Advance in the chemical synthesis and magnetic properties of nanostructured rare-earth-based permanent magnets

Rare-earth-based permanent magnets are one of the most important magnets in both scientific and industrial fields. With the development of technology, nanostructured rarearth-based permanent magnets with high energy products are highly required. In this article, we will review the progress in chemical synthetic strategies of nanostructured rare-earth-based permanent magnets.

Design and Optimization of Line-Start Rare-Earth Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Motor Basing on FEM

The 2D transient FEM was used to analyze the starting process of the three phase rare-earth LS-PMSM.By verifying the simulation result with the experiment one, we get the conclusion that it is consistent with the experiment result very well.At the same time, by analyzing the situation of the magnetic bridge, we also get the result that the amplitude of EMF waves are changing with the situation of the magnetic poles and we can optimize the motor's structure at the same time.

Computational Design of Rare-Earth Reduced Permanent Magnets

Multiscale simulation is a key research tool in the quest for new permanent magnets.Starting with first principles methods,a sequence of simulation methods can be applied to calculate the maximum possible coercive field and expected energy density product of a magnet made from a novel magnetic material composition.Iron(Fe)-rich magnetic phases suitable for permanent magnets can be found by means of adaptive genetic algorithms.The intrinsic properties computed by ab initio simulations are used as input for micromagnetic simulations of the hysteresis properties of permanent magnets with a realistic structure.Using machine learning techniques,the magnet’s structure can be optimized so that the upper limits for coercivity and energy density product for a given phase can be estimated.Structure property relations of synthetic permanent magnets were computed for several candidate hard magnetic phases.The following pairs(coercive field(T),energy density product(kJ·m^-3))were obtained for iron-tin-antimony(Fe3Sn0.75Sb0.25):(0.49,290),L10-ordered iron-nickel(L10 FeNi):(1,400),cobalt-iron-tantalum(CoFe6Ta):(0.87,425),and manganese-aluminum(MnAl):(0.53,80).

Permanent Rare-Earth Magnets—The Need to Protect Them against Corrosion

The RE-Fe-B permanent magnets have a complex microstructure and they are susceptible to corrosion process. In this paper, the commercial nickel coatings adhesion was investigated. The microstructure of the RE-Fe-B without coating was analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy and electrochemical techniques. The interface magnet/coating was studied by scanning electron microscopy and the nickel-plated Nd-Fe-B commercial magnets were tested in a salt spray chamber. The ferromagnetic and RE-rich phases were observed. After the anodic polarization curve, a strong intergranular corrosion was observed and the RE-rich phase was preferentially attacked. The interface magnet/Ni coating presented inter-granular corrosion that can affect the nickel coating adherence. This attack had probably occurred during the electrodeposition process. Not all the samples suffered localized corrosion during the salt spray tests and the Ni triple-layer coating presented a few corrosion points. RE-Fe-B alloy magnets need to be protected with appropriate coatings to each environment to which they will be exposed and the protective coating must not be damaged.

Structure and Magnetic Properties of LaCo_(13-X)M_X Intermetallic Compounds

LaCo_(13) has the highest 3d metal content ,of any known rare-earth intermetallic compounds,a1. 03MA/m saturation magnetization at room temperature and a high T_c (1318K). Unfortunately ,it is cubic ,lacking of the necessary anisotropy,thus diminishing the chance that it will be used as a permanent rnagneticmaterial. In this paper ,the structure and magnetic properties of LaCo_(13) Six (x=2 , 4 )and LaCo_(13) Ge_X(x=2,2. 5 ,3 ,4)intermetallic compounds have been studied. The crystal structure was found to be tetragonal whenx=4 for LaCo_(13-X) Six and x=3 , 4 for LaCo_(13-X) Gex ,but the difference between the lattice parameters a and c isvery small. In order to gain the tetragonal structure ,the annealing temperature of LaCo_(13-X) Ge_X must be con-trolled strictly. The magnetic rneasurement results show that the Curie temperatures of all these compoundsare high ,but the saturation magnetization at room-temperature decreases greatly with x increasing.

Magnetic properties of gadolinium and/or dysprosium substituted Sm-Co nanocomposite ribbons

The present study reported the influence of heavy rare-earth elements(Gd and/or Dy)on Sm-Co-based melt-spun ribbons.Microstructure and magnetic properties of Sm-Co-based(Sm_(1-x)RE_(x)Co_(5))ternary and quaternary systems were investigated.The X-ray diffraction,Auger spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses reveal the presence of the 1:5H and 2:17R phases in the as-spun ribbons.A high-temperature magnetic measurement reports a Curie temperature(Tc)at~825 and~869 K in Sm0.6Gd0.4Co5(ribbon A)and Sm_(0.6)Gd_(0.3)Dy_(0.1)Co_(5)(ribbon B),respectively.A low-temperature magnetic measurement on Sm0.6Gd0.3Dy0.1Co5 ribbons exhibits a type-2 SR(spin reorientation)behaviour at~72 K,which arises due to the presence of the DyCo5 phase.Room temperature magnetic measurements reveal that overall magnetic measurement(OMP)is about 24 and 29.9 for ribbons A and B,respectively.Consequently,the comparative investigations profess that ribbon B shows better magnetic performance due to Dy addition with reduced grain size.This observation indicates that the Gd and Dy substituted Sm-Co magnet can be a potential magnet for high-temperature applications.

Development of samarium–cobalt rare earth permanent magnetic materials

Samarium–cobalt rare-earth（Sm–Co-RE） permanent magnetic materials with large magnetic energy product, high coercive force, high Curie temperature, good thermal stability, and corrosion resistance, have wide potential applications in aerospace, microwave communications, instrumentation, electrical engineering, magnetic machinery, etc. In this paper, the development of Sm–CoRE permanent magnetic materials in the following aspects in recent years was summarized： Sm–Co-RE permanent magnets with high application temperatures, positive temperature coefficients of coercive force, zero temperature coefficients of residual magnetization, high resistance rate,high mechanical property, and nanocrystallization.

A NEW TYPE OF RARE-EARTH IRON PERMANENT MAGNET——BONDED Sm_2Fe_(17)N_y MAGNET

It is well known that the permanent magnet materials are widely used in industry, medical treatment and daily life. Since the discovery of Sm-Co rare-earth transition-metal magnets, the researchers on magnetic materials have made great efforts trying to substitute Co by Fe so as to obtain Fe-based rare-earth permanent magnet materials with low cost. The success in producing Nd2Fe14B permanent magnet has given a new impetus to the study on ironrich rare-earth alloys.

钐钴永磁漂移管出气及质谱分析

文章系统地阐述了同步气路法测量材料出气率的实验原理,首先实验测得钐钴永磁铁室温下不同时刻的出气率并给出及其拟合曲线,可预测更长时间钐钴所对应的出气率。其次,实验测得钐钴永磁铁漂移管样机的整体出气量,并与钐钴样品总出气量进行比对,分析夹气是导致漂移管样机出气量下降缓慢的主要原因,并提出改进方案。然后,对比不同状态下的残余气体成分,分析结果对于后续漂移管的加工提供改进思路。最后,计算了钐钴永磁漂移管应用于DTL1#物理腔引起的压强变化,为钐钴永磁漂移管的应用提供数据支持。

考虑永磁体偏置的超磁致伸缩换能器磁能损耗分析

研究超磁致伸缩材料的损耗特性是掌握换能器热特性与优化设计的关键,当超磁致伸缩棒材工作在永磁体偏置磁场中,内部磁畴状态变化使得材料的损耗特性发生改变,进而对超磁致伸缩换能器(giant magnetostrictive transducer,GMT)的磁能损耗计算产生了较大挑战。因此,提出考虑永磁体偏置的换能器磁能损耗计算方法,首先,基于超磁致伸缩材料磁化和磁畴理论,推导永磁体偏置条件下的超磁致伸缩换能器磁能损耗数学机理模型。然后,利用微元思想,建立考虑永磁体偏置及棒材轴向磁场分布不均匀影响下的换能器磁能损耗计算模型,并通过有限元方法验证了模型的有效性。最后,搭建超磁致伸缩换能器损耗特性测试平台,通过分析不同工况下换能器的磁能损耗特性,验证所提模型的准确性。实验结果表明:提出的考虑永磁体偏置影响下的损耗计算模型,在换能器励磁频率50~1050Hz、磁通密度幅值0.01~0.25T工况下,模型结果与实测数据的平均误差为2.93%,可有效分析超磁致伸缩换能器的磁能损耗。

一种新型横向磁通永磁电动机的仿真研究

新能源汽车在我国当前的迅猛发展对其驱动电机技术提出了更高的功率与转矩密度要求。文章在分析了现有横向磁通电机和定子永磁型电机的基础上,提出了一种新型的横向磁通永磁电动机的仿真设计,该电机的永磁体和电枢绕组均在定子上,而转子由若干个简单的C型铁芯对称构成。基于电机的结构分析了该电机的工作原理,推导了电机功率与主要尺寸之间关系式,进而得到了功率和转矩密度表达式,并以1kW样机为例,利用有限元法仿真分析了该电机的永磁磁场分布、磁链变化规律和反电动势波形,分析表明绕组匝链的磁通呈现出双极性变化和反电动势波形近似为正弦,为下一步的优化设计和实际样机制造奠定基础。

Explosion Sintered Sm_2Fe_(17)N_y Permanent Magnet

Since the discovery of R2Fe17Ny by Coey and Sun Hong, the intrinsic and extrinsic magnetic properties of these nitrides have been extensively investigated. Having very good intrinsic magnetic properties with Curie temperature of 749 K and room temperature anisotropy field of 14 T superior to Nd2Fe14B, and room temperature saturation magnetization of 1.5 T, the Sm2Fe17Ny nitride is expected to become new permanent magnet for application. The Sm2Fe17Ny nitride with intrinsic coercivity of 3T has been obtained by mechanical alloying. The Sm2Fe17Ny, magnets bonded by metal zinc have intrinsic coercivity μ0iHc over 0.5 T and magnetic product （BH）maxabout 80 kJ·m-3

永磁同步驱动电机温度场研究进展综述

永磁同步电机(PMSM)具有效率高、转速范围宽、功率密度大、控制性能好等优点,在电动汽车驱动系统中得到了广泛的应用。但是随着电机功率密度的提高,由于损耗发热而引起的温升问题成为永磁同步驱动电机发展的瓶颈之一。电机温升过高会损坏电机零部件,缩短电机的使用寿命,降低驱动系统的可靠性。为保证永磁同步驱动电机稳定可靠地工作,其温度场的研究至关重要。在回顾当前研究的基础之上,梳理了永磁同步驱动电机温度场研究中的关键问题,包括损耗来源与计算方法、热量传递路径及传热形式、温度场分布规律、温度场建模与测试方法,同时总结了各环节面临的问题与挑战。最后指出了车用永磁同步驱动电机温度场研究中亟待解决的关键问题。

Structural and magnetic properties of Sm(Co_(0.7)Fe_(0.1)Ni_(0.12)Zr_(0.04)B_(0.04))_(7.5) melt spun isotropic and anisotropic ribbons

We investigated the structural and magnetic properties of Sm（Co0.7Fe0.1Ni0.12Zr0.04B0.04）7.5 melt spun ribbons. Samples were arc melted then melt spun at 37 m/s up to 55 m/s to obtain ribbon for powdering. Annealing was performed in argon atmosphere for 30- 75 min at 600-870 oC. In as-spun ribbons the hexagonal SmCo7 （TbCu7-type of structure） of crystal structure was determined from x-ray diffraction patterns, while fcc-Co has been identified as a secondary phase. After annealing, the 1：7 phase of the as-spun ribbons transformed into 2：17 and 1：5 phases. X-ray patterns for as-milled powders exhibited very broad peaks making it difficult to identify a precise structure but repre-sented the 1：7 structure after annealing at low temperature （650 oC）. TEM analysis showed a homogeneous nanocrystalline microstructure with average grain size of 30-80 nm. Coercivity values of 15-27 kOe were obtained from hysteresis loops traced up to a field of 5 T. The co-ercivity decreased as temperature increases, but it maintained values higher than 5 kOe at 380 oC. The maximum energy product at room temperature increased, as high as 7.2 MGOe, for melt-spun isotropic ribbons produced at higher wheel speeds. Anisotropic ribbons had a maximum energy product close to 12 MGOe.

Exchange interaction and demagnetization process of high-abundance rare-earth magnets sintered using dual alloy method

The 2:14:1-type rare-earth(RE)-Fe-B permanent magnets prepared by the dual alloy method have been found to possess much superior magnetic properties to those prepared by the single alloy method,providing an appealing route to promote the utilization of high-abundance RE elements Ce and La and balance the use of the RE source.However,the relationship between magnetic interactions among different 2:14:1 main phases and superior magnetic properties is still unclear.In this study,we investigated the magnetic interactions and reversal field distribution in these magnets using first-order reversal curve(FORC)images.The FORC images showed that(Nd,Pr)27.8(La,Ce)2.7FebalM1.4B1.0(S-9)and(Nd,Pr)19.5(La,Ce)11.0FebalM1.4B1.0(S-36)have the characteristics of multiple main phases.The reverse magnetic fields corresponding to the soft and hard main phases,as well as the associated exchange coupling,were highly dependent on the La Ce content.The higher the La Ce content,the weaker the exchange coupling and the more asynchronous the demagnetization process.In addition,the FORC images indicated that the magnetization reversal process also varies with La Ce content,where the nucleation and propagation of reversed domains dominant in the S-9 magnet,while the domain propagation in the S-36 magnet is considerably suppressed.Additional micromagnetic simulations also revealed that the coercivity and exchange coupling of multi-main-phase magnets decrease with increasing La Ce content,correlating well with the experimental results.These findings may not only contribute to a better understanding of the complex magnetic interactions between the soft and hard phases and how they affect macroscopic magnetic properties but also help in improving the magnetic performance of the RE-Fe-B magnets with high La Ce content.

永磁偏置径向-轴向磁悬浮轴承工作原理和参数设计

介绍了永磁偏置径向-轴向磁悬浮轴承结构示意图及悬浮力产生的机理,用等效磁路法对永磁和励磁混合磁轴承的磁路进行了计算,得出了最大承载力的条件和数学表达式,给出了参数设计和计算方法,最后给出了一个设计例子,并用有限元进行了仿真验算。理论研究和仿真分析表明:永磁和励磁径向-轴向磁轴承结构合理紧凑、占据轴向长度小、效率高。在磁悬浮电机、高速飞轮储能等系统中具有广阔的应用前景。

螺旋线圈电磁超声换能器解析建模与分析

目前电磁超声换能器(electromagnetic acoustictransducer,EMAT)建模方法中存在有限元法计算时间较长,解析法建模不完整的问题。通过将圆柱永磁体等效为电流环并采用截断区域特征函数展开(truncated region eigen-function expansion,TREE)方法,建立螺旋线圈EMAT完整解析模型,得到涡流、磁场、力场和线圈阻抗的表达式。随后以铝板探伤为背景,应用该模型分析静磁场及其产生的洛伦兹力分布规律,得到永磁体直径是线圈的1.5～2倍,厚度与其直径相等的设计原则;对比分析静磁场洛伦兹力和交变磁场洛伦兹力的频率、大小和分布规律。最后,结合有限元法和实验验证了模型和分析结果的有效性。

新型定子双馈双凸极永磁电机研究

研究了一种新型定子双馈双凸极永磁电机,该电机采用定子双馈形式,也就是定子上既有电枢绕组,又有励磁绕组,特别是在永磁体旁边附加了一条并联磁分路,通过磁分路磁阻的适当设计,可以达到用较小的直流励磁磁势获得较大气隙磁通调节范围的目的。本文介绍了样机的结构特点,分析了气隙磁通调节范围、直流励磁磁势和并联磁分路磁阻三者之间的关系,进行了样机磁场的有限元计算,样机试验与设计吻合。该电机结构新颖,励磁控制简单,调磁效果明显,励磁损耗小,具有较高的研究和实用价值。

一种新型磁悬浮飞轮用永磁偏置径向磁轴承

针对现有径向磁轴承结构电励磁磁路耦合的特点,分析了一种新型磁悬浮飞轮用永磁偏置径向磁轴承结构及其工作原理。采用等效磁路法对磁轴承的永磁磁路和电励磁磁路进行计算,得出了磁轴承的数学模型,并给出磁轴承主要参数的设计方法。最后,通过有限元法对该磁轴承进行仿真分析,从磁场分布以及x方向通电流时对力Fy的影响两方面验证了该结构电励磁回路在x、y方向间的解耦性,其中Fy<3%Fx。理论研究和仿真分析表明:这种径向磁轴承结构有效地避免了磁通在两个径向自由度间的耦合,从而能够扩大系统线性工作范围和稳定裕度,提高磁轴承系统的控制性能。

800Hz Terfenol-D鱼唇式弯张换能器

本文研制了８００Ｈｚ Ｔｅｒｆｅｎｏｌ－Ｄ鱼唇式弯张换能器，换能器设计中采用永磁偏磁场和能有效抑制涡流损耗的闭合磁路结构，最高声源级１８５ｄＢ，－３ｄＢ带宽１８０Ｈｚ。这种鱼唇式弯张换能器克服了连续直流提供偏磁场时发热强的缺点，并且仅需要普通的功率放大器，更适于长时间连续工作，使这一新型低频大功率水声换能器趋于实用化。