paper is the theory of financial statement valuations observed in its historical development. More notably, regarding the subject, the research is concerned with some theoretical concepts deve...The main subject of this paper is the theory of financial statement valuations observed in its historical development. More notably, regarding the subject, the research is concerned with some theoretical concepts developed by the Italian doctrine in a very specific age, namely, between the 19th and the 20th century, which in fact, devoid of any accounting regulation. This paper analyzes in particular the shift from the exchange value rule to the historical cost method and tries to explain the reasons of such a development. In the second half of the 19th century, some of the best Italian scholars, who were faced with the need to properly develop the problem of accounting valuations, thought that it was appropriate to rely on concepts that belonged to similar sciences, such as economics and real estate appraisal, by blindly borrowing the theory of value from the former and the theory of valuations from the latter. During that age, everything hinged around the concept of exchange value. At the dawn of the 20th century, the Italian accounting doctrine began to wonder about a subject that was crucial to the financial statement theory： the informative purposes underlying the financial statements. At the same time, the first principle took shape, which might be called as the ＂finalistic principle of value＂. It is still the basis of the theory of financial accounting measurements, for which different evaluative criteria must be applied to different informative purposes. Thus, an alternative criterion to that of the exchange value makes its appearance on the scene of the accounting valuations, notably the historical cost. The introduction of the historical cost criteria and above all the relinquishment of the combination of the ＂economic cost＂ in favor of that of the ＂manufacturing cost＂ allow the Italian accounting to get rid of the theories of economics and real estate appraisal, thus, becoming independent regarding the financial statement valuations.展开更多
Corporate sustainability reporting has become increasingly important in recent years.However,conventional approaches reach their limits when it comes to quantifying and measuring the actual sustainability performance ...Corporate sustainability reporting has become increasingly important in recent years.However,conventional approaches reach their limits when it comes to quantifying and measuring the actual sustainability performance of a company.This article presents a new approach:Sustainable Performance Accounting(SPA),which is based on an extension of bookkeeping by including ESG bookkeeping.SPA enables companies to systematically measure and manage their sustainability performance.The article provides an overview of the basics of SPA methodology and uses a comprehensive example showing how SPA can be implemented in practice.The article is aimed at interested readers from science and practice as well as decision-makers who are interested in future-oriented sustainability reporting.展开更多
We have the tools and the knowledge to create much healthier,economical,and ecologically responsible buildings at little or no incremental cost over that of conventional buildings.Unfortunately,both actual and perceiv...We have the tools and the knowledge to create much healthier,economical,and ecologically responsible buildings at little or no incremental cost over that of conventional buildings.Unfortunately,both actual and perceived financial barriers are preventing widespread adoption of sustainable design,construction,and maintenance practices.Often organizations express a commitment to sustainable design and construction,but limit the actual implementation to only low-hanging fruit and ignore any significant investment.We need to be able to explain the benefits of sustainable design,construction,and facilities management in a more compelling fashion.In addition to talking about important features of green building,such as decreased use of energy,water,and other natural resources,we need to emphasize the benefits of green building in terms that resonate with key decision makers,such as higher net profits,increased asset values,enhanced image and reduced risk.This article provides useful information that could help you address some barriers to sustainable initiatives:•Every executive that you speak to is aware that data can be manipulated and may be skeptical of studies conducted by organizations that could benefit from a particular set of results.So I’ve included information on independent third-party studies.•In challenging economic times,people are particularly concerned about short-term cash flow.So I’ve included information on programs developed by the Building Owners and Management Association(BOMA)International to maximize asset values without sacrificing shorter-term profits.•Often people are risk-averse and feel more comfortable in the middle of the pack than on the cutting edge.So I’m including information on some potential risks of not going green,including decreased asset values and increased operating costs.Many aspects of sustainable design and construction are based upon proven technology and are being increasingly incorporated into best practices for the design and construction industries,which might lead to legal problems for those who do not include the more widely accepted sustainability measures in their projects.It can be difficult to find and navigate through existing incentives for energy efficiency.So I’m including information on a tool to help you find what initiatives are available and some expert advice on how to use this type of tool.•Often an executive may be far more concerned with the next quarter’s financial results than in the long-term profitability of an organization that he or she may very well not be working for in 20 years.Currently accepted financial accounting methods encourage this short-term focus.So I’m including information on the efforts of leaders in the finance sector to change accounting principles to accommodate considerations of long-term profitability.•Normally,people tend to accept the opinions of acknowledged leaders in their own fields.So I’m including examples of how sustainable initiatives are contributing to the bottom lines of several highly respected organizations.I’m also including information about efforts to create a globally accepted framework for accounting for sustainability that brings together financial,environmental,social,and governance information in a single integrated reporting format by a coalition including the Big Four accounting firms-PricewaterhouseCoopers,Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu,Ernst&Young and KPMG.展开更多
文摘The main subject of this paper is the theory of financial statement valuations observed in its historical development. More notably, regarding the subject, the research is concerned with some theoretical concepts developed by the Italian doctrine in a very specific age, namely, between the 19th and the 20th century, which in fact, devoid of any accounting regulation. This paper analyzes in particular the shift from the exchange value rule to the historical cost method and tries to explain the reasons of such a development. In the second half of the 19th century, some of the best Italian scholars, who were faced with the need to properly develop the problem of accounting valuations, thought that it was appropriate to rely on concepts that belonged to similar sciences, such as economics and real estate appraisal, by blindly borrowing the theory of value from the former and the theory of valuations from the latter. During that age, everything hinged around the concept of exchange value. At the dawn of the 20th century, the Italian accounting doctrine began to wonder about a subject that was crucial to the financial statement theory： the informative purposes underlying the financial statements. At the same time, the first principle took shape, which might be called as the ＂finalistic principle of value＂. It is still the basis of the theory of financial accounting measurements, for which different evaluative criteria must be applied to different informative purposes. Thus, an alternative criterion to that of the exchange value makes its appearance on the scene of the accounting valuations, notably the historical cost. The introduction of the historical cost criteria and above all the relinquishment of the combination of the ＂economic cost＂ in favor of that of the ＂manufacturing cost＂ allow the Italian accounting to get rid of the theories of economics and real estate appraisal, thus, becoming independent regarding the financial statement valuations.
文摘Corporate sustainability reporting has become increasingly important in recent years.However,conventional approaches reach their limits when it comes to quantifying and measuring the actual sustainability performance of a company.This article presents a new approach:Sustainable Performance Accounting(SPA),which is based on an extension of bookkeeping by including ESG bookkeeping.SPA enables companies to systematically measure and manage their sustainability performance.The article provides an overview of the basics of SPA methodology and uses a comprehensive example showing how SPA can be implemented in practice.The article is aimed at interested readers from science and practice as well as decision-makers who are interested in future-oriented sustainability reporting.
文摘We have the tools and the knowledge to create much healthier,economical,and ecologically responsible buildings at little or no incremental cost over that of conventional buildings.Unfortunately,both actual and perceived financial barriers are preventing widespread adoption of sustainable design,construction,and maintenance practices.Often organizations express a commitment to sustainable design and construction,but limit the actual implementation to only low-hanging fruit and ignore any significant investment.We need to be able to explain the benefits of sustainable design,construction,and facilities management in a more compelling fashion.In addition to talking about important features of green building,such as decreased use of energy,water,and other natural resources,we need to emphasize the benefits of green building in terms that resonate with key decision makers,such as higher net profits,increased asset values,enhanced image and reduced risk.This article provides useful information that could help you address some barriers to sustainable initiatives:•Every executive that you speak to is aware that data can be manipulated and may be skeptical of studies conducted by organizations that could benefit from a particular set of results.So I’ve included information on independent third-party studies.•In challenging economic times,people are particularly concerned about short-term cash flow.So I’ve included information on programs developed by the Building Owners and Management Association(BOMA)International to maximize asset values without sacrificing shorter-term profits.•Often people are risk-averse and feel more comfortable in the middle of the pack than on the cutting edge.So I’m including information on some potential risks of not going green,including decreased asset values and increased operating costs.Many aspects of sustainable design and construction are based upon proven technology and are being increasingly incorporated into best practices for the design and construction industries,which might lead to legal problems for those who do not include the more widely accepted sustainability measures in their projects.It can be difficult to find and navigate through existing incentives for energy efficiency.So I’m including information on a tool to help you find what initiatives are available and some expert advice on how to use this type of tool.•Often an executive may be far more concerned with the next quarter’s financial results than in the long-term profitability of an organization that he or she may very well not be working for in 20 years.Currently accepted financial accounting methods encourage this short-term focus.So I’m including information on the efforts of leaders in the finance sector to change accounting principles to accommodate considerations of long-term profitability.•Normally,people tend to accept the opinions of acknowledged leaders in their own fields.So I’m including examples of how sustainable initiatives are contributing to the bottom lines of several highly respected organizations.I’m also including information about efforts to create a globally accepted framework for accounting for sustainability that brings together financial,environmental,social,and governance information in a single integrated reporting format by a coalition including the Big Four accounting firms-PricewaterhouseCoopers,Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu,Ernst&Young and KPMG.
