The Estimation Methods for Agricultural Surplus Labor Based on Stochastic Frontier Production Function

The existing calculation methods for the number of agricultural surplus labor have a common flaw,that is,they can not reflect the impact of technical efficiency changes in agricultural production on the surplus labor. Based on the basic principle of stochastic frontier production function,this paper calculates the agricultural production technical efficiency of various provinces,and selects the province with the highest technical efficiency to assume that its agricultural labor is fully utilized,and there is no agricultural surplus labor. With the ratio of agricultural labor number to agricultural output value in this province as a reference,this paper calculates the number of agricultural surplus labor in other provinces. This calculation method makes up for the shortcomings of the existing calculation methods; it reflects the relationship between the number of agricultural surplus labor and production technical efficiency.

技术进步偏向与要素配置对我国林业全要素生产率的影响

技术进步是促进林业全要素生产率增长的重要动力,聚焦林业技术进步偏向、要素配置与全要素生产率之间关系进行研究,为充分发挥林业技术进步的带动力提供量化支持,助力我国林业经济高质量发展。采用2005—2021年我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)面板数据,分别构建全样本及四大区域的超越对数生产函数进行实证分析。结果发现:技术进步偏向、要素配置状态是我国林业全要素生产率增长的重要引擎;林业全要素生产率增长存在地区差异,各区域全要素生产率增长率均有所下降,但下降程度不同;技术进步偏向并不总是促进林业全要素生产率增长,四大区域的林业技术进步在多数年份偏向于资本与林地;部分地区的林业全要素投入与要素效率状态未完全相适应,要素配置有待改善;技术进步、技术效率变化存在区域差异。在此基础上,从促进区域间交流合作、调整生产技术进步方向、改善要素配置、提高科技创新能力等方面提出促进我国林业全要素生产率增长的建议。

黄河流域农业用水效率时空特征分析

为揭示黄河流域农业用水效率的时空变化特征并为农业水资源高效管理提供依据,采用随机前沿生产函数,测算2000—2021年黄河流域79个地级市的农业用水效率,并借助Stata 15.0和ArcGIS 10.7软件,深入剖析农业用水效率时空演变特征以及区域分异状况。结果表明:研究期内黄河流域农业用水效率整体水平较低,但呈稳步提升趋势,各地级市之间的差异基本维持在一个相对稳定的状态;农业用水效率空间分异特征显著,中低效率地级市主要位于黄河上中游地区,高效率地级市基本集中在山东、河南两省,高效率核密度分布区与国家粮食主产区分布基本吻合,其中河套灌区、豫西及关中地区部分地级市研究期内农业用水效率得到显著提升;黄河流域上中下游之间、省(区)之间农业用水效率差异明显,农业用水效率下游>中游>上游、山东>河南>陕西>内蒙古>山西>甘肃>青海>宁夏,但效率提升幅度大小排序相反。

Technical efficiency of cocoa farms at varying elevation levels in Davao City, Philippines: implications to sustainable upland farming systems

Elevation is one of many components that influence agriculture, and this in turn affects the level of both inputs and outputs of farmers. This article focuses on the productivity and technical efficiency of 100 cocoa farms using cross-sectional data from areas ranging from 190 to 1021 m above sea level which were classified as low, medium, and high elevation in Davao City, considered as the chocolate capital of the Philippines. Using stochastic frontier analysis, the results showed that the cost of inputs per ha and the number of cocoa trees per ha significantly increase yield. Farms at high elevations were less technically efficient, as this entails lower temperatures and increased rainfall, and cocoa farming in those areas and conditions can be more challenging, especially with changes in farming practices, terrain, and distance to markets. Other significant variables were age of cocoa farms, married farmers, and age of the farmers. Older farms may be more developed, farmers who are married benefit from their spouses being able to readily contribute as farm labor, and lastly, older farmers' inefficiency may likely stem from nonadaptation of newer farming practices. With an average technical efficiency of 0.61, 0.63, and 0.26 in low, medium, and high elevation areas, respectively, farmers therefore have an incentive to improve farm practices and consider topographical variations found in high elevation areas. Recommendations for the improvement of technical efficiency of cocoa farms are better connectivity to markets, enhancing farm practices, and continuation and improvement of government programs on cocoa with an added emphasis on research. For farmers in high elevation areas, mitigating solutions such as sustainable agriculture practices and ecolabelling are key to improving efficiency and minimizing the potential negative impact on upland farming systems. Moreover, such adaptation measures may also contribute to sustainability of cocoa farming in high elevation areas.

Farm Production Growth in the Upper and Middle Parts of the Yellow River Basin,China,During 1980-1999

The impact of inputs on farm production growth was evaluated by analyzing the economic data of the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China for the period of 1980-1999. Descriptive statistics were employed to characterize the temporal trends and spatial patterns in farm production and five pertinent inputs of cultivated cropland, irrigation ratio, agricultural labor, machinery power and chemical fertilizer. Stochastic frontier production function was applied to quantify the dependence of the farm production on these inputs. The growth of farm production was decomposed to reflect the contributions by input growths and change in total factor productivity.. The change in total factor productivity was further decomposed into the changes in technology and in technical efficiency. The gross value of farm production in the region of study increased by 1.6 fold during 1980-1999. Among the five selected farm inputs, machinery power and chemical fertilizer increased by 1.8 and 2.8 fold, respectively. The increases in cultivated cropland, irrigated cropland, and agricultural labor were all less than 0.16 fold. The growth in the farm production was primarily contributed by the increase in the total factor productivity during 1980-1985, and by input growths after 1985. More than 80% of the contributions by input growths were attributed to the increased application of fertilizer and machinery. In the change of total factor productivity, the technology change dominated over the technical efficiency change in the study period except in the period of 1985-1990, implying that institution and investment played important roles in farm production growth. There was a decreasing trend in the technical efficiency in the region of study, indicating a potential to increase farm production by improving the technical efficiency in farm activities. Given the limited natural resources in the basin, the results of this study suggested that, for a sustainable growth of farm production in the area, efforts should be directed to technology progress and improvement in technical efficiency in the use of available resources.

Analysis on Technical Efficiency and Influencing Factors of Rapeseed Production

Based on micro survey data of 344 rapeseed farmers in 19 rapeseed counties of Hubei Province,with the aid of stochastic frontier production function model and efficiency loss model,this paper analyzed basic production situations,demographic characteristics of rapeseed farmers,technical efficiency loss,and main influencing factors. In Hubei Province,there are mainly following problems in rapeseed production: serious aging of rapeseed farmers; relatively scarce labors; the middle-aged and old farmers have higher technical efficiency level; with increase in farmer age,their technical efficiency firstly declines and then rises. In view of these situations,it came up with recommendations including raising educational level of rapeseed farmers to realize large scale economy and effectively reduce technical efficiency loss,and local government,specialized associations and agricultural machinery extension departments should provide proper technical guidance according to demands of farmers to reduce technical efficiency loss.

Jinzhai County Household Technical Change and Efficiency Change Analysis: Stochastic Frontier Production Function Approach

Stochastic frontier production function approach is adopted, 93 farmer samples have been collected, pure efficiency, technical efficiency, technical change and scale efficiency and the institutional contribution have been calculated. The results indicated that increasing productivity is the sole measurement to reduce poverty, institution and technical change are the two key factors. Therefore, stable institution, improving technical changes are required. At present, it is urgent to make technical progre...

基于超越对数生产函数的农业生产弹性研究

基于2002—2021年农业时间序列数据,构建超越对数生产函数模型并利用岭回归估计方法对农业生产各要素的产出弹性、替代弹性和相对技术变化进行实证分析。结果表明,中国农业生产要素中土地的产出弹性相对较高;要素之间的替代弹性大部分在1以上;农业技术偏向于劳动节约型变化。因此,农业生产必须因地制宜,提升农业要素空间配置,加强农业生产中技术与要素之间的匹配度,提高农业生产率,实现可持续的农业生产新模式。

技术进步对中国渔业经济增长的贡献率分析——基于超越对数生产函数法研究

运用超越对数生产函数,测度技术进步对我国渔业近年来的贡献率,并将技术进步贡献率细分为硬技术贡献率、软技术贡献率,探讨不同类型的技术进步对我国渔业的贡献作用。结果表明:2012-2020年我国渔业广义技术进步贡献率为48.280%,其中硬技术进步贡献39.977%,软技术进步贡献率为8.303%,软技术对我国渔业经济发展的贡献度相对较低。我国渔业软技术水平有待提高,渔业经营管理水平较低。应在重视水产技术研发的过程中,注重提高运营管理、品牌、营销、文化和科技推广服务等软技术水平,加强全产业链技术示范推广。

京津冀城市群绿色创新效率测度及空间效应研究

提高绿色创新效率是解决城市群发展中各种问题、推进协同发展的必经之路。基于2006—2018年京津冀城市群的面板数据,构建随机前沿生产函数测度京津冀城市群绿色创新效率,进而运用莫兰指数分析其空间关联,并进一步构建经济地理空间权重矩阵和空间杜宾模型展开溢出效应分析。结果表明:研究期内城市间的绿色创新效率差距有所缩小,但整体上仍不均衡;京津冀城市群的绿色创新效率存在空间正自相关性,呈现高高聚集、低低聚集的空间分布特征;对外开放程度、基础设施建设和信息化程度对城市群的绿色创新效率存在显著的直接效应,对外开放程度、城市人口、劳动力素质、基础设施建设等因素对城市群的绿色创新效率存在显著的溢出效应。

基于SFA模型的我国区域技术创新效率的实证研究

使用我国31个省、市、自治区1998～2003年的panel data数据，运用基于对数型柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的随机前沿生产函数（SFA）实证研究了我国区域技术创新效率。研究结果表明：我国区域技术创新效率虽然呈上升趋势，但效率较低，同时，东、中、西部之间区域技术创新效率差距明显。这表明如何提高我国区域技术创新效率和缩小区域之间效率差距是当前问题的关键。

中国的环境效率与环境管制——基于1986-2007年省级水平的估算

环境效率是生产过程中潜在可实现的最少污染排放量与实际污染排放量之比,企业能否提高环境效率取决于环保投入的产出水平。文章在随机前沿生产函数基础上估算了中国1986-2007年省级水平的环境效率,结果显示:中国的环境效率较低且增长缓慢,其中中部地区环境效率最低,西部地区环境效率最高。目前的环境管制方式在东部较为有效,对中西部的影响则不显著。因此环境管制不但要针对污染物当量,还要综合考虑企业的成本、利润水平等因素,才能更好治理污染。

林地细碎化对农户林业生产技术效率的影响——以浙江省龙游县竹林生产为例

采用浙江省龙游县农户竹林生产数据,运用超越对数的随机前沿生产函数模型,分析竹林地细碎化程度对竹林生产技术效率的影响。结果表明:随机前沿生产函数的误差主要是由技术非效率引起的,劳动力、资本、竹林地面积的产出弹性分别为0.204 75,0.271 36,0.119 37;目前农户竹林生产技术效率低下,仅达到37.04%,有较大的提升空间;竹林地细碎化程度对竹林生产技术效率的影响不显著,但竹林地立地质量、农户是否参与竹林生产技术培训等因素对竹林生产技术效率产生显著影响。基于此,提出加强劳务的输入及资本投入、不断改善竹林地立地质量、加强对农户竹林生产的技术培训等建议。

家庭禀赋对农户家庭经营技术效率的影响冲击--基于湖北省农户的随机前沿生产函数实证

本文采用超越对数生产函数形式的随机前沿模型,以湖北省农户的微观面板数据作为实证,对影响农户家庭经营技术效率的外生性因素进行了系统分析,归纳出以下几点结论:在其他条件不变的情况下,以农村教育和技术培训为代表的人力资本投资、农村信息化建设和耕地的细碎化耕种会给技术效率带来明显的正效应,农户的干部身份、外出务工以及获得的银行信用支持会在不同程度上恶化其技术效率水平,经营规模的扩大可以改善技术效率水平,但盲目扩大规模往往会得不偿失。在此基础上,文章还归纳出一系列政策建议来试图改善农户家庭经营的技术效率水平。

基于时序的工业用水效率测算与耗水量预测

科学计算工业生产过程中的水资源利用效率,分析并预测耗水量,对于工业用水规划十分重要.通过建立包含工业耗水变量的模型,运用随机前沿生产函数(SFA)模型对我国1953—2004年间的工业水资源利用技术效率进行了测算,分析了效率变化、技术进步指数和全要素生产率(TFP).结果表明:工业生产水资源利用效率总体说来变化平稳,呈现缓慢的上升趋势;引入工业用水技术效率因素,用误差修正模型预测工业耗水量,对未来工业耗水量预测的精确度明显提高,如2005年的耗水量预测误差仅为4.96%,而没有引入技术效率的预测的误差超过80%.

对我国技术效率的测算:随机前沿生产函数的应用

本文在 1981— 2 0 0 0年间我国 2 9个省市数据的基础上 ,运用随机前沿生产函数 (StochasticFrontierPro ductionFunction)模型对我国改革开放以来 2 0年间的技术效率变迁进行了测算。分析结果表明 ,我国整体的平均技术效率水平是相对较低的 ,但其在 2 0年中却一直呈现出稳步上升趋势。

中国医药制造业研发效率及影响因素

本文利用随机前沿生产函数测算了中国医药制造业的研发效率,并考察了科技活动经费筹集额中政府资金、技术改造经费支出、企业规模以及市场结构等因素对研发效率的影响。研究发现,医药制造业的研发效率整体偏低,但呈现"三平稳两增长"的增长状态。企业规模、市场结构、技术改造经费和研发效率显著正相关,而科技活动经费筹集额中政府资金对研发效率的作用不明显。

规模化养殖对我国肉鸡生产效率的影响——基于随机前沿生产函数的实证分析

采用随机前沿方法,利用2004—2010年我国24个省份的肉鸡生产数据,实证分析了规模化养殖对我国肉鸡生产效率的影响,并对不同养殖规模的肉鸡生产效率进行了测度和比较。结果显示:规模化养殖很大程度上提高了我国肉鸡生产效率,中规模养殖使肉鸡生产效率提高了16.89%,大规模养殖使肉鸡生产效率提高了57.62%;我国肉鸡生产效率的地区差异较大,且南方地区不同养殖规模的肉鸡生产效率存在显著差异,而北方地区的这种差异较小;标准化规模养殖程度不高是南方地区的肉鸡生产效率总体偏低且不同养殖规模的肉鸡生产效率存在较大差异的主要原因。

究竟是什么影响了稻农水稻生产技术效率？--基于湖北省稻农的调查数据

运用随机前沿超越对数生产函数对湖北省稻农水稻生产技术效率影响因素进行实证研究。研究表明,在稻农水稻种植投入模型估计结果中,肥料费、农药费、机械作业费、人工作业费对稻农水稻生产技术效率具有显著影响。在生产行为与政策满意度模型估计结果中,户均种植面积、亩产量、稻谷收购价格、国家财政补贴对稻农水稻生产技术效率也具有显著影响。在非效率模型估计结果中,务农人口和人均收入也是两个较为显著的影响因素。其中稻谷收购价格和国家财政补贴是影响稻农生产技术效率和利润水平最重要的因素。通过VEC向量误差修正模型证实稻谷收购价格和国家财政补贴仍然是影响稻农生产技术效率的最重要因素。最后,基于研究结论和实际调查情况,提出提高湖北省稻农水稻生产技术效率的政策建议。

土地细碎化对中国东南部水稻小农户技术效率的影响

目的水稻生产是中国广大稻区农民收入和减轻贫困的重要途径,而土地细碎化可能是目前进一步提高农业生产率和减轻农村贫困的主要瓶颈之一。方法采用详实的农户调查以及作物水平和地块层次的数据,用两阶段法分析了土地细碎化对中国东南部一个水稻主要产区农户技术效率的影响。结果研究区早稻的平均技术效率为0.85,晚稻为0.83,而单季稻为0.79。稻田平均地块大小对早、中、晚3种水稻的技术效率都有显著的正影响。此外,家庭规模和农地规模对3种水稻生产的技术效率也有显著影响。人口较多的家庭或规模较大的农场技术效率较小家庭或小农场要高。结论在现有技术状态下,水稻小农户的技术效率仍可得到可观的提高。研究揭示,减轻土地细碎度的项目如果能够与促进农村劳动力市场发育的措施结合起来,将是提高水稻生产技术效率行之有效的途径。