Transcriptional regulation in the development and dysfunction of neocortical projection neurons

Glutamatergic projection neurons generate sophisticated excitatory circuits to integrate and transmit information among different cortical areas,and between the neocortex and other regions of the brain and spinal cord.Appropriate development of cortical projection neurons is regulated by certain essential events such as neural fate determination,proliferation,specification,differentiation,migration,survival,axonogenesis,and synaptogenesis.These processes are precisely regulated in a tempo-spatial manner by intrinsic factors,extrinsic signals,and neural activities.The generation of correct subtypes and precise connections of projection neurons is imperative not only to support the basic cortical functions(such as sensory information integration,motor coordination,and cognition)but also to prevent the onset and progression of neurodevelopmental disorders(such as intellectual disability,autism spectrum disorders,anxiety,and depression).This review mainly focuses on the recent progress of transcriptional regulations on the development and diversity of neocortical projection neurons and the clinical relevance of the failure of transcriptional modulations.

Molecular Characterization, Expression Pattern and Transcriptional Regulation of Figla During Gonad Development in Japanese Founder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The factor in the germline alpha(figla), as a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family, has been reported to be involved in ovary development in mammals and teleosts. However, the regulatory mechanisms of figla in teleosts remain unclear. Here,figla in P. olivaceus(Pofigla) was characterized with encoding a 202 amino acid protein that contains a conserved basic region and helix-loop-helix(HLH) domain. Amino acids alignment and synteny analysis revealed that Pofigla was conserved with the orthologous gene sequences in other vertebrates. The results of qRT-PCR showed Pofigla was maternally inherited during embryonic development. For tissue distribution, Pofigla showed a sexually dimorphic gene expression in the gonad of different genders, with a higher expression in ovary than in testis. In situ hybridization(ISH) results demonstrated Pofigla was specifically expressed in germ cells including oocytes, spermatogonia and spermatocytes. By screening and analyzing two proximal regions(-2966/-2126 and-772/-444) with high promoter activity, we found SOX5, LEF1, FOXP1 and GATA1 may play important roles in the transcriptional regulation of Pofigla. Furthermore, we observed the co-localization between Figla and LEF1 in HEK 293T cells. And the significant up-regulation effect of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway on the expression of Pofigla was found in cultured ovarian cells. This study provided the first evidence that figla not only has an important function in ovary development, but also plays some potential roles in testis development and/or male germ cell differentiation during early testis development in P. olivaceus. The results provide valuable reference in exploring the regulatory network of figla in teleost.

Transcription factor ZmNAC126 plays an important role in transcriptional regulation of maize starch synthesis-related genes

Maize(Zea mays L.)is one of the most important food crops in the world,and starch is the main component of its endosperm.Transcriptional regulation plays a vital role in starch biosynthesis.However,it is not well understood in maize.We report the identification of the transcription factor ZmNAC126 and its role in regulation of starch synthesis in maize.Transcriptional expression of ZmNAC126 was higher in maize endosperm and kernels than in roots or stems.ZmNAC126 shared a similar expression pattern with starch synthesis genes during seed development,and its expression pattern was also consistent with the accumulation of starch.ZmNAC126 is a typical transcription factor with a transactivation domain between positions 201 and 227 of the amino acid sequence,is located in the nucleus,and binds to CACG repeats in vitro.Yeast one-hybrid assay revealed that ZmNAC126 bound the promoters of ZmGBSSI,ZmSSIIa,ZmSSIV,ZmISA1,and ZmISA2.Transient overexpression of ZmNAC126 in maize endosperm increased the activities of promoters pZmSh2,pZmBt2,pZmGBSSI,pZmSSIIIa,and pZmBT1 but inhibited the activities of pZmISA1 and pZmISA2.ZmNAC126 thus acts in starch synthesis by transcriptionally regulating targeted starch synthesis-related genes in maize kernels.

Coordinated Transcriptional Regulation by the UVB Photoreceptor and Multiple Transcription Factors for Plant UV-B Responses

Non-damaging ultraviolet B(UV-B)light promotes photomorphogenic development and stress acclimation through UV-B-specific signal transduction in Arabidopsis.UV-B irradiation induces monomerization and nuclear translocation of the UV-B photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8(UVR8).However,it is not clear how the nuclear localization of UVR8 leads to changes in global gene expression.Here,we reveal that nuclear UVR8 governs UV-B-responsive transcriptional networks in concert with several previously known transcription factors,including ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5(HY5)and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4).Based on the transcriptomic analysis,we identify MYB13 as a novel positive regulator in UV-B-induced cotyledon expansion and stress acclimation.MYB13 is UV-B inducible and is predominantly expressed in the cotyledons.Our results demonstrate that MYB13 protein functions as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of genes involved in auxin response and flavonoid biosynthesis through direct binding with their promoters.In addition,photoactivated UVR8 interacts with MYB13 in a UV-B-dependent manner and differentially modulates the affinity of MYB13 with its targets.Taken together,our results elucidate the cooperative function of the UV-B photoreceptor UVR8 with various transcription factors in the nucleus to orchestrate the expression of specific sets of downstream genes and,ultimately,mediate plant responses to UV-B light.

Transcriptional Regulation of Lipid Catabolism during Seedling Establishment

Lipid catabolism in germinating seeds provides energy and substrates for initial seedling growth,but how this process is regulated is not well understood.Here,we show that an AT-hook motif-containing nuclear localized(AHL)protein regulates lipid mobilization and fatty acid p-oxidation during seed germination and seedling establishment.AHL4 was identified to directly interact with the lipid mediator phosphatidic acid(PA).Knockout(KO)of AHL4 enhanced,but overexpression(OE)of AHL4 attenuated,triacylglycerol(TAG)degradation and seedling growth.Normal seedling growth of the OE lines was restored by sucrose supplementation to the growth medium.AHL4-OE seedlings displayed decreased expression of genes involved in TAG hydrolysis and fatty acid oxidation,whereas the opposite was observed in AHL4-KOs.These genes contained AHL4-binding cis elements,and AHL4 was shown to bind to the promoter regions of genes encoding the TAG lipases SDP1 and DALL5 and acyl-thioesterase KAT5.These AHL4-DNA interactions were suppressed by PA species that bound to AHL4.These results indicate that AHL4 suppresses lipid catabolism by repressing the expression of specific genes involved in TAG hydrolysis and fatty acid oxidation,and that PA relieves AHL4-mediated suppression and promotes TAG degradation.Thus,AHL4 and PA together regulate lipid degradation during seed germination and seedling establishment.

Transcriptional regulation of oil biosynthesis inseed plants: Current understanding, applications,and perspectives

Plants produce and accumulate triacylglycerol(TAG)in their seeds as an energy reservoir to support the processes of seed germination and seedling development.Plant seed oils are vital not only for the human diet but also as renewable feedstocks for industrial use.TAG biosynthesis consists of two major steps:de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in the plastids and TAG assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum.The latest advances in unraveling transcriptional regulation have shed light on the molecular mechanisms of plant oil biosynthesis.We summarize recent progress in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of wellcharacterized and newly discovered transcription factors and other types of regulators that control plant fatty acid biosynthesis.The emerging picture shows that plant oil biosynthesis responds to developmental and environmental cues that stimulate a network of interacting transcriptional activators and repressors,which in turn fine-tune the spatiotemporal regulation of the pathway genes.

Transcriptional and post‑transcriptional regulation of RNAi‑related gene expression during plant‑virus interactions

As sessile organisms,plants encounter diverse invasions from pathogens including viruses.To survive and thrive,plants have evolved multilayered defense mechanisms to combat virus infection.RNAi,also known as RNA silencing,is an across-kingdom innate immunity and gene regulatory machinery.Molecular framework and crucial roles of RNAi in antiviral defense have been well-characterized.However,it is largely unknown that how RNAi is transcriptionally regulated to initiate,maintain and enhance cellular silencing under normal or stress conditions.Recently,insights into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of RNAi-related genes in different physiological processes have been emerging.In this review,we integrate these new findings to provide updated views on how plants modulate RNAi machinery at the(post-)transcriptional level to respond to virus infection.

Isolation and functional analysis of SrMYB1,a direct transcriptional repressor of SrUGT76G1 in Stevia rebaudiana

SrUGT76G1,the most well-studied diterpene glycosyltransferase in Stevia rebaudiana,is key to the biosynthesis of economically important steviol glycosides(SGs).However,the molecular regulatory mechanism of SrUGT76G1 has rarely been explored.In this study,we identified a MYB transcription factor,SrMYB1,using a yeast one-hybrid screening assay.SrMYB1 belongs to the typical R2R3-type MYB protein and is specifically localized in the nucleus with strong transactivation activity.The transcript of SrMYB1 is predominantly accumulated in flowers,but is also present at a lower level in leaves.Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays verified that SrMYB1 binds directly to the MYB binding sites in the F4-3 fragment(+50–(–141))of the SrUGT76G1 promoter.Furthermore,we found that SrMYB1 could significantly repress the expression of SrUGT76G1 in both epidermal cells of tobacco leaves and stevia callus.Taken together,our results demonstrate that SrMYB1 is an essential upstream regulator of SrUGT76G1 and provide novel insight into the regulatory network for the SGs metabolic pathway in S.rebaudiana.

The BEL1-like transcription factor GhBLH5-A05 participates in cotton response to drought stress

Drought stress impairs crop growth and development.BEL1-like family transcription factors may be involved in plant response to drought stress,but little is known of the molecular mechanism by which these proteins regulate plant response and defense to drought stress.Here we show that the BEL1-like transcription factor GhBLH5-A05 functions in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)response and defense to drought stress.Expression of GhBLH5-A05 in cotton was induced by drought stress.Overexpression of GhBLH5-A05 in both Arabidopsis and cotton increased drought tolerance,whereas silencing GhBLH5-A05 in cotton resulted in elevated sensitivity to drought stress.GhBLH5-A05 binds to cis elements in the promoters of GhRD20-A09 and GhDREB2C-D05 to activate the expression of these genes.GhBLH5-A05 interacted with the KNOX transcription factor GhKNAT6-A03.Co-expression of GhBLH5-A05 and GhKNAT6-A03 increased the transcription of GhRD20-A09 and GhDREB2C-D05.We conclude that GhBLH5-A05 acts as a regulatory factor with GhKNAT6-A03 functioning in cotton response to drought stress by activating the expression of the drought-responsive genes GhRD20-A09 and GhDREB2C-D05.

Ammonium-dependent regulation of ammonium transporter ZmAMT1s expression conferred by glutamine levels in roots of maize

In maize,two root epidermis-expressed ammonium transporters ZmAMT1;1a and ZmAMT1;3 play major roles in highaffinity ammonium uptake.However,the transcriptional regulation of ZmAMT1s in roots for ensuring optimal ammonium acquisition remains largely unknown.Here,using a split root system we showed that ZmAMT1;1a and ZmAMT1;3transcript levels were induced by localized ammonium supply to nitrogen-deficient roots.This enhanced expression of Zm AMT1s correlated with increases in ^(15)NH_(4)^(+)influx rates and tissue glutamine concentrations in roots.When ammonium was supplied together with methionine sulfoximine,an inhibitor of glutamine synthase,ammonium-induced expression of ZmAMT1s disappeared,suggesting that glutamine rather than ammonium itself regulated ZmAMT1s expression.When glutamine was supplied to nitrogen-deficient roots,expression levels of ZmAMT1s were enhanced,and negative feedback regulation could subsequently occur by supply of glutamine at a high level.Thus,our results indicated an ammonium-dependent regulation of ZmAMT1s at transcript levels,and a dual role of glutamine was suggested in the regulation of ammonium uptake in maize roots.

Targeting transcriptional regulators to regenerate midbrain dopaminergic axons in Parkinson's disease

Introduction:Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a chronic,age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects 1–2%of the population over the age of 65.PD is characterised by the progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic(DA)neurons.This leads to disabling motor symptoms,due to the striatal DA denervation.Despite decades of research,

Antagonistic MADS-box transcription factors SEEDSTICK and SEPALLATA3 form a transcriptional regulatory network that regulates seed oil accumulation

Transcriptional regulation is essential for balancing multiple metabolic pathways that influence oil accumulation in seeds.Thus far,the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that govern seed oil accumulation remain largely unknown.Here,we identified the transcriptional regulatory network composed of MADS-box transcription factors SEEDSTICK(STK)and SEPALLATA3(SEP3),which bridges several key genes to regulate oil accumulation in seeds.We found that STK,highly expressed in the developing embryo,positively regulates seed oil accumulation in Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana).Furthermore,we discovered that SEP3 physically interacts with STK in vivo and in vitro.Seed oil content is increased by the SEP3 mutation,while it is decreased by SEP3 overexpression.The chromatin immunoprecipitation,electrophoretic mobility shift assay,and transient dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that STK positively regulates seed oil accumulation by directly repressing the expression of MYB5,SEP3,and SEED FATTY ACID REDUCER 4(SFAR4).Moreover,genetic and molecular analyses demonstrated that STK and SEP3 antagonistically regulate seed oil production and that SEP3 weakens the binding ability of STK to MYB5,SEP3,and SFAR4.Additionally,we demonstrated that TRANSPARENT TESTA 8(TT8)and ACYL-ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN DESATURASE 3(AAD3)are direct targets of MYB5 during seed oil accumulation in Arabidopsis.Together,our findings provide the transcriptional regulatory network antagonistically orchestrated by STK and SEP3,which fine tunes oil accumulation in seeds.

A novel candidate gene CLN8 regulates fat deposition in avian

Background The fat deposition has a crucial role in animal meat flavor,and fat deposition-related traits are vital for breeding in the commercial duck industry.Avian fat-related traits are typical complex phenotypes,which need a large amount of data to analyze the genetic loci.Results In this study,we performed a new phenotypic analysis of fat traits and genotyped whole-genome varia-tions for 1,246 ducks,and combed with previous GWAS data to reach 1,880 ducks for following analysis.The carcass composition traits,subcutaneous fat weight(SFW),subcutaneous fat percentage(SFP),abdominal fat weight(AFW),abdominal fat percentage(AFP)and the body weight of day 42(BW42)for each duck were collected.We identified a set of new loci that affect the traits related to fat deposition in avian.Among these loci,ceroid-lipofuscinosis,neuronal 8(CLN8)is a novel candidate gene controlling fat deposition.We investigated its novel function and regulation in avian adipogenesis.Five significant SNPs(the most significant SNP,P-value=21.37E-12)and a single haplotype were detected in the upstream of CLN8 for subcutaneous fat percentage.Subsequently,luciferase assay demonstrated that 5 linked SNPs in the upstream of the CLN8 gene significantly decreased the transcriptional activity of CLN8.Further,ATAC-seq analysis showed that transcription factor binding sites were identified in a region close to the haplotype.A set of luciferase reporter gene vectors that contained different deletion fragments of the CLN8 promoter were con-structed,and the core promoter area of CLN8 was finally identified in the-1,884/-1,207 bp region of the 5′flanking sequences,which contains adipogenesis-related transcription factors binding sites.Moreover,the over-expression of CLN8 can remarkably facilitate adipocyte differentiation in ICPs.Consistent with these,the global transcriptome profiling and functional analysis of the over-expressed CLN8 in the cell line further revealed that the lipid biosynthetic process during the adipogenesis was significantly enriched.Conclusions Our results demonstrated that CLN8 is a positive regulator of avian adipocyte differentiation.These findings identify a novel function of CLN8 in adipocyte differentiation,which provides important clues for the further study of the mechanism of avian fat deposition.

Mass spectrometry imaging and single-cell transcriptional profiling reveal the tissue-specific regulation of bioactive ingredient biosynthesis in Taxus leaves

Taxus leaves provide the raw industrial materials for taxol,a natural antineoplastic drug widely used in the treatment of various cancers.However,the precise distribution,biosynthesis,and transcriptional regulation of taxoids and other active components in Taxus leaves remain unknown.Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry imaging analysis was used to visualize various secondary metabolites in leaf sections of Taxus mairei,confirming the tissue-specific accumulation of different active metabolites.Single-cell sequencing was used to produce expression profiles of 8846 cells,with a median of 2352 genes per cell.Based on a series of cluster-specific markers,cells were grouped into 15 clusters,suggesting a high degree of cell heterogeneity in T.mairei leaves.Our data were used to create the first Taxus leaf metabolic single-cell atlas and to reveal spatial and temporal expression patterns of several secondary metabolic pathways.According to the cell-type annotation,most taxol biosynthesis genes are expressed mainly in leaf mesophyll cells;phenolic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis genes are highly expressed in leaf epidermal cells(including the stomatal complex and guard cells);and terpenoid and steroid biosynthesis genes are expressed specifically in leaf mesophyll cells.A number of novel and cell-specific transcription factors involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis were identified,including MYB17,WRKY12,WRKY31,ERF13,GT_2,and bHLH46.Our research establishes the transcriptional landscape of major cell types in T.mairei leaves at a single-cell resolution and provides valuable resources for studying the basic principles of cell-type-specific regulation of secondary metabolism.

The impact of high-temperature stress on rice: Challenges and solutions

Heat stress (HS) caused by rapidly warming climate has become a serious threat to global food security.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop for over half of the world’s population,and its yield and quality are often reduced by HS.There is an urgent need for breeding heat-tolerant rice cultivars.Rice plants show various morphological and physiological symptoms under HS.Precise analysis of the symptoms(phenotyping) is essential for the selection of elite germplasm and the identification of thermotolerance genes.In response to HS,rice plants trigger a cascade of events and activate complex transcriptional regulatory networks.Protein homeostasis under HS is especially important for rice thermotolerance,which is affected by protein quality control,effective elimination of toxic proteins,and translational regulation.Although some agronomic and genetic approaches for improving heat tolerance have been adopted in rice,the molecular mechanisms underlying rice response to HS are still elusive,and success in engineering rice thermotolerance in breeding has been limited.In this review,we summarize HS-caused symptoms in rice and progress in heat-stress sensing and signal cascade research,and propose approaches for improving rice thermotolerance in future.

An Ethylene-inhibited NF-YC Transcription Factor RhNF-YC9 Regulates Petal Expansion in Rose

The speed of flower opening is closely related to their ornamental period.Ethylene functions as a negative regulator involved in the regulation of the petal expansion process.In this study,we isolated a NF-YC transcription factor gene,RhNF-YC9,fromrose petals.RhNF-YC9 expression was induced at the early stages of flower opening but was inhibited by ethylene treatment.Silencing RhNF-YC9 decreased the speed of petal expansion from stage 2 to stage 5.The expressions of 11 cell expansion-related genes involved in cell wall loosening,cell turgor modulation,and cytoskeleton remodeling were significantly down-regulated in RhNF-YC9-silenced petals.We also found that silencing RhNF-YC9 decreased the expression of gibberellin acid(GA)biosynthetic gene RhGA20ox while significantly increasing the transcripts of GA catabolic gene RhGA2ox,reducing the accumulation of GA4 and GA7.The influence of ethylene treatment on the expression of RhGA20ox and RhGA2ox showed the same trend.These results together suggested that RhNF-YC9 positively regulated the speed of petal expansion and mediated the crosstalk between ethylene and GA.Our findings revealed a new insight into the function of NF-YC transcription factors involved in ethylene-regulated petal expansion.

The cellular microenvironment and cytoskeletal actin dynamics in liver fibrogenesis

Hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)are the primary effector cells in liver fibrosis.In the normal liver,HSCs serve as the primary vitamin A storage cells in the body and retain a“quiescent”phenotype.However,after liver injury,they transdifferentiate to an“activated”myofibroblast-like phenotype,which is associated with dramatic upregulation of smooth muscle specific actin and extracellular matrix proteins.The result is a fibrotic,stiff,and dysfunctional liver.Therefore,understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern HSC function is essential for the development of anti-fibrotic medications.The actin cytoskeleton has emerged as a key component of the fibrogenic response in wound healing.Recent data indicate that the cytoskeleton receives signals from the cellular microenvironment and translates them to cellular function—in particular,increased type I collagen expression.Dynamic in nature,the actin cytoskeleton continuously polymerizes and depolymerizes in response to changes in the cellular microenvironment.In this viewpoint,we discuss the recent developments underlying cytoskeletal actin dynamics in liver fibrosis,including how the cellular microenvironment affects HSC function and the molecular mechanisms that regulate the actininduced increase in collagen expression typical of activated HSCs.

DNA methylation-mediated expression of zinc finger protein 615 affects embryonic development in Bombyx mori

Cell division and differentiation after egg fertilization are critical steps in the development of embryos from single cells to multicellular individuals and are regulated by DNA methylation via its effects on gene expression.However,the mechanisms by which DNA methylation regulates these processes in insects remain unclear.Here,we studied the impacts of DNA methylation on early embryonic development in Bombyx mori.Genome methylation and transcriptome analysis of early embryos showed that DNA methylation events mainly occurred in the 5'region of protein metabolism-related genes.The transcription factor gene zinc finger protein 615(ZnF615)was methylated by DNA methyltransferase 1(Dnmt1)to be up-regulated and bind to protein metabolism-related genes.Dnmt1 RNA interference(RNAi)revealed that DNA methylation mainly regulated the expression of nonmethylated nutrient metabolism-related genes through ZnF615.The same sites in the ZnF615 gene were methylated in ovaries and embryos.Knockout of ZnF615 using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing decreased the hatching rate and egg number to levels similar to that of Dnmt1 knockout.Analysis of the ZnF615 methylation rate revealed that the DNA methylation pattern in the parent ovary was maintained and doubled in the offspring embryo.Thus,Dnmt1-mediated intragenic DNA methylation of the transcription factor ZnF615 enhances its expression to ensure ovarian and embryonic development.

1-Methylcyclopropene retards pak choi(Brassica rapa subsp.chinensis)yellowing via BcNAC055-,BcMYB44-,and BcOBF1-mediated regulation of the key chlorophyll degrading gene BcNYC1 during storage at 20℃

The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanism of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)treatment on leaf yellowing of pak choi during storage at 20°C.In the present study,compared with the control and 10μL/L ethylene-treated pak choi,5.0μL/L 1-MCP fumigation alleviated the yellowing process of pak choi as proved by the maintenance of higher levels of colour,chlorophyll content,and appearance.1-MCP treatment decreased chlorophyll breakdown by downregulating the activity of chlorophyll-degrading enzymes(chlorophyll b reductase(CBR)and pheophytinase(PPH))and the expression of their related genes(BcNYC1 and BcPPH).The application of 1-MCP also inhibited the transcript abundance of ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction genes(BcACO,BcEIN3,and BcERF)and reduced ethylene production,thus helping to maintain the green colour of pak choi;however,ethylene treatment exerted the opposite function.Meanwhile,three transcription factors(BcNAC055,BcMYB44,and BcOBF1)were successfully cloned.Experiments performed using yeast one-hybrid assay,dual-luciferase reporter system and in vivo bioluminescence imaging assay,confirmed that BcNAC055,BcMYB44,and BcOBF1 directly bound to the BcNYC1 promoter.1-MCP inhibited the expression levels of BcNAC055,BcMYB44,BcOBF1,and BcNYC1 during storage,while the application of ethylene activated their expression.In conclusion,1-MCP downregulated the expression of the key chlorophyll degradation gene BcNYC1 by inhibiting the transcript level of its three positive regulators(BcNAC055,BcMYB44,and BcOBF1)and lowered the activity of chlorophyll-degrading enzyme CBR,thereby helping mitigate chlorophyll breakdown to retard leaf yellowing in pak choi.The results of this work extend our understanding of 1-MCP-delayed yellowing in postharvest pak choi.

PPAR gamma2:The main isoform of PPARγthat positively regulates the expression of the chicken Plin1 gene

Perilipin1(PLIN1)is a major phosphorylated protein that specifically coats the surface of neutral lipid droplets(LDs)in adipocytes and plays a crucial role in regulating the accumulation and hydrolysis of triacylglycerol(TG).Mammalian studies have shown that Plin1 gene transcription is mainly regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma(PPARγ),the master regulator of adipogenesis.However,the regulatory mechanism of the chicken Plin1(c Plin1)gene is poorly understood.The present study aimed to investigate whether Plin1 is regulated by PPARγin chickens and identify its exact molecular mechanism.Reporter gene and expression assays showed that PPARγ2,but not PPARγ1,activated(P<0.01)the cPlin1 gene promoter.An electrophoretic mobility shift assay and mutational analysis revealed that PPARγ2 bound to a special site in the cPlin1 gene promoter to enhance its expression.In summary,our results show that PPARγpromotes the expression of the cPlin1 gene and that PPARγ2 is the main regulatory isoform.